Professional Documents
Culture Documents
iii
Work Measurement
3.iii.A Work Measurement-
Setting Time Standards
Time study :
Introductory Sheet :
Records information pertaining to study
Records decomposed elements of operation.
Format Layout is shown in slide
• Calculation of Allowances :
– The basic model for the calculation of
allowances is shown in figure.
– It will be seen from this model that relaxation
allowances (which are intended to aid recovery
from fatigue) are the only essential art of the
time added to the basic time.
– Other allowances, such as conditions, policy
and special allowances, are applied under
certain conditions only.
Setting Time Standards
Allowances
Personal needs Fixed
Allowance
Basic fatigue Relaxation Total
allowance allowance
Stress and Strain Variable Contingency Basic time
allowances allowances
Environmental
Policy
allowances
Work content
Special
allowances
Setting Time Standards
• Relaxation Allowances :
Rest Pauses:
• Rest pauses are important for the following
reasons:
– They decrease the variation in the worker’s
performance throughout the day and tend to
maintain the level nearer the optimum.
– They break up the monotony of the day.
– They give workers the chance to recover from
fatigue and to attend to personal needs.
– They reduce the amount of time off taken by
workers during working hours.
Setting Time Standards
• Other Allowances :
– It is sometimes necessary to incorporate
allowances other than relaxation allowances in
the compilation of standard time.
– Such allowances are:
i. Contingency allowances.
ii. Policy allowances.
iii. Special allowances.
Setting Time Standards
• The Standard time :
If performed at a pace
Greater than standard pace.
Basic
Time
Work content
STANDARD TIME
Setting Time Standards
Problems of Time Study and Fixing
of Time Standards:
Contd…
Setting Time Standards
Relaxation allowances
allowances Unavoidable
delays
---------------------Standard – time
-------------------------------------------------------------
Setting Time Standards
Setting Time-Standards For Machine – Work:
• Consider a situation, where the job is to be
accomplished on machinery, and very often
machining costs are much greater than the total
wage bill of the plant, so it is important that the
installed machinery and equipments must be
extensively used.
• This is done even at the cost of labor productivity
and there is nothing wrong in adopting such
policy, work-study man can decide whether labor
productivity or machine utilization is of primary
importance.
• The most useful technique for studies on machine-
utilization is activity-sampling particularly when
Setting Time Standards
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Machine maximum time
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Machine – available time Not worked
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Working day per week Over time
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Machine running m/c m/c m/c
time
Idle Ancillary Down
Work Sampling
Work Sampling
• Work Sampling
• Activity sampling
• Ratio delay Study
• Developed by L.H.C. Tippet
Britich Cotton Industry
Research Association in 1934
• A technique which enables information
about an activity, machine, process
by making random observations of the
worker without the use of a stopwatch
• Observation are made over an extended
time to take care of variations
Work Sampling
Work Study
Predetermined Motion Time Systems
Work Study
Predetermined Motion Time Systems
• To establish standard time, we have subdivided work
operation into elements of work, description of work,
time taken to perform and add allowances to cover
delays and fatigue etc.
• Later basic motions have been established by
photographic / video studies by go / breath and these
standardized motions are called “Therbligs”.
Expansion of these studies by Taylor and Gilbreth has
resulted in “Predetermined elemental times” (PDTM)
using PDTM.
Work Study
Predetermined Motion Time Systems…
• Defined as work measurement where by the time
established for basic human motions are used to build
up the time for a job at a defined level of
performance.
• While using the systems for establishing elemental
times, care is necessary to analyze component
motions going into a much greater detail than done in
method study analysis.
• Earlier these systems were considered suspicious but
are now being widely accepted even in Indian
industries.
Work Study
Predetermined Motion Time Systems…
• Example: Drilling Operation
Pick up part
Move to spindle