Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,\
^%'h
l^j/uO^-^
Erratum
Page 320,
line 22,
Tissnndier's Photography.
PHOTOGRAPHY
LONDON
SPOTTISWOODE
I'KINTED BV
AND
CO.,
NEW-STKEET
SQUARE
/-
PH OTOGR A PH
Translated from the French of
GASTON TISSANDIER
EDITED BY
J.
THOMSON,
F.R.G.S.
AUTHOR OF 'ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHINA AND ITS PEOPLE,' 'THE STRAITS OF MALACCA, INDO-CHINA, AND CHINA,' ETC.
LONDON
SAMPSON, LOW, MARSTON, LOW, & SEA RLE,
CROWN
BUILDINGS, l88 FLEET STREET
1876
NEW YORK
S
CO
\'
LL
MANUFACTURING COMPANY
!y:
Nos. 419
421 Broome.
Street
1877
R K FACE.
amongst the most
tele-
Arago
placed
the daguerreotype
And
indeed to every
An
such strange
once stamped
a work
something
grand, extraordinary, as
vigour.
full
of
vitality
and
It is
rapidity
have had, $o
to
The
daguerreo-
type
is
;
one of the
it
modern
science
was discovered
the
The daguerreotype,
itself into
as soon
as born, transformed
photograph.
iv
PREFACE.
new
become
in
Unhappy indeed
is
he who can-
and beneficent
art
its
which
gives us at such
little
cost the
human
its
visage in
exacti-
city,
in writing
it
has been
his
aim to impart
to the reader.
He
has endeavoured to
make
as
is
his sketch at
some
in
gaps, which
the
development of the
art
rendered
some degree inevitable, have been filled up from the large number of new facts which have come
to light.
G. T.
CONTENTS.
PART
I.
CHAPTER
J.
I.
PORTA AND THE DARK ROOM FABRICIUS THE ALCHEMIST LUNA CORNEA PROFESSOR CHARLES'S SILHOUETTES WEDGWOOD, HUMPHRY DAVY, AND JAMES WATT
PACK
....
CHAPTER
II.
DAGUERRE.
DEGOTTI THE SCENE PAINTER EARLY LIFE OF DAGUERRE INVENTION OF THE DIORAMA THE CAMERA OR DARK ROOM CHEVALIER THE OPTICIAN THE HISTORY OF AN UNKNOWN FIRST LETTER OF DAGUERRE TO NIEPCE
I4
CHAPTER
THE TWO BROTHERS NIEPCE
III.
NICfiPHORE NIEPCE.
THEIR YOUTH THEIR WORKS THE PYRELOPHORE HYDRAULIC MACHINE NICfiPHORE'S RESEARCHES IN HELIOGRAPHY RESULTS OBTAINED
26
VI
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
IV.
40
CHAPTER
V.
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
DAGUERRE'S RESEARCHES AND STUDIES HE CEDES HIS INVENTION TO THE STATE ARAGO AND THE DAWN OF PHOTOGRAPHY A BILL LAID BEFORE THE HOUSE REASONS FOR ITS BEING PASSED MEETING OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AUGUST lO,
1839
53
CHAPTER
VI.
PROVED LENSES PORTRAITS FIXING AGENTS DISCOVERY OF PHOTOGRAPHY ON PAPER BY TALBOT M. BLANQUART-EVRARD
IM-
64
CHAPTER
SIR
VII.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
JOHN HERSCHEL
HYPOSULPHITE
79
CONTENTS.
VU
I.
ARRANGEMENT OF A GOOD STUDIO THE DARK ROOM TERRACE SITTING ROOM THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ARRANGEMENTS FOR LIGHTING THE OBJECT TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED THE APPARATUS LENSES AND CAMERAS
I'AGE
89
I05
CHAPTER
III.
CHAPTER
IV.
GRAPHY
132
Vlil
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
V.
PAGE
RETOUCHING.
ACCIDENTS WITH NEGATIVES AND PROOFS METHOD OF REMEDYING THE SAME RETOUCHING THE NEGATIVE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE POSITIVE RETOUCHING PHOTOGRAPHIC PROOFS WITH INDIAN INK COLOURING PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPHIC CARICATURES 141
CHAPTER
ENLARGEMENT OF
VI.
PROOFS,
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR ENLARGING NEGATIVE PROOFS WOODWARD'S SYSTEM MONCKHOVEN'S APPARATUS UNIVERSAL SOLAR
CAMERA
147
CHAPTER
VII.
PROCESSES.
THE DRY COLLODION PROCESS EMPLOYMENT OF ALBUMEN, HONEY, AND TANNIN WAXED PAPER PROCESS PERMANENT PHOTO' GRAPHY BY THE CARBON PROCESS METHODS OF POITEVIN,
SWAN, ETC
. .
153
CHAPTER
VIII.
PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.
THE FIXING OF COLOURS A MYSTIFICATION EDMOND BECQUEREL'S experiments ATTEMPTS OF NIEPCE DE SAINT-VICTOR AND POITEVIN PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
....
169
CONTENTS.
IX
PART
III.
HELIOGRAPHY.
PAGE
THE DAGUERREOTYPE PLATE TRANSFORMED INTO AN ENGRAVED PLATE D0NN6 FIZEAU THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ENGRAVING OF NIEPCE DE SAINT-VICTOR PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY AND HELIOGRAPHY INVENTED BY A. POITEVIN PROCESSES OF BALDUS, GARNIER. ETC. THE ALBERTYPE OBERNETTER'S PROCESS MODERN HELIOGRAPHY
1/9
CHAPTER
II.
PROCESS).
WOODBURY IMPRESSION OF A GELATINISED PLATE INTO A BLOCK OF METAL WORKING OF PHOTOGLYPTIC METHODS IN
PARIS
DESCRIPTION
M.
I99
LEMERCIER
CHAPTER
III.
PHOTOSCULPTURE.
AN UNEXPECTED DISCOVERY PHOTOGRAPHY APPLIED TO SCULPTURE WILLEME'S process IN 1861 DESCRIPTION OF PHOTO208 SCULPTURE
CHAPTER
IV.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENAMELS.
VITRIFICATION OF A PHOTOGRAPH CAMARSAC'S PROCESSJEWELRY ENAMEL METHOD OF MAKING POITEVIN'S METHOD PER2I4 MANENT GLAZE PHOTOGRAPHS
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
V.
PAGE
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
THE TOY MICROSCOPES OF THE PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS 450 DEPUTIES IN THE SPACE OF A PIN's HEAD ARRANGEMENTS OF PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC APPARATUS THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND PHOTOMICROGRAPHY RESOU^RCES BORROWED FROM THE HELIOGRAPH 220
CHAPTER
VI.
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES DURING THE SIEGE OF PARIS. APPLICATION OF MICROSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY TO THE ART OF WAR THREE MILLION PRINTED LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET ON THE TAIL OF A PIGEON ENLARGEMENT OF THE DESPATCHES THEIR CONVEYANCE BY CARRIER-PIGEONS 235
....
CHAPTER VH.
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
CELESTIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
DIFFICULTIES OF ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS MESSRS. WARREN DE LA RUE, RUTHERFURD, GRUBB, ETC. THE LUNAR MOUNTAINS THE SPOTS ON THE SUN, ETC. IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE HEAVENS 249
CHAPTER
Vni.
CHAPTER
IX.
THE STEREOSCOPE.
A FEW WORDS ON STEREOSCOPIC VISION MEANS OF MAKING PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS APPEAR IN RELIEF WHEATSTONE'S STEREO-
CONTENtS.
xi
SCOPE
MONOSTEREOSCOPE HOW
PAGE
STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS
287
ARE PRODUCED
CHAPTER
IS
X.
CHAPTER
LAND-SURVEYING
XI.
THE ART OF WAR WORKS OF ART CRIMINALS AND JUDICIAL PHOTOGRAPHY THE MIRACLES OF INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHY
306
APPENDIX.
PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHY -PANORAMIC CAMERA THE HELIOTYPE PROCESS THE PHOTO-TINT PROCESS EPITOME OF THE WET COLLODION PROCESS AND USEFUL FORMULAE SENSITISING BATH DARK ROOM OPERATIONS FIXING POSITIVE SILVER-PRINTING FORMULA SIMPLE METHOD OF PREPARING DRY PLATES ENGLISH AND FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES -313
INDEX
323
ADVERTISEMENTS
relating to photography
327
et seq.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FULL-PAGE ENGRAVINGS.
PORTRAIT FROM LIFE BY THE PHOTO-TINT PROCESS
PROFESSOR CHARLES'S EXPERIMENT
....
.
.
Frontispiece
To face p. ID
DAGUERRE'S DIORAMA
,,13 ,,90
, ,
(After a Draw. ,
Dore
96
,,197
23O
,,
,,241
247
DEPARTURE OF
CARRIER-PIGEONS
FROM THE
CHAMPS,,
^LYSfiES, PARIS
SALLERON's
photographic
barometer
and THERMO,,
METER
photo-electrographic instrument at
tory, FOR REGISTERING
275
kew
observa-
....
ITS
,,
277
SPECTRUM
,,
285
XIV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
APPARATUS
FOR
OBTAINING
STEREOSCOPE
FAC-SIMILE OF A STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPH
,,
296
302 307
,,
THE POLfiMOSCOPE
,,
WOODCUTS IN TEXT.
PAGE
2
3
'44
59
6$
DAGUERRE
DAGUERREOTYPE POLISHER
MERCURIAL DEVELOPING BOX
GILDING THE DAGUERREOTYPE PLATE
66
69
THE
LENS,
WITH
ITS
....
.
94
96
97
99
IOC
lOI
THE HEAD-REST
PLATE-HOLDER
COATING THE PLATE.
FIRST POSITION OF
IO3
I06
THE HANDS
IO9
IO9
Ill
.
SILVER
Ill
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XV
PAGE 112
II4
II
PLA'.'ES
._
119
29
I36
PHOTOGRAPHIC CARICATURE
I44
I49
I50
1
97
202
.
203
PHOTO-ENAMEL BROOCH
DUSTING-SIEVE
217
.....
.
867
....
2X8
220 224
226
CROGRAPHY
PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC APPARATUS FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
.
228
229
A CANE
SECTION OF THE
230
WOOD OF A
FIR-TREE
23O
23I
GROUP OF DIATOMS
XVI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
TAGE
WHALE
232
233
. .
EPIDERMIS OF A CATERPILLAR
CARRIER-PIGEON WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC DESPATCHES
236
237
WHEN
CEIVED, PRINTED ON
THE WING
238
239
.
245
254
....
278
BREWSTER'S STEREOSCOPE
29O
29
HEIMHOLTZ'S STEREOSCOPE
MONO-STEREOSCOPIC PRINT
FEVRIER'S pillar STEREOSCOPE
292
293
WHEN TAKING
STEREO295
303
314
PART
I.
CHAPTER
J.
I.
PORTA AND THE DARK ROOM FABRICIUS THE ALCHEMIST LUNA CORNEA PROFESSOR CHARLES' SILHOUETTES WEDGWOOD, HUMPHRY DAVY, AND JAMES WATT.
The
we owe
it
We
had
shall
to
we
to
it
facts
we
think
would be useful
Nothing
more
it
shows us how
slow
is
First appears a
it,
and renders
it
The germ
is
the
dark room
(or
by
J.
sopher.
The
He made
little
an aperture,
finger,
in the
window
exclude
light.
The
(Fig.
i.)
covery.
The
the
sun's
light,
often
shadows on the
ground.
(Fig.
2.)
It is
menon by
orifice,
and projecting
on to a screen, on which a
re-
which he
;
he
and
after
describing
'We
can dis-
And
truly, indeed,
whom
!
sharp, lifelike,
and delicate
picture,
drawn by the
light
faithful mirror
lens, fixed in
the aper-
by the
Porta lost no
to all
time
in
profited
by
his
What would
the
itself,
not
but that
it
would print
it
itself
on a glass
would transform
This wonder
to Porta
;
unknown
but
in itself sufficient to
conduct science to
also to
such a
add
their
stone to the
edifice.
To
to
earlier
epoch,
when alchemy
It
seemed
in the
to have attained
its
utmost development.
was
covered by an alchemist.
The few
up
isolated observations
to this time
known.
and therefore
a northern
in
rooms with
The
calumny.
in the
^
alchemists
have often
it
been
the
subject
of
Though
is
true that
quacks,
men
of indefatigable
invincible perseverance.
workers
who
first'
produced
of
silver,
and
this
by
light.
One
the
probably
in the confusion
of his laboall
ratory,
after
imps of darkness,
having
in
in the
middle ages,
for
life,
cure
all
ills,
name
of
'
Luna
cornea,' or 'horn-
He
collected
it,
and what
w^as his
astonishment
when he perceived
on
surface
and
in his
'
Book
itself in
black and
or touched only
by
diffused light.
mist stopped
The
The
chemists of
epoch could not see because their eyes had not been
;
trained to look
they
let
the fancy
like
What did
it
signify
Albert the
retort.'*
Great
this,
nitric
acid
was
distilled
all
to
pher's
They
did
not
deem
it
worth
on,
while
They passed
in
and con-
^demned themselves
issues,
to
wander
life
labyrinths without
if
as
impelled by fate
with which chance strewed their path, and did not even
lift
way
modern
times.
Why
was he not
of which genius
seems
to
.?
was thus
that,
in
1760,
a fantastical
divined
writer,
nevertheless
photo-
balloons,
la
Tiphaine de
photographer.
mandy and
astonishing,
he has
left
is
us a whimsical book
buried
which there
it
is
much
that
though
In
is
in
an
indescribable
this
medley of nonsense.
9
in
book he
relates
in
who
initiated
him
in the
of
*
Nature.
'You
from
different
all
bodies
form
paint
polished surfaces
for example,
The
^
;
on. glass.
have sought to
images
they
formed
in the
twinkling of an eye.
They
it
coat a piece
front of the
is
in
The
first
effect
of this cloth
its
by means of
is
vis-
not
the
case
The
our
canvas
all.
reflects
them no
less faithfully,
instantaneous.
The canvas
*
in
a dark place.
This recalls a Chinese tradition which accords to the sun the power
ice.
An
ancient sage,
it
is
seemed as if the reflected image were But this early example of photography, if it ever existed at all, may have been produced by a powerful gleam of the hot sun of North China tracing the outlines of shadows thrown across a dark surface of ice thinly covered with snow. Ed.
10
An
dry,
picture the
more precious
in that
no
art
truthfulness.'
lines,
had Roche no
F'abricius,
or rather had he
not himself experimented .with Porta's dark room, in supposing, as though in a dream, that the fleeting reflection
for ever
We
cannot say.
But however
may
and
scientific studies
to the
to that
period, the
history of progress,
when
and
In
light appeared,
when
1777,
much more
sensitive to
About
made
the
first
mentary photographs.
and
attentive
He
audience at his
a
curious,
on
natural
science
and
that
time
even
wonderful experiment.
By means
II
a solution of chloride of
it
silver.
Under the
in
becoming black
head
in
white on a
black ground.
seemed
as though
was
like the
ground,
and the
profile
by
little
as
though
it is
true,
sensitised paper.
The
details
documents relating
Wedgwood,
made a
similar
is
it
J Our illustration of this curious experiment of the celebrated chemist based on the rather vague and incomplete accounts which were given of We suppose in our at the time of its exhibition by Professor Charles.
in black
as white will
is just commencing ; the silhouette of the moments later, the part of the paper represented become black, and, when the person retires, it is his shadow
;
a few
seen in black, which appears in white because the light could not affect
this part of the silvered paper.
12
of the dark
sitised,
be preserved
In 1802
Wedgwood and
Humphry Davy
reproduction of objects by
phenomenon
and the
his
mind
for
some time
were doubtless
insignificant, for
It
them
chemist,
Wedgwood's
experi-
ment.
*
All that
is
'
is
a means of pre-
if this
result
is
arrived
at,
the
to
become
it is
as useful as
it is
simple.
Up
have tried
in
figures, the
This method was also employed to delineate profiles, or shadows of woody fibres of leaves, wings of insects, &c. Chloride of silver
state
in a
wet
was found
silver.
to be
more
than nitrate of
fixed.
Pictures produced
Ed.
by the
light.
As
for the
suffi-
illuminated
to
enable
me
to obtain
a visible
It is that, nevertheless,
which
is
But
all
by two French-
14
CHAPTERDAGUERRE.
DEGOTTI THE TION OF CHEVALIER LETTER OF
II.
SCENE-PAINTER EARLY LIFE OF DAGUERRE INVENTHE DIORAMA THE CAMERA OR DARK ROOM THE OPTICIAN THE HISTORY OF AN UNKNOWN FIRST DAGUERRE TO NIEPCE.
At
was
the
commencement
of the present
century there
of Degotti,
name
who
his
At
He
who by
their
natural
disposition
inde-
Academy.
One
of the followers of
;
he
artist
of
paint-
The name
of
this
promising
debutant
was
Daguerre.
in
DAGUERRE.
him
ful
to
make
his
own
choice of a profession.
The youthFrom
as he could
artist.
his
hold
between
his fingers,
ful facility
He
excelled in rendering
of the boldest pereffect,
difficult effects
and he thus
where
home
in Degotti's studio,
in
excelling the
at landscape
but he
behind the
scenes.'
such as fixing,
shift-
He
producing a masterly
it
a value until
His
first
attempts
artist of
The unknown
Opera, at the
Ambigu Comique,
in
*
in
The
Dream,' in
The Vampire,'
spoke
the
painter had an
immense success
every night.
theatrical journals
moon and
by the
eclat so
resounding
in Paris, es-
when
it
rest
;
he
ele-
more
lasting
fame
from
he dreamt of new
life,
He had
doubt-
and imagi-
Educated
in
the
midst
theatres,
very
gamin de
well-authenticated facts
in his
Unusually
in
agile,
he
was
at
home
in all
manly
sports
he excelled
throwing
summersaults and
feats of strength,
in the air.
It
is
even said
DAGUERRE.
1/
He donned
public,
in chorographical acts,
amused
of this these
But
somewhat
from
puerile
amusements did
and
dreaming
inventive
not hinder
of
success
Daguerre
working,
and fame.
mind,
it,
once
markinven-
new conquest
his
Diorama excited
1822,
universal enthusiasm,
July
a
I,
new establishment on
first
They were
for
the
many
Daguerre
had entered
in
relief
by a powerful and
interiors,
fidelity,
Tomb
of Charles X. at Holy-
St. Peter.
The
effects pro-
scene.
One
where
fir-trees
cottages of a
peaceful lake
humble
;
it
in ruins
to
moment
before,
had suc-
We
day
acquainted
with the
will
secrets of the
not
but
it
life
of Daguerre that
we cannot
pass
by
entirely in silence.
We may
DAGUERRE.
add that the canvas was painted on both
as the light
sides,
and that
that
is
the
and thanks to
The success
and a
active
still
more
ployed the
camera obscura
(or
dark room)
the
lively
he enpicture
deavoured to reproduce
faithfully
which the
lens traced
on the screen
at the
back of
to
his camera,
but
he
was powerless
could
overcome.
life
;
nature to the
it
was
truth,
Why,' cried
he,
retain these
inimitable wonders
which the
cannot
I
sun's rays
fix the
draw
at the focus of
it
my
?
lens
'
Why
image, engrave
for ever
this
fantastic
dream
in-
He
comprehend
all
20
is
solution
is
an
impossibility.
He
is
experiment
he
effort
This
effort
it
will
For
Archimedes,
'
have found.'
of
in
Quai de L'Horloge,
order to procure
all
It
himself,^
'
come
at least
once
in
the
week
to
our studio.
As may be
little, it
now and
then
it
was only
At
this
much
frequented
to obtain
from the
Guide du Photographe.
Paris,
1 854.
DAGUERRE.
in quest of.
21
we have
felt
bound
to relate
it,
as one of the
stirring chapters in
One day
miserable,
young man,
poorly
entered
dressed,
timid,
famished-looking,
the
optician's
shop
he
said to him,
You
is
are
in
which
replaced
'
by a convergent meniscus
what
is
the price
The
paler.
optician's
reply
made
his questioner
turn yet
The
was doubtless
to the
means
as
if it
He
without speaking.
'May
'
enquire,'
continued
?'
Chevalier, 'what
you
'
in fixing
But
have only a
by
its
aid
my
window.
in
wished to procure
order to continue
my
and
certain apparatus.'
22
himself,
Here
is
who want
to fix
the
He
well
knew
men
it
as Talbot
less
deemed
Utopian dream.
*
several
men
but
of science
as yet
who
are
engaged with
question,
they
have
arrived at no result.
fortunate?'
old
;
At
he opened
it
'
is
what
can obtain.'
his
Chevalier
;
looked at
astonishment
he
saw on
this
of the camera.
roof,
The
his
inventor
window.
man
further,
and the
blackish
You have
and
if
'
the liquid
with which
operate,
you follow
my
instructions
you
DAGUERRE.
23
to
the
optician
how he
of his dreams, a
new camera
He
promised to return,
but
it
was
in vain that
he
made
unknown
visitor.
It is
probable
it
paper
He
visit
from
the
unknown,
feeling
somewhat remorseful
never saw him again.
is lost.
at
He
The name
It
was never
!
It
may
be, alas
that
last refuge.
who
paid
little
attention to
it
his
its
own
to
much
It will
unknown moment;
it
person
for,
is
for a
though
was
fruitless,
it is
but
fair to
mention
as
24
whom
poverty
But
to return to Daguerre.
We
He
all
;
find
him pursuing
has constructed a
he studied the
re-
by men of
ceeded
In De-
cember 1825 he
told everyone
who would
listen to
'
him
have
have
was
at last solved.
;
'
arrested
its flight!
!
The sun
my
pictures
few days
later,
in
Besides the
'
young man
know
who
flatters
himself that
He
has for a
very long time occupied himself with reproducing engravings by the action
agents.
of light
on certain chemical
in
communication with
DAGUERRE.
*
25
fortunate rival
?
'
And what
is
the
name
of
my
de-
manded Daguerre.
Chevalier wrote a few words on a piece of paper
On
it
was
this address
M. Niepce,
proprietaire,
Saone.'
'^
letter
to
this stranger,
which the
fire
latter,
trust,
as soon as he
had
read, content'
There
who would
commenced
like to
pump
me!'^
between
relations
they were,
it
were
in
common, an
come
art
which
will
be looked upon
for centuries to
epoch.
^
Notice of
M.
Isidore Niepce.
26
CHAPTER
III.
NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
THE TWO BROTHERS NIEPCE THEIR YOUTH THEIR WORKS THE PYRfiLOPHORE HYDRAULIC MACHINE NIC^PHORE'S RESEARCHES IN HELIOGRAPHY RESULTS OBTAINED.
at
Chalons-sur-
1765.
His
life
whom
is
We
them walk
side
by
mutually
Their
father,
Duke
of Rohan-Chabot
their
by name.
soli-
by
their
Abbe
in
The
brothers
made
rapid
progress
Ian-
NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
guages, sciences, and belles-lettres.
for learning,
2/
real love
They had
tinfid dispositions,
were content
games
They
intel-
for
mind and
their
Nicephore and
Claude
employed
play
time in constructing
wheels,
little
with
the
aid
of their knives
These
;
machines worked
Nicephore Niepce,
his time,
like
Daguerre, like
all
the
men
of
Revolution.
dress,
On May
lo, 1792,
he changed the
clerical
which he had
till
ment of the
line.
lieutenant on
the
6,
i6th
1793),
of the Republic
(May
in the
We borrow these remarks on the life of Niepce from a remarkable and pamphlet by M. Victor Fouque, entitled The Truth with respect to the Invention of Photography. Nicephore Niepce^ his Life, Essays, and Works,
rare
fro7n his Correspondence
Paris, 1867.
The
author of
pamphlet, which excited great attention on its first appearance, has, unhappily, fallen into totally erroneous ideas with regard to
this
Daguerre, to
whom
28
of Italy,*partaking in
II.
glorious exploits.
The
(March
9,
assistant to
an asylum
town of Nice.
But
his heart,
which he at
last offered to
were married
(August
5,
the
17th
Thermidor
of the
year
II.
1794).
illness
But the
constitution,
his
and,
up
his
military
where he
It
and
at
his brother
Claude.
that
was
Saint of a
Roch
motive
the
brothers
to
idea
power
propel
or oars.
in
The machine
motion by hot
they gave
it
the
name
up a boat with
their
NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
it
29
on the Saone.
of the First
Empire
prizes
for
an improved
for this
on men of science
if
which might
in
In the
ren-
of the First
Empire they
to separate.
him
where
his
work might
at length
be crowned
with
success.
obstacles in his
way
all
were
in vain
he
and
in his applications.
He
left
Paris
settled definitely at
30
Kew
The two
by exigency and
distance, kept
up an unbroken corre-
book dedicated
to the
memory
These
-of
one of the
are
inventors of
photography.
affection
letters
a rare
example of mutual
and
solicitude, in
which the
are as
ingenious conceptions
and devoted
country
It
life
it
Under
life
this
humble
roof,
years of his
to solving the
new
new
in
direction,
when
litho-
graphy made
its
appearance
France.
France
in
NIC^PHORE NIEPCE.
saillant,
first
attempts, founded
in Paris.
This
new
of
art
met with
general
universal
success.
Niepce partook
enraptured with
appliances
the
enthusiasm, became
ratus
and
stones,
for himself.
'my
father
at engraving
and reproducing
his
admi-
Some broken
the
employed
We
father
;
my
marble-worker of Chalons
then
made
various drawings
on them, which
prepared
'
my
had
But finding that the grain of these stones was not and
;
sufficiently fine
regular,
my
father replaced
them by
32
them
transparent,
and
light.
This was
of helio-
you
like,
He was
centre,
ingenuity and
make
for
cabinet-maker
and
optician,
paratus,
and as a
opened
His progress
in
heliography was
letter (a
rapid,
proved by
the following
for the his-
May 5,
18 18, which
we
repro-
duce entire
'
You have
seen,'
that
I I
had
had
my
camera
but that
use of
hoped
;
to be able to
this glass
I
make
My
use of
attempt was a
failure
make
and
We
went
to
town
last
Monday
have
nic:6phore niepce.
33
had
which holds
adjusted.
it,
and by means of
returned here
is
We
Wednesday evening
always been
dull,
;
preventing
I
me
from continuing
my
experiments
moreover,
am
visits to
would
When my
object-glass
was
broken,
I
no
longer
arti-
being able to
ficial
make
use of
my
camera,
made an
little
thing from
16 to 18 lines square.
to,
our
grandfather Barrault.
One
little
lenses proved
wanted
manner on
to a
placed this
little
apparatus in
my
workroom
facing
I
the open
window looking on
and
to the pigeon-house.
made
way you
my
dear friend,
impression of the
window frame
itself
One
34
to the window-sash.
p)eriment, but the
minute.
The
possibility
by
this
means
me and
it,
if
am
able to perfect
my
I
process,
I
shall hasten
will
which
know you
take in
by imparting
it
to you.
diffi-
culties, especially as
What
of
is
true.
The ground
black,
efforts,
researches,
*
and experiments.
shall
On May
19, 18 16,
he says to him,
;
three things
1st.
To
2nd.
give
more
To
3rd the
transpose
and
lastly to fix
them, which
will not
be
easy.'
On
by
light.
Un-
fortunately,
it
is
impossible to
his plates
through pru-
in
NIC^PHORE NIEPCE.
US that whatever
it
35
it
for
he says
he had
studies, as
he already
calls
them, to chloride of
silver,
and and
resin),
in love
'
with this
new
agent, which
On
July
2,
have
not yet been completely successful, but he adds, without losing hope,
'
my
experiments
I
sufficiently to consider
am by no
means
discouraged.'
interesting
Here the
no
letter of
is
to
be
found
but
it
is
we
find
him stopping
definitely at
balm of Judcea, a
thinly
and
exposed to
soluble in
the
light,
turns
essence of lavender.
When
placed at the
36
thrown on to
obtained.
In possession of this
fact,
re-
fix in
As
parent
regards the
then he placed
it
on a
tin plate
viously been
Judaea.
The
those
A tolerably faithful
it
order to
The
was
But
this reproduction
Niepce
laid
down
the
first
plans for
its
solution.
He
resin
The
light
whitened the
insoluble in
wherever
it fell
on
it,
and rendered
it
NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
essence of lavender.
37
The exposed
plate
was plunged
by the
light
in
which the
lights corre;
sponded to the
lights
the latter
by the metal
laid bare
by the
solvent.
These metallic
pictures, as
;
may be
supposed, were
dull.
the inhis
ventor, exhausted
part.
by ten years of
labour,
had done
it
the
subject to
some
grave defects.
is
a substance which
light.
It
was necessary
for
to expose
the
camera
lights
picture
reproduction of engravings
he succeeded
in etching
38
by the
soluble
in-
light,
He
an
artist
to
work with
his
made,
his lenses
;
were greatly
those of the
present day
of his unceasing
working
man
'
of
Niepce,
in
we
repeat,
went no
farther.
abandoning the
salts of silver
which
his
predecessor
had
how-
ever
it
may have
been,
it
is
certain
the substances
Some
see, in
writers
is
rightly his, as
we shall
the in-
NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
vention of photography, in ascribing
it
39
solely to Niepce.
us not separate
name from
that of
his
The
inventor of the
Diorama
work of Niepce.
If
Daguerre
out the
way he should
follow,
he had at
and impediments.
history of photography has been
;
The
some
handled by
their sincerity
we
are
allowed
themselves to wander
pro-
sufficient scientific
knowledge,
To add
to Niepce's
fame
history of the
art.
We
believe
we
are keeping
together
the work
its
part in
we
are studying.
40
CHAPTER
'
IV.
CORRESPONDENCE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE TWO INVENTORS DISTRUST AND RESERVE OF NIEPCE HIS JOURNEY TO PARIS HIS INTERVIEWS WITH DAGUERRE HIS JOURNEY TO LONDON ACT OF PARTNERSHIP DEATH OF NIEPCE.
We
first letter
from
latter.
The
to
him
explicitly that he
was engaged
in fixing the
at im-
He
solicited a
in
On
his
abandoning
4i
'Monsieur Daguerre,
'
my
letter of the
I
For the
;
last four
months
have
have perfected
an important degree
my
me
am
This
regret
is
more
Sir, as
your process
riority of
which engraving
will not
admit
this,
however,
me from
wishing you
all
imaginable
be seen that
Niepce,
This industrious
difficulties
and
persevering
genius
knew
the
of the
them than
himself.
delicate irony
under
Anxious
to
his
own.
This fact
is
42
forgot to
tell
you
in
my
Niepce
3,
1827,
little
me and
sent
me
picture
finished
very elegantly
framed,
done d
la sepia^
and
by
his process.
an
interior, is
very
is
effective,
difficult to
determine
exactly what
kind
of drawing, which
the
inventor calls
at
smoked
pictureSy
for sale
Alphonse
Giroux's.
*
inten-
tion, as one
by
my
This
communication
discovery.'
cannot in any
way compromise my
case
little
on
it.
43
expect,
feeble.
*
We
we should
find
an equal interest
I shall
our mutual
same end.
hear with
much
to
successful as
In that case,
shall
Sir,
if it is
a fair
offer,
my
part
you such of
my
researches
of a similar nature as
It will
am
occupied with.'
Here
is
Niepce making an
give
latter
offer to
Daguerre
he consents to
which the
him
his secrets in
exchange
for those
may have
to impart.
to occur
In the
month
was
of August
ill,
and that
danger.
Paris,
The
44
Diorama
Fig.
5.
t'j.y.o.r
JOSEPH NIEPCE.
'I
have
son
on September
4,
1827,
to
his
'several
Daguerre.
three hours
;
He came
we
to see us yesterday,
and stayed
leave,
are to visit
45
will
don't
stay, as
it
be
enough to say on
my
I
said to
M. de Champmartin.
me more
and we were
The view
of the
is
interior
of
St.
Peter's,
at
Rome, by M. Bouton
in its illusion.
certainly admirable
finer
and perfect
painted by M. Daguerre
the
fire
;
one of Edinburgh by
the other of a Swiss
snows.
even
in the
most
lent
it
The
to
illusion
is
is
tempted
assure
objects
you
is
my part. The
be of their natural
size.
They
are painted
on
46
when
for transport,
is
difficult
in
unrolling to
avoid tearing.
*
told you,
my dear
am
farther ad-
vanced than he
in the researches in
What
are
is
at least plain
now
is
totally different.
it,
about
and a
celerity of action
comparable to the
in fixing
electric fluid.
on
some of the
spectrum
he
spectrum.
But the
difficulties
he encounters increase
which the substance
must undergo
in order to
;
colours at the
same time
which
foils
him completely,
are produced
by these combinations.
Thus a blue
glass,
Then
results obtained
they can
47
an obscure
is
light,
and
it
is
very
upon by
light,
effect,
by decomposition.
fix
M. Daguerre himself
by
this process;
even
if
he succeeds
in
surmount-
ing
all
make
From
hope of
researches will
My
process appears to
him
He
is
how
interesting
it
He
wishes that
should
the impression
proI
duced on
shall
my
substance
is
his.
procure five
who has
already
made them
M. Daguerre.
The
indeed,
latter insists
and which
must be the
object of
my
researches.
As
regards
48
the
is
far
from de-
preciating
but as
it
would be necessary
to retouch
this process
and to deepen the impressions, he thinks that would succeed only very imperfectly
for
views.
He
employment
preferable.
much
He
is
by the
acid,
would produce on a
white paper the effect of a good proof, and would moreover have a certain originality about
it
which would be
still
more attractive.
Daguerre
is
must therefore be
kept horizontal.
light
quite
is
lit
up
by
it.
can remember,
very
prismatic rays.
*
Our
is
ing.
We
the
many
people in
'Adieu
youngster.'
our
49
Claude dangerously
ill,
He
Society of London.
discoveries,
much
and many
visited
Diorama
Niepce
at
Chalons, and
there they
signed an agreement.
In
accordance
with
this
agreement
Niepce
and
They were
to
processes in
to
its
place of business
was
at Paris
and
to be
partners.
'
50
agreement Niepce
acquainted
in pre-
we have already
seen.
he received.
He
action, resolved to
until success
crowned
'
his efforts.
Chevalier,
Daguerre be-
came
had
Shut up
in
in a laboratory
which he had
constructed
the
Diorama
building,
where
he
resided,
he
set
to
work with
fresh
ardour, studied
and melting
pots.
have
Madame
etc.
researches
and
experiments,
Daguerre was
He had
was
on
lift-
its
This
Daguerre.
observation
was
precious
revelation
to
He abandoned
it
substituted for
To make his
which impressed
itself
it
by
in
a latent state
stances
after
This discovery
his
hand on a developing
tent here, but
for
agent.
He
not
rest
con-
at last substituted
petroleum
visible
silver .plate, to
appear as
vellous
distinctness.
fact.
:
Daguerre had
partner
52
1833.
53
CHAPTER
DAGUERRE'S researches and studies
V.
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
HE CEDES HIS INVENTION TO THE STATE ARAGO AND THE DAWN OF PHOTOGRAPHY A BILL LAID BEFORE THE HOUSE REASONS FOR ITS BEING PASSED MEETING OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AUGUST ID, 1839,
Daguerre
is
thus
left
determined to accomplish.
discovered a fact
full
of promise
silver,
gradually reveals
that
is
to say
becomes
visible
The
in-
him
he was no longer
guide
working
he was
in possession of the
light.
in continual labours,
to
54
toil
name.
in
a position
to
acquaint
which he had
effected.
It
was time
covery of heliography.
An
toil
additional clause
was added
years
Two more
At
were passed
in
constant
and study.
length in
1837, Daguerre
company
to
discovery.
15, 1838,
On March
but
funds
capitalists
seemed
to run
away
art of photography.^
To
Daguerreotype produced,
we
in the Moniteiir [/niversel of ]anvia.ry 14, 1839; at this time, the results
obtained by Daguerre were already known, and were the universal theme
in all the papers.
'The discovery of M. Daguerre,' says the writer of the article, 'has been some time past a subject of some wonderful accounts After fourteen years of research M. Daguerre has succeeded in fixing the natural light on a solid surface, in giving a body to the impalpable and fugitive image of objects reflected in the retina of the eye, in a mirror, in the
for
faithful.
?
What
is
What
is
the substance
endowed with
light,
but
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
Daguerre then decided to cede
State.
55
He
men
at
of science
and knocked
The
illustrious
astronomer
sight of
first
in his
ex-
pressions of admiration.
The
same time
and
like the optical nerve, like the material instrument of the sensation
and
Indeed we cannot
say.
M. Arago and M.
Biot,
who have
we have which Nature herself is drawn. * Each picture placed before us called forth some admiring exclamation. What fineness of touch what harmony of light and shade what delicacy With a magnifying glass we can see the slightest fold what finish \ , in a stuff, the lines of a landscape invisible to the naked eye, .... In a view of Paris we can count the paving stones we see the dampness produced by rain ; we can read the name on a shop. All the threads of the luminous tissue have passed from the object into the image.' A little further on the writer indulges in a singular supposition * M, Daguerre,' he says, has as yet only made experiments at Paris, and these experiments, even under the most favourable circumstances, have
the courtesy of the inventor
By
'
always taken so
much
of nature inanimate or at
leaves vague
and
indefinite traces.
It is
The author
'The
discovery,
and
science.
seem
even
to
be afraid that
it
the copyist.
We
seems to us that it can only prove prejudicial to have never heard that the invention of moulding on nature
It
The
discovery of printing
$6
advocate.
Minister,
Home
who
offered
in
exchange
On
bill
June
15,
House a
fol-
relating to the
new
its
discovery, preceded
:
by the
acceptance
You
all
ceeded
in fixing the
by the
aid of light,
drawings
in
their forms,
even
and the
It is
an invention.
facilities it
must
and
most talented
collections of
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
obtain at the cost of
less perfect
'
57
labour and in a
much
manner,
The
interest
M. Daguerre would
necessity.
It will
become
his
own
illustrator
an exact facsimile of
*
it.
discover}'-,
they find
it,
it
impossible to
make
a matter of
for the sacri-
business of
fices
so long fruitless.
*
Their invention
patent.
it.
is
by a
use of
As soon as it is known, anyone can make The most awkward person will be able to
It
make
thus
must belong
remain unknown.
expressed by
all
regrets
would not be
if
such a
58
must be
it
behoved the
Government
it
to put society in
demands
to enjoy in
by giving
a provisional agreement
and
the
we have
is
it
will
*
details.
The
image of
;
known
but
the substance
on which the solar rays pictured the image had not the
property of retaining
it,
although he had
still
remained
very imperfect.
objects,
He
and he required
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
'
59
It
was by
and by putting
at the
Fig.
DAGUERKE.
have witnessed, namely, the extreme rapidity of the operation, the reproduction of aerial perspective,
and
all
is
the
his
M. Daguerre's method
is
own
it
distinguished from
6o
M. N.
and as
this stipulation
it is
Niepce,
even respecting the process which he has not only perfected but invented. It
must not be
forgotten, moreover,
it
that
M. Niepce's
is
invention,
although
is
still
im-
perfect,
it it
Daguerre.
'
These explanations
will
for
title
made
parties in the
bill.'
agreement which
you
will find
annexed
to the
After reading this document, which, believing impartiality cannot be too strictly
adhered to
in
history,
we have thought
it
Home
which assigned a
life
pension
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
Niepce a
each
life
pension being
widows
of
One
is
would
to the
true something
was added
the
name
was
of National Reward.
The
bill
Arago, as perpetual
Academy
In
is
oui-
historical account
we have rendered
which
writer,
due
to
him
in the
invention of photography,
distinguished
who
has done us the honour to notice our work in the press, has
accused us of partiality in saying that Nicephore Niepce was the real discoverer of the art in question, Daguerre has been violently attacked by a son
of Nicephore, dispossessed of his
evidently sincere, but
titles
by M, Victor Fouque, a
critic,
whose ignorance
We have endeavoured to judge impartiwhich have been brought forward, and we make bold to say that we have retraced the facts in the light in which they ought to be studied. Is it necessary to add that in our work the researches of the illustrious inventor of the Daguerreotype have been estimated by the light of historical documents, that is to say without any preconceived ideas ?
62
communicate
name by
known.
August
10,
day
fixed,
and crowds
On
The
Academy
of
Academy
reserved
for
the
public were
filled
with those
whom
to ask
if
with people.
artists,
of
young
and
inquisitive persons
were
Arago
had spoken
his
less
and mercury,'
cried
one
person.'
'
it is
63
THE DAGUERREOTYPE.
It is nitrate of silver, I tell you,' replied a third.
Such
exclamations as
these
passed, the
papers appeared
sitting
accounts
of
the
solemn
of
the
Academy
type process.
The
opticians
ex-
Daguerreotypes
in their
shop-windows
for
these were at
by everybody who
had caught the
Paris
Daguerreotype
fever.
The
:
artists
Daguerre, obtained
it
everywhere, exclaiming
!'
Painting
is
day
The
killed
;
art of
on the contrary,
was to
find
new
resources in
the
64
CHAPTER VL
Soon
after the
memorable
sitting of
August
all
lo,
the
all
processes
of
Paris,
may
art,
even say,
for
new
the
All over
capital
cameras
were
to be
seen,
poor results
The
precise,
but
it
required, neverits
a certain
amount of
it
practice in
delicate
manipulations, and
required
for a
good
operator to
make
it
profitable.
65
the henceforth
The
first
opera-
was
The
silvered plate
it
had
to to
First of all
(fig. 7),
had
in
order
remove
from
its
the
slightest
trace of
any foreign
it.
particles
DAGl'ERREOTYPE POLISHER.
The
silvered
was placed
in the
The fumes
it,
silver,
combine with
silver.
The
is
then exposed
in
the
camera, where
receives the
The
rays of
66
remains unaltered.
The most
Fig.
8.
is,
when
visible signs of
most
its
surface.
neces-
6")
by a thermometer.
(See
fig.
8.)
The mercury
have a liking
for
decomposed by the
light,
developing agent.
Thus
gradually, as
if
by
it
becomes
as, still
plate.
silver
it
is
immersed
in
a solution of hyposulphite of
soda,^
half-tones of the
image
intact.
is
is
formed,
;
we have
this
metal, spread over the silvered surface, appears brilliant in the lights, whilst in the shadows
it
'
The
F 2
6S
surface of the
it
bare.
But
mirror-like nature
in order
was necessary
and
it
often
consequently
to
dream
if
whilst
a landscape was
attempted, the
masses of
nous
blots.^
Besides
these
inconveniences,
;
the Daguerreotype
would not
it
resist
moreover,
remain
of
its
sharpness.
These
difficulties
were,
however,
overcome.
was discovered.
The
portraiture
ART.
69
Hyposulphite
This
Daguerreotype plate
gently heated over a
immersed
in this solution,and
fig. 9.
then
spirit
lamp, as shown in
It is
mercury
is
silvered surface.
As may be
70
aspect, but
it
it
change
capable
is
When
the gilding
As soon
number of
as Daguerre's invention
artists
to the practice
and improvement of
It will
be readily
To
was above
the
all
necessary to alter
the
lens
which
rules
produced
pictures.
Daguerre
had given
according
used.
talist
to
of silvered
plates
But these observations of the clever experimenreferred specially to the reproduction of general
From
all
came anxious
and whether, as a
story of
to be realised, and, to
'
Contes fantas-
1 ^
'
in
To
in
order to illumi-
Charles
Chevalier constructed
and
brilliantly
lighted
image.
With
this
to a few minutes.
'
on photography,
this
Claudet, a French
of Daguerre
the exclusive right to introduce the photographic processes in England, discovered the properties of accelerat-
ing substances.*
In photography the
certain
name
accelerator
is
given to
a
plate
substances which,
when applied
to
Petzral of Vienna,
72
its
non-photogenicJ that
capable of producing a
chemically influenced by
already iodised they give
but
if
applied to a plate
The
Claudet,
substances
capable
of thus
stimulating the
The
;
first,
introduced by
chloride of iodine
but
it
yields considerably
dis-
in sensibility to substances
covered.
The fumes
of
acid,
bromide
chloric
lime,
chloride
bromoform,
liquid,
Hungarian
liquid,
and
Thierry's
liquid,
accelerators:
in
By
portraits
Already
in
1840, attempts
to
exposure
necessarily rendered
them
fruitless.
These
attempts were
made with
it
was
THE PROGRESS OF A NEW ART.
and prolong the exposure
it is
73
for a quarter of
an hour
As
Many
bold
amateurs
made martyrs
of
themselves in this way, but the result was not what their
courage merited.
de
la
row of sad
^
!
Belisaires, labelled
photographic portraits
The
in the
execution of portraits
condemned
to absolute immobility to be
But
it
was
still
necessary to
amiable as possible.
fell
full
in his
eyes
The
still
!
The seconds
and seem
to
expand
is
into centuries
the
sitter, in
efforts,
open and
which he
is
his
His features
body shakes
still,
an epileptic
L. FiguUr^
les
who wants
to
keep
and the
Merveilles de la Science.
74
fire.
Shortly afterwards the discovery of the accelerating substances permitted Daguerreotype portraits to be taken
with something of
It is
artistic feeling.
dif-
provements effected
noticing only
we
shall
the discoveries
made by M.
picture
Fizeau, a
French experimentalist.
the
by
cover-
ing
He
arrived at this
result, as
we have
seen,
by pouring a
solution of chloride
gently heating
it.
With
complement
;
the
in a latent state
on a sensideveloping
substance was
made
to
appear
by
picture could,
that
is
Soon, other new discoveries were to transform, every way, the art of Daguerre
;
He
new
75
deavouring to
fix
was to
fix
it
on paper.'
camera
and he developed
The employment
of this sub-
Talbot was
in the
He
'
If Talbot kept Daguerre had published his discovery, it was because he was aware of the imperfections in his method. Before offering it to the public he desired to give it the certainty and facility of working which it arrived The publication of the results at in the hands of Blanquart-Evrard. obtained by Niepce and Daguerre established their titles as inventors of
of photography.
silence before
photography.
(While
am
at
one with the author in according to Daguerre the full which bears his name, yet the claims of
Talbot can hardly with justice be relegated to a position inferior to that of Talbot in 1834, about five years before Daguerre's method was made known to the world, had solved for himself
the
problem of
image on paper.
See Abridgment
76
the
Academy of
Sciences.
But
improvements
'
which
were
continually
for the
true
value by a laborious
profited
by the
facts
brought
out
an
memoir
of photography on paper.
for;
it
Such a
ac-
was generally
character
knowledged
the
mirror-like
of
the
with a really
it
on paper would be
drawing.
all
photographic amateurs.
in a sensitising
it
when
it
between two
pieces of glass
and so exposed
it
in
the camera.
These
tiQw manipulations,
ART.
77
The
latter
made
he employed chloride
by
means of gallic
a
acid.^
He
to
had the
be
used
first
idea of
making
negative
picture
;
in
the
production
of positive proofs
name ought
to be inscribed
after
the
annals
of
photography
directly
those
of Niepce
and Daguerre.
Blanquart-lEvrard, profiting
by the
interesting studies
graphic art
of view
;
he studied
it
wholly from an
artistic point
of being considered
by
painter.
He
to the shadows,
proof,
and
that
by mixing
agents already
in use.
by M. Despretz
in 1846.
78
two or
It
would
in
' See for further details on this subject the Treatise on Photography on Paper, by Blanquart-Evrard (of Lille), Paris, 1851.
A list of some
of Daguerre
Being quite out of date rise to is here given. and superseded by processes subsequently discovered, a detailed description
Talbot gave
is
&
unnecessary.
A?7iphitype.
Anthotype
Calotype
Chromatype
Chrysotype
Cyanotype
Energiatype
,,
In another process
plied,
for
when
exposed.
79
CHAPTER
VII.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
SIR
JOHN HERSCHEL
It
is
them.
The mind
may
has
and
painfully.
How
often
it
some new
hands
this.
be quoted
in
proof of
enough
with
mind seemed
faculties
to
have exhausted
itself
gift of pro-
in-
8o
capable of promoting
others to give
it
growth
it
was reserved
for
Daguerre,
first
rudiment of photography
further.
but here
field
of discoveries
is
culti-
By
a remarkable example of
Fizeau, Chevalier,
monu;
other
the
monu-
as the years
The new
all
Here
the
attention of such
to the
Daguerreotype without
it.
He
fixed the
image
him of
substituting
PHOTOGRAPHY.
He
succeeded beyond
all
day
the hyposulphite
counted amongst
the
the most
laboratory.
valuable
substances
of
photographic
As
cess of
photography on paper,
it
was immediately
tried
This
last,
it
offered
in the details
it
and
matchless softness.
like reflection,
in
its
it
good and
bad side
and the
employment of paper,
must not be
disguised,
:
its
all
over
its
it
.surface.
The paper
which
was,
moreover, too
porous,
was plunged
82
tion of light
and shade.
To
alter this
it
was necessary
its
pulp, to
its
surface,
and
make
it
This problem
solved
was
carefully studied
and cleverly
He
as
smooth and
level
as that of
and
in
dissolved.
To
albumen (white of
surface,
egg),
which
extremely well
in
the fixing of
in-
To
albumen, the
Sir
Victor,
some years
albumen
Ed.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
ventor impregnated
ing
8^
it
with iodide of
it
silver, in
the follow-
manner
he
first
plunged
sensitised glass
was ready
The
negative,
when
fixed,
gave paper
positives,
by means
of the processes
we have already
described.
immense
importance to photography.
help the photographic art
But
it
tance that
we think
it
nephew
military career
in
Saumur
1827, he
Dragoons
in 1842.
was
at this
his
eminently
scientific
mind.
His
relative's discovery
He
commenced by studying
physics and
chemistry, and
84
faci-
to carry
on
his researches,
He was
1845.
At
room belonging
to the
It
under
in
officer of police,
was
this
strangest of laboratories he
his
installed himself
work
table,
was a curious
Our
men
more
at their ease
they can
money can
their
obtain to aid
them
is
at
calculated to facilitate
work
after
having had
whom
they
impart
their learning.
When
PHOTOGRAPHY.
85
Academy which
as he
Fame which
also
pupils
his
a police
During the
which were
at side,
he
watched
to his heart.
The
down
on February
1848, but
Saint-Victor was
enabled to
interesting
facts of the
and other
by the
Nicephore Niepce.
Academy
the
new
later, in
was not
all
we
refer to collodion.
in
1846 by Schoenbein,
86
who published
fulminating substance.
versal astonishment.
in
The new
it is
and sulphuric
acid.
to
of these acids.
As
not
new
was
to
reality bring
many new
re-
sources, but
it
was
to prove of
immense importance
to photography.
The
to
is
due
M. Legray
a pamphlet published
by this
clever pho-
months
later, also
made known,
Scott
made
It is
well
known
that
M, Legray proposed
1850,
England, but
of
to the latter
we
first
practical details
Ed.
[See also Mr, Archer's letters to the Athencrnin^ in January 1852, and his Manual of the Collodion Photographic Process, published March 1852.]
PHOTOGRAPHY.
tive process
is this
S";
remarkable for
its
clearness
and
finish.
It
process,
for
improved and
which
Its principle is
gun-cotton
is
dissolved in a mixture of
poured on a glass
plate.
As soon
in a
as
it
has set
through evaporation,
silver in order to
it is
plunged
it
bath of nitrate of
impregnate
of
silver.
and covered
exposed
camera.
silver,
the plate
is
for a
in the
It is
decomposition
which
commenced, and
employed
picture or
image
and
is
Jixed,
still
sensi-
tive salts
of potassium.
From
negative
thus
obtained any
number of
positive pictures
on paper
may
be taken by
88
to the action of
On
the
art of
photothere-
We
PART
II.
CHAPTER
I.
The
in
may
be
It is necessary that
in general use for
'
will find
some formulae
Wet
which
By the Dry Process excellent results work the Wet Process is greatly to be But whichever process is employed, to get good results, it is a
is
will find
qua non that the chemicals used are of the best quality. The beginner it most economical to prepare all the mixtures himself, with the
Before purchasing the more expensive photnateriel,
90
the
latter
it
may
be
means
of a
glass or a
yellow blind, or
yellow
decomposes
work not
re-
scription.
its
a work-table
and a pair of
cipal necessaries.
the greatest
in
it
the
sensitive
and the
We
should be
hand
all
when manipulating,
{Fig..io.)
narrow table
is
sitising baths,
in
a somewhat
for
It
it
inclined position.
Fig. io
[Page 90
QI
this tap
may
be advantageously
fitted
at the
may be
A
for
is
also necessary
tives to
paper
for taking
The room
in
which the
sitter is
placed
is
the most
the
and lighted
in a special
manner.
The mode
room contributes
room
is
side, or if
good
pictures.
first
The
house
room
is
that
it
if it
is
92
a conservatory
balt,
glass of a clear
blue,^ coloured
all
with co;
other sorts
it
The
drawn across
it
may be necessary to
To
Cleanness of the
^
glass,'
says this
clever
experi-
mentalist,^
is
the
rapidity of operations.
The windows
should be
may
pro-
duce
its
maximum
of rapidity.
modify the
interior
walls should
room
We
which
'
subjoin
some
further hints
in the
from M. Liebert,
light
will
be found useful
employment of
Blue glass used to be greatly in vogue, but the pure homogeneous blue which admits only the most actenic rays of the solar spectrum is so difficult to obtain that its use has been for the most part abandoned in England. A skilful photographer, with the aid of a well-devised set of blinds and white glass, may manipulate the light so as to produce any effect he may desire. Ed.
2
La
Photographie en Amerique.
Paris, 1864.
93
photography.
The chemical
on a
bright, clear
day
it
is
in
dull,
gloomy weather.
The
light,
to act
on the
be white.
silver
The
it.
electric
magnesium
light,
much
and
longer to
rose.
lilac,
The
be taken into
exposure.'
account
in
when
shadows are
The
light of sunrise
effects
and
sunset,
is
in
Nature,
not
by reason of the
feeble
in red or yellow,
94
effects
may
art,
is
master
of his
The time
being at
its
highest lustre,
is
in the
greatest possible
harmony with
in
the
camera
is
thus avoided.
are taken,
called the
is
it
back
of which
glass.
95
(fig.
ii)% con-
The
lens
is
It
should be
Everybody knows
is
it is
used
in
the
ordinary camera
This image
is
hardly necessary
de-
that
pends on the
object.
photography
first is
compound
:
lens.
The
prin-
it
is
constructed in such a
manner
same
The
;
second
is
chiefly
employed
of
glasses throws
very
becoming
less
so
as
its
The
two
glasses, the
one con-
96
cave,
fits
which
is
coloured
lens
The double
or
compound
first
Fig. 12.
THE
LENS,
WITH
ITS
RACKWORK AND
CAP.
concavo-convex.
day,
it is
lens
on a bright
two
seconds;
said, for
is
therefore employed, as
we have
already
taking portraits.
in
is
In Fig.
7 the
diaphragm
slit
is
the piece of metal with circular opening when pushed down into its place ;
light
between the glasses the amount of lated by the size of its aperture.
is
regu-
97
the
object
which
is
to
confer sharpness
indistinct
sizes,
;
on the
is
it
movacir-
according to
cumstances.
The camera
is
Fig. 13.
pinion which
works
tube
in a
line
of teeth on
the inner
movable brass
may be
Fig.
12
represents the
brass tube
containing the
lens
98
of the tube
is
cluding
light.
The
worm
The body
sliding
of the camera
is
formed of two
such a
in
way
glass.
on the bellows
principle,
slide
light
fig. 13,
with-
The two
parts of
and represented by
and N.
A and B
ing
the
movable
by
The cap
con-
is
shown a
little
The frame
99
a
marked G works
in
fits
When
latter
is
drawn
out,
place,
so that
when
it
is
exposed to the
light
lOO
is
it
ground
this
glass.
is
A section
shown
in
is
camera
fig.
is
B the
sliding tube
which
to be
moved.
is
The
we have
explained,
to
'ig.
16.
THE DARK
SLIDE.
project a picture of
exterior objects on
to a
screen
to
much
light as
possible from
and
for this
;
a manoeuvre too
known
to need description.
lOI
means of which
This
is
To expose
it
is
mentioned,
fits
into the
camera
in the
same plane
as the
focussing glass.
The dark
slide
is
shown
in fig. i6
it
is
made up
is
of
a
At
The
in the
sensitised plate
on
dark room
is
placed
102
in the
shut,
a spring, as
shown
the
illustration,
presses
it
in
its
place.
On
is
slide
made
groove, and
when
it
lifted
up
in the
camera, until
it
removed.
On
the other
hand, when
it
operator to carry
and
vice versa.
It
shows at
lens
camera.
on
the
he
has
necessary distinctness
or sharpness
lens
by
by means of
he has,
trial,
say 'found, by
at
He can
carries
glass.
now
it
He
in its
dark
slide,
and
after
103
into
its
place.
Fig. 18.
He now
door,
movable
then only
He
the
re-
gives
a last
caution
to
still,'
sitter to
'keep quite
sitter
im-
on the
is
sensitive
The cap
door
replaced, the
sliding
again
pushed
in
its
down,
slide
to be developed, intensified
necessary,
will
and
lastly fixed, as
We
describe
have occasion to
great
variety
of
in
other apparatus
employed
photography
our account
in
the course of
different
of the
We
shall,
however,
with
a
close
this
chapter
of
"^^
THE HEAD-REST.
short
description
104
the
head-rest
represented
in
fig.
i8,
an
instrument
should be without.
perfectly
There
even
still,
few seconds.
it.
being aware of
They
by
resting the
head
in the
it
will
very
often
stiffness is
im-
the result.
I05
CHAPTER
II.
THE NEGATIVE.
MANIPULATION OF THE PHOTOGRAPH CLEANING THE PLATE COATING THE PLATE WITH COLLODION PLACING IT IN THE SILVER BATH EXPOSURE IN THE CAMERA DEVELOPMENT,FIXING, AND VARNISHING.
Having
sary apparatus,
we
After
carefully
selecting
number of
scratches,
air-bubbles, or stains,
is
and perfectly
flat,
the
next process
consist, as
to clean them.
might be supposed,
is
The
placed in a plate-holder
19),
wooden
being necessary to
touch
it
The
is
hand, always a
greasy,
plate-cleaning paste
I06
is
in a
bottle.
of the
mixture
It is
filtering paper,
better
still,
delicacy called
Japanese paper.
is
ni
PLATE-HOLDER.
cipitation of moisture
We
cannot
insist
if sufficient
care
is is
not taken in
at once
com-
promised.
Collodion, its preparation.
Collodion
made by
is
a thick trans-
when exposed
to the
air.
It is
dissolving gun-
Although
it
THE NEGATIVE.
is
it
10/
we
think
it.^
may be
useful
if
we
give the
method of making
we
will
tographic negative.
Mix one
first,
little
by
little.
The
mixture must be constantly stirred with a glass rod. It is then gently warmed to a heat of 60 centesiviaux, ascertained by the mercurial thennometer.
This
on the
The
cotton,
and well
all
stiiTed
well
through.
It is left in contact
gun-cotton
and the
To test the quality of the gun-cotton a little of it is ignited ; it should burn very rapidly, without leaving any black residue. The gun-cotton thus prepared is now dissolved in a mixture of alcohol
and ether
in the following proportions for plain negative collodion
:
725
gr.
2\
-805
.
. .
fluid ounces.
,,
,,
The
alcohol
is
first
The
it.
the cotton
is
dissolved.
is
thus obtained
it
should be allowed
which
and then decanted into a clean dry bottle, in be sensitised. To sensitise the collodion it is necessary to add certain chemical agents which, combined with the nitrate of silver, form a solution sensitive to light.
it
can be kept
until required to
I08
The
care, has
sitised
plate,
now
a
collodion.
is
collodion
skill
somewhat
and requires a
little
and
practice.
The
plate
is
thumb and
to cover the
20),
is
By
Various substances are employed for this purpose, but the iodides and bromides are chiefly used. The following alcoholic solution is recommended by Mr. A. Liebert for sensitising collodion
:
Iodide of Potassium
ns.
(Eng.)
THE NEGATIVE.
inclining the plate the liquid
09
is
made
to flow
first
to the
is
FIRST POSITION OF
THE HANDS.
Fig. 21
HAND.'?,
no
one,
collo-
Care
must be taken that the collodion does not flow twice over
the
same
in
little
by
practising
When
and
the
coated
or
blurs
and found to be
of any
sort,
free
from streaks,
trans-
points
parent,
it
and
clear
it is
is
The
silver
may
grains.
be
made
as follows
350
i
i
Glacial
10 fluid ounces.
drop.
grain.
Iodide of Potassium
The bath
be of 40 grains silver to
Immersion
The operation
of
sets,
Whilst the surplus liquid is running off into the bottle, and until it which will be almost directly, the plate must be moved backrt'ards and forwards, or ridges will form on the film.
THE NEGATIVE.
Ill
may
its
SENSITISING TRAY.
whole surface
at the
same moment.
is
The
Fig. 23.
tilted
little,
the
22)
is
fig.
by means of a
hook lowered
same time
by
this
means
SILVER
the silver
is
made
whole
surface.
The
plate
is
allowed to
112
by
raising
it
should present a
;
tint
it
must be allowed
to
remain a
plate
little
longer in the
bath.
in
of bath, usually
made
of glass
its
THE NEGATIVE.
concave, so that
II3
when the
plate
its
is
slid in
by means of a
in contact
edges come
with
the sides of the bath, the film being thus protected from
scratches.
Though
this
use by
means
The
and kept
exposure
is
now ready
for
in the
Exposure in
camera.
It is
impossible to give
any
be ex-
posed
light,
camera
amount of
exposed
in
the
As soon
posed to the
light,
is
shut
down and
the
114
plate
in its
After
carefully excludis
now
re-
moved from
the
by a corner between
;
thumb and
the
sur-
developing solution
face in such a
its
way
covered at
once, as
if it is
it
will certainly
produce
an indelible
stain.*
made
to
The developer
THE NEGATIVE.
flow in
all
II5
directions
it is
sufficiently
de-
what
it
of
any picture
ing
is visible, is
agent
applied
first
the
But
it
is
a negative, that
in
model appear
It
is
may
easily de-
termine
lated.
If
in-
and
If,
on the other hand, the exposure has been too long, the
whole surface becomes covered with a greyish cloudiness
is
without
little
acetic acid
is
usually added
:
Water
Protosulphate of Iron
Acetic Acid
Alcohol
...... .......
The
.
following
ounce.
'5 grains.
20 minims. 25 minims.
for
use.
just before
it
is
wanted
The
may be
greatly
little
by
little until
the developer
Il6
sharpness.
it is
the operation.
When
sharp
free
;
by enchantment,
;
clear, pure,
admirably distinct
from
shadows.
great
number of substances
are
known
at
the
It often
is
perfect as
wanting
in intensity.
In this
may
be imparted to
it
by the process of
intensifying.
is
Intensifying,
The
developed plate
well washed,
and
is
solution,
do very
well).'
An
intensifying solution
may
also be
in
Re-developing solution
Pyrogallic Acid
Citric
Acid
.......2
.
.
grains.
3 grains.
i
Water
ounce.
THE NEGATIVE.
11/
of development, the
plate
to re-
move
used.
all
At
least a quart of
To
fix
the negative
silver,
it is
neces-
deprive
it
of the iodide of
light,
which, not
exposed to
it.
The
is
now
in
water
of hypo, to 40 oz. of
for a
minute or two
is
entirely
dissolved.
The
bath
if
When
to get
perfectly clear
rid of the
hyposulphite adhering to
(a
surface.
is
Cyanide of potassium
used for fixing purposes
;
also
it is
employed
is
in the
same way
and
Il8
oz.
of water).
The
light.
negative
is
now
finished
is
and
may be exposed
to
liable to
be scratched on
it is
it
by covering
it R\'ith
a coat of varnish.
special varnish
is
is
Fig. 26.
The
a spirit lamp or
THE NEGATIVE.
before a
fire
119
it
then poured on
exactly as
if
the plate
is
then again
when
is
afforded
by a
gum
gum
to about 100 of
PLATE BOX.
and kept
free
120
The image
by
trans-
mitted
We
shall
;
now
we
see
how
it
is
obtained
but
think
would be well
first
to point
may
;
be known.
to
in
It is
which a
skilful
its
would prevent
negative
draperies,
In a good
viewed
by transmitted
light
the
shadows,
and
stuffs
The
and shade.
If during this
examination pin-holes,
if
The im-
and
all
one's toil
It often
taking
THE NEGATIVE.
which he seems to have used every precaution
possible to lay
it is
121
im-
down
fixed rules to
meet every
failure.
difficulties, far
;
he
but learn
teacher, experience.
OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
122
CHAPTER
III.
THE POSITIVE ON
PAPER.
PRINTING ON PAPER OF THE NATURE AND QUALITIES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS VIGNETTES EXPOSURE TO THE LIGHT TONING, FIXING, PRESSING THE PROOFS.
Photographic paper
;
it is
formed of close-
pulp
and
presents
surface
smooth
and
easily prepared.
its
is
chosen,
surface
must be
free
from
stains.
It is
neces-
sary that the sizing of the paper should be very carefully done.
The
albumen
if
is
used, the
is
whilst
gelatine
used,
it
be of an orange-red colour.^
chosen, the
it
albumenised being
is
The
with gold.
Ed.
23
and
is
To
sensitise the
paper thus
prepared,
on a bath of nitrate of
ounce of
distilled water)
is
contained
in
a porcelain dish.
When
the surface
well saturated,
it is
allowed to dry
in
the dark.
of
commerce
contains
it it is
ammonium, and
it
to sensitise
only necessary to
float
on the
silver
it is
bath
but
it
ought
may be
The
at
slightest
admixture of
it
once render
useless.
should be filtered
when
necessary.
The
be used over
to time to strengthen
The
solution will
become
it,
dis-
but
by
means of
of the liquid
may be
124
Special
is
frames called
The
made
of
wood
to
Fig. 28,
in the
same way
is
as an ordinary
down by means
of transverse bars of
is
wood
(see
fig.
28).
The
printing frame
glass,
the
negative
then laid
down with
its
The
in
now
fastened,
and held
close contact
is
by means of the
felt.
lined
with black
in
This
now ready
for
exposure to sun-light.
125
is
it
may
be
should be placed
it is
the shade.
necessary to examine
attained.
This
may
be done, of course
in the
turn-
the part of
the paper thus set free can then be seen without fear of
shifting,
If not
(fig.
When
glass
is
vignette
used.^
pictures
is
are
required,
vignette
in
This
glass
colourless
the
A vignette glass
in the
may
be
made by pasting layers of paper over a such a way that whilst the desired space
'
glass plate in
middle
in a sheet
The
simplest
method of vignetting
is
to cut
an oval aperture
up
by the finished
of tissue paper.
picture.
The
the frame, care being taken to place the aperture directly above the part to
be vignetted.
When
the card
is
in position the
so that the direct rays of the sun passing through the tissue paper will
become
diffused,
dimensions.
Ed.
126
of the glass
is
left
open,
it
farthest
The
action of the
It
is
placed
is
THE POSITIVE ON
PAPER.
12/
thus obtained.
As soon
light),
colour,
it
is
re-
moved from
and
fixing.
An
in the
albumenised print
shadows
it
will lose
much
of
its
intensity
when
fixed
once removed
The
print, after
is
therefore
5
plunged
in a
or 6
grains of chloride of
Acetate of Soda
Chloride of Gold
.....
drachm.
3 grains.
Water
20 ounces.
128
for
about
fifteen
it is
become of a vigorous
are
allowed to remain in
which
is
usually from lo to 15
The
and sub-
The
An
will
im-
mersion of
sufficient to
fifteen
minutes
in
this solution
silver,
be
and
after being
and
is
finished.
is
To
from
ascertain
if
the print
it is
sufficiently
in are
washed, a few
soaked
allowed to drip
then added.
'
we have
given
is
If acetate of soda
stand for ten or twelve hours before any prints are toned in it ; but it will keep good for months, a few grains of gold being added from time to time to keep up its strength. The carbonate of soda solution can be used almost as soon as made, but will not keep long.
THE rOSITIVE ON
If the print has
PAPER.
129
been
sufficiently
washed there
is
will
be
no
precipitate,
if
a precipitate,
itself.
Motmting and
Rolling.
The
Fig. 31-
THE ROLLING
PRESS.
thoroughly washed
is
hung up
to
dry by one of
its
when dry
its
When
it
only remains to
it.
to roll
I30
The mounting
means of a
is
The
rolling
is
done by
31) formed of a
smooth
roller
by means
of a toothed
The mounted
warm room
shown
in the
illustration),
to great pressure
by
This
gives
them a
and
finish.
different operations
which have to be
We will
descriptions, practice
He
must not
To anyone
ever so
little
we have
difficult
what a
delicate, patient,
art
What an
THE POSITIVE ON
the
actual
PAPER.
131
just given
an
outHne,
from
experiments
of Niepce and
Daguerre
After these grand inventors, what numbers of
in-
ele-
ments to the
them
May we
taneous and
all
Most of the
;
and photography
is
manded
and often
132
CHAPTER
IV.
We
we do
is
based the
series
of photo-
graphic manipulations.
graphy
a few
new
details
not
influence light
affects certain
science
is
almost always
it
discovers effects,
brings
them under
by
their application.
silver.*
Why
No
Light, as we have seen, acts also on a great number of other substances. Here is a curious experiment which plainly shows its action. It was made by Messrs. Gamier and Salmon, and published in the Bulletin of the French
33
will
is
of photography.
The
glass plate
is
substance which
solidifies
on contact with
air,
and
is
The
col-
when
the coated
of potassium
The
The
exposed
in the
camera.
light acts
on the iodide of
On
being taken
is
developed by means of a
been added.
The
by the
deposited and
is
intensified
by the addition of a
to
nitrate of
is
silver
solution
the
redeveloper, which
poured
134
giving
it
greater intensity.
The fixing
is
done by means
;
these
not been
affected
by the
light.
It will
ver>^
simple
it is
art
to practise
The
latter
is
manipulations,
by numerous and
the
often-repeated experi-
ments.
It
is
more
difficult to
it
be taught
in a
work
varies according to
All that
we have
made
will,
in
a studio
where the
light can
all
be controlled at
and where a
nature;
we have passed
causes
which
alter a negative
in one
impossible to
become
folly to
is it
col-
lodion bottle in the hand and the camera before the eyes.
35
offer him,
and as
we have
we
instantaneous
art.
photography, and
some
special
branches of the
Outdoor
differs
PhotograpJiy.
The
;
travelling
it
apparatus
lighter
is
much
and
is
more
The camera
is
much
smaller and
furnished with a bellows which can be extended and contracted at the will of the operator.
It
is
supported on
It is furnished
room.
easily
may
(See
The
lens^ screws
may
be
it
carried separate.
consists of but
'
This lens
simple, that
is
to say
one achromatic
photo-
In England view lenses are manufactured in great variety, double and single wide angled, with short focus, and others with a more contracted field and longer focus. Many lenses, such as those of Ross and
Dallmeyer, are deservedly famed
all
Ed.
136
We
specially recomIt
mend
con-
sists
37
offers
that
it
gives
true perspective
and
straighter lines in
monuments than
other lenses.
As
It
can be readily
a rack for the
up,
silver
bath,
various bottles, and a reservoir on the top to hold a supply of water for washing the plates, a sink for getting rid of
waste
in fact
artist requires.
is
The photographic
will readily
he
a good operator,
buildings in general
but
if
he attacks nature,
if
he
at-
tempts studies of
skies,
he
will
encounter
difficulties
which
will
is
prove insurequal
to
his
mountable, unless
ambition.
'
his
perseverance
One
of the greatest
difficulties of
artist,
*
the
landscape
Liebert, to
M. A.
whom we
skies with
have already
natural
referred,
is
the production of
light,
clouds,
all
because the
from
its
by
solarisa-
138
tion
skies
all
Various
for obtaining
The
then
first
consists in
reproducing
the
is
but with a
practice in
development of
may be
obtained.
The
best
way
to
manage
weak
are developed
then subjected
as
much
'When
a picture
is
another negative care must be taken to select a sky appropriate to the subject in order to secure harmony.
In
such a case
it is
light, so that
may be
alike as
regards the
light.
The
39
and
taste, and,
The same
work of
*
artist gives
To
is
harmony
in
its
tout-ensemble,
and to choose
light for
the time of
day when
its
this
view
is
in the best
reproducing
character,
objects in
their true
significance
and
in
effects of light
Thus
it
will
name
landscape work.
is
it
often
black
By repeated improvements in
it is
possible
I40
The
fluid.
This collodion
is
and bromide of
silver to
lithium.
is
The
silver
bath of 8 parts of
silver,
lOO of water
few drops of
is
minutes.
is
By
this
sensibility
obtained.
The developing
made
of sulphate
of iron
and
nitric ether
It is
They
all
present difficulties
Ed.
141
CHAPTER
V.
RETOUCHING.
ACCIDENTS WITH NEGATIVES AND PROOFS METHOD OF REMEDYING THE SAME RETOUCHING THE NEGATIVE IMPERFECTIONS IN THE POSITIVE RETOUCHING PHOTOGRAPHIC PROOFS WITH INDIAN INK COLOURING PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPHIC CARICATURES.
In
accidents
frequently
cost
much
too
far,
its
way into
with a
it
any one of
it
sufficient to
spoil the
it
picture, cover
If there
happen to be a few
142
minute
spot they cover, and will form very visible marks in the
proof.
gummed.
by
little
gum
in the
Third Part
of this work
we
system of retouching
from the
artistic
it
point of view
we
shall
only regard
in a
purely practical
The we
retouching a positive
it is
very
is
not necessary,
especially in portraits.
The
sitter often
moves
his eyes,
sufficiently distinct
and
^RETOUCHING.
which appear too much
half-tones.
143
like
man's
shirt nearly
always prints
like a
studs,
midst of a
may
be otherwise perfect.
touch of
such defects.
and oil-painting
printed on canvas.
is
We
shall,
however,
capable of rendering
in
but
little
esteem
it
is
because
than to
coloiirers rather
for slender
But,
it
seems to
us, in
a great
many
good
to be regretted that
it.
artists
use of
which
is
obtained as follows.
To
taken and
144
much
smaller
is
PHOTOGRAPHIC CARICATLRE.
on the smaller
scale.
If
fit
photograph
is
RETOUCHING.
45
produced
will furnish
proofs.
made
and
in
its
members
the august
sittings
is
'
for the
How
his
;
then
Some
number of
painted
to
represent the
ministerial room.
He
new
ministers
cut
from
their
carte-portraits.
After
photograph of
done.
*
this
composition
is
is
The
photographed
in this
offers,
way.
indeed, a
;
Photography
sions
mine of pleasant
shall
diver-
but
we
branch of the
point of view.
146
We
the photograph
the
*
by giving the
human
face J
Stael,'
Madame de
;
'
died talking
for several
fatal
end
approaching endeavoured
:
vain
to
keep
in, let
visitors
"
them come
the
human
face
"
time
we have
all
human
face.
Stop
its
inquisitive
...
?
>
Simple love of
.
.
diversion
Frivolous idleness
face,
No.
We thirst for
mind.*
is real,
the
human
The
because
we
human
by M. Legouve
its
bearing on pho:
therefore
face.*
we say
to the retouchers
Give us
human
if
the author had not already convinced us of his profound admiration of the
For my own part I think that photography art and its capabilities. hands of a skilled and artistic operator is capable of producing which can never be improved by retouching. Ed.
147
CHAPTER
ENLARGEMENT OF
VI.
PROOFS.
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR ENLARGING NEGATIVE PROOFS WOODWARD'S SYSTEM MONCKHOVEN'S APPARATUS UNIVERSAL SOLAR CAMERA.
But
next to an impossibility.
How
how
how
By
the
usual processes
may
'
Plates a yard square and even larger are manipulated by the Auto-
type
Company and
Ed.
L 2
148
The
best
possible.
in
The
pro-
jecting the
like that
of
the magic
lantern slide,
paper.
faithfully
Though
its
is
simple enough,
practice
somewhat
difficult
fect instrument.
large
image of
which
this
system by adapt-
The
negative
is
is
held in a frame
The
illustration
(fig.
34)
On
ENLARGEMENT OF
be seen a thin partition
PROOFS.
149
which
separates
the
operating
the
outer
room
air.
from
This
room
should
be
ex-
camera
is
fixed to an opening in
the partition,
through
light
which a powerful
is
thrown by means of a
reflector
which follows
outside,
the
sun
and
rays
lens
transmits
the
through a large
on
tive
be enlarged
after
passing through
negative
it
the
next
carrying with
it
150
yards' distance.^
This distance
one yard
in diameter.
Fig- 35-
M.
Liebert
much
special
does
not require
any
The
size
object-glass.
Ed.
ENLARGEMENT OF
fixed position.
It
PROOFS.
151
which
is
by
reflection
(fig.
The
illus-
tration
ratus that
any description
in
unnecessary.
Success
should be chosen
be used, to ensure
to be enlarged.
sufficient
The
it
To
arrive at
this result
The
sulphate of
alone sufficient.
The
The
art of enlarging
Some
The enlargements
obtained in
process appear
to
me
be desired.
The method
followed in their
152
Enlargements,
it is
would, however, be
totally different
The most
process.
Ed.
153
CHAPTER
VII.
PROCESSES.
THE DRY-COLLODION PROCESS EMPLOYMENT OF ALBUMEN, HONEY, AND TANNIN WAXED-PAPER PROCESS PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHY BY THE CARBON PROCESS METHODS OF POITEVIN, SWAN, ETC.
The
some
we have
described at
and often
has one
is
but
it
As
coated
with collodion
If
it is
it
must be
once exposed
in the
camera.
allowed to dry,
it is
no longer so impressionable.
it is
As
very
difficult to
in
make
use of
it
in
way
warm
climates.^
'
My own
experience
when
Dry
plates as
we
find
them now-a-days,
nearly, if not quite equal to wet plates in their sensitiveness, are greatly to
may happen to be exploring a new have found the old wet collodion process in the tropics always so ready and always so capable of responding to my every wish, that I esteem it above all others. By certain simple modifications, such as adding alcohol to the collodion, a wet plate may be freely exposed for
be desired by the photographer who
country.
Yet
is
90 in the shade.
Ed.
154
It
to discover a
means by which
be made to retain
solved
by the
gummy
or resinous
it
when
mo-
ments before
its
exposure
in the
camera.
Dry
collodion.
The reader
in
will
remember
that albu-
photography
It \^ still
made
use of
by some operesults.
TJie
albumen
with
pi'ocess.
plate
is
coated
ordinary iodised
after
being
sensitised
the collodion
iodide of
The
is
is
perfectly air-tight.
it
When
operations
the
it
concluding
in the
of
ordinary way.
is
The time
somewhat
PROCESSES.
155
long
to obtain
good
The
more
After
carefully
done than
in the
wet-collodion process.
it is
sensitised in a
is
The
plate
drained and
To
it
is
sufficient to
pour
and
after
adding a few
ammonia and
useful
little
The
addition
it
fluid,
as*
and
with
The
is
dried,
away
from
light
may
A
when
silver
number
bath to which a
are developed
little
been added.
They
posulphite of soda.
The albumen
the development
is
not produced
cannot be employed
156
for portraiture,
is
for
reproducing
full
of
harmony
process,
in tone.
This
much spoken
of, is
Thanks
to
now
Their sensibility
is
certainly
much more
con-
Major
combining tannin,
or tannic acid, with the coating of iodide of silver, destined to be impressed with the light.
cess,
The
original pro-
in
we
shall describe
made.^
*
The
tannin process
is
photographic progress.
place of tannin
An
less
may be
when
used in
I
more or
Thus
I myself,
could
of sugar.
manipulation,
But the most modern processes, although they demand delicate yet in their rapidity of action and beautiful results are
As
this
work does
I
need do no more than give an outline of one or two of the newest methods of preparing dry plates, which do away with the use of the nitrate of
silver bath
El).
PROCESSES.
157
The
plate
is
first
cadmium and
ounce pure gelatine add 16 ounces of water. When the gelatine has absorbed the water to its fullest extent, dissolve by gentle heat, and while the solution is yet hot add i\ ounce bromide of potassium, stirring
To
is
make
The
This sensitive emulsion which alone forms the drymust be subjected to a process of washing so as to remove the free salts of the metals, which would otherwise interfere with the picture. This may be done by allowing the gelatine to set, cutting it up in small pieces and washing it in water kept running for some time, until, indeed, all traces of the free salts have been removed, and the emulsion carries only the quantity with which it has formed an intimate union in the production The sensitised gelatine may now be dissolved by of bromide of silver. gentle heat, and poured in quantum siifficit on the centre of a glass plate over which it is evenly distributed, placed on a level stand on a dark shelf free from dust, where it is allowed to set and dry". When dry, the plate thus prepared is ready for exposure in the camera, and if carefully preserved from daylight weeks may elapse between the time of preparation and exposure, and exposure and development. I have seen plates taken by
this
when
the
is
Developer,
No
i.
Carbonate of Soda
40
grains.
Water
Lpint.
Pyrogallic Acid
.......
No.
2.
96 grains.
I
Alcohol
ounce.
158
ammonium.
It is sensitised in
bath of nitrate of
The
and 2^
tion
is
This soluis
then
hardly neces-
room
when
the plate
is
dry
it
is
slightly
warmed, and
The time
Before developing
is
dipped
in a
weak
is
solution of
impregnated.
3,
Bromide of Potassium
5 grams.
I
Water
No.
I is
ounce.
is
The time
is
Collodion Emulsion process This process, while it offers more uniformity and certainty in its results, not so sensitive as that just described in which gelatine takes the place of
:
collodion.
With
mode
The
reader
who
is
for 1875.
^^-
PROCESSES.
159
It is
little
alcohol
intensi-
and
image requires
fying, a
weak
The
plate
is
M. Legray
cess
is
waxed -paper
pro-
an
interesting
is
and useful
process, of
which the
following
a succinct description.
is
to be coated with
wax must be
well-sized,
The
operation of waxing
very delicate.
with boilit
The paper
on a
filled
The
leaf of
paper
is
by intermediate
paper
as
it
is
wax which
leaf
is
sinks in
it is
spread.
all
As
its
soon as the
surface, a
first
well impregis
nated
over
it,
placed on
These
twelve
twelve
waxed
sheets,
sheets
with
is
unwaxed
l60
energetically
first
in
in
another.
The
excess of
wax
the
twelve
sheets
Each leaf
is
now
and
silk rubber,
when
want
time.
a well-rubbed
leaf
is
indicating a
wax,
it
When
The
iodised
a violet tint
it
must
damp
or
air.
When
it
is
required
in a
to
sensitise the
paper before
silver to
use,
is
plunged
bath of nitrate of
'
35
oz.
of Water,
750
225
75
2
,, ,, ,,
,,
Sugar of Milk.
Iodide of Potassium.
,,
,,
Bromide of Potassium.
i
Distilled
Water
ounce.
Nitrate of Silver
Glacial Acetic Acid
30 grains. 40 minims.
THE CARBON
The paper
is
PROCESS.
l6l
exposed
plates.
in the
it
termined by
experience.
is
accomplished by the
and
is
acetic
The
leaf of
paper
until
comhas
immersed
in
it
rendered again
after being
negatives on
who may be
of these inventors.
process.
The
processes
we
less
more or
Whatever the
it
cares
is
and precautions of
proof
is
destined
after a
certain
62
become
could
it
How,
indeed,
be otherwise, when
it
is
made up
bility to the
the
same
perin
manency
as
impressions
made
with
some
permanent
basis,
The term
carbon print
pressions obtained
The
various
processes
for
Poitevin in 1855.
whom we
shall
have
whom
is
num-
even
in
warm water
it
some
pow-
CARBON PRINTING.
dered enamels, to gelatine, albumen,
starch, &c.^
163
gum
arable, sugar,
fine coating
is
of bichromatised
gelatine,
mixed
with carbon,
After
;
paper
is
washed
in tepid
water
{i.e,
the
by the
light
those
light re-
main adhering
to the surface,
indication
of the
process
by M.
as
Poitevin,
published
more
as
a curiosity than
a practical
set themselves to
light.
Laborde,
at Paris,
in-
Pouncy
at
London, and
that of
M.
Poitevin, all of
them more or
less perfect.
In
1864, Mr.
Swan gave
a vigorous
;
new
Photographic au charbon.
64
The
'
In 500
some
gentle heat
Add
well
and heat
till it
boils,
and then
filter.
By
this
means the
albumen
is
clarified
and becomes
is
brilliant
and limpid.
with water,
The amount
lost
by evaporation
made up
Indian ink as
after being
is
now mixed
with
it,
pow-
dered or dissolved
stoppered bottles.
in water.
The
gelatine
it,
kept
in well
To
sensitise
a solution of bichrowater),
is
pre-
in the propor-
450 grains
is
A
is
glass plate
proper consistency
this,
The
plate
is
which soon
sets
when quite
and
flexible.
it is
It is
by exami-
nation,
easy to determine
of a proper colour.
in the dark,
swan's process.
165
To
on
it,
it is
placed in contact
film, so that
by exposure to the
is
formed on the
but, in
case,
it
will
The range
is
much
The
larger than
is
then
When
dis-
is
grade.
The
by the
light
soon
When
it
of paper, to straighten
first
sheet
may
be readily removed.
The
is
^
when
finished
vigour,
to
Carbon prints taken by the above process are as fine in gradation, and sharpness as the best silver prints. There seems, however, be some risk of their destruction, in consequence of the collodion film
cracking.
The process is patented (No. 503, February 29, 1864). Some specimens submitted to the public by the patentee are not inferior to the very finest photographs upon paper that have ever been seen. Tht Dictionary
of Photography.
Low &
Co. 1867.
66
processes
strides,
and admirable
results
permanent and
solid
incorporated
The
is first
may
be,
gelatine,
in
dissolved in
well filtered,
is
added
litre
till
the
of
water
fectly
= 176 pint).
homogeneous.
The mixture
is
then stirred
per-
is
next damped
that
such a
way
by the
means of
poured so as
The
lifted
is
then
The
sensitised
by immersion
in
p.
100).
To
take
is
then
6/
When
a negative
is
used to print
it
is
for
this
when
desired.
all
We
to
master
Monck-
new branch of
we
are studyfar
The
practical details
from
Published by G. Masson.
Paris, 1873.
"^
The carbon
process, in
its
most recent fonns, has attained to that facility of manipulation which renders silver printing. Photographers have not
been slow to acknowledge its superiority over all other processes in the production of the most delicately beautiful enlargements from small negatives. But it is only within the past month or two that the carbon process has proved capable of producing small prints equal in every way to the
best silver prints.
In common with all the other permanent photographic printing processes, whether the proofs are obtained by exposure to sunlight or mechanically,
the carbon process starts from the basis supplied in the insolubility resulting from the exposure to solar light of a mixture of gelatine and bichromate of
potash. But in order to render this chemical action available for the purposes of the carbon printer, the gelatine and bichromate of potash must be charged with some permanent colour in a fine state of division, us in Swan's
process.
tissue,
Autotype Company at Ealing Dean simplified the method of producing tissue by using paper as the support and by introducing
machinery into its manufacture. This company held various patents which have been transferred to Messrs. Spencer, Sawyer, Bird & Co., to whom we are mainly indebted for rendering the carbon process of practical
68
commercial value. They now manufacture tissue of all shades of colour, ready for the simple operation of sensitising ty floating on a solution of bichromate of potash. While confining my observations to one or two
topics relating to carbon printing,
I
must
A carbon
No
visible
may be
image
will result
tissue,
from
this
exposure
the image
is
nevertheless
imprinted in the
form a close and indissoluble union with the carbon. When the light has only partially affected the tissue the union is weak, and it readily, when treated with warm water, yields up part of the colouring matter, and where the light has
strongest, the sensitive film elects to
,
not exercised
its
may be dissolved out, leaving the paper white. The printing of the picture must be timed by the use of a simple In order to develop the print it is actinometer made for the purpose.
necessary to immerse the tissue in a bath of water and to place
contact with a sheet of transfer paper.
it
in intimate
tissue
and
its
new
support are
and the picture gradually reveal itself. This simple operation of washing with water removes all the free unaltered carbon, and leaves a bright and beautiful In the case of negatives which are impression on a permanent support.
not reversed, a double transfer must be effected by placing the tissue for
development on a temporary support of glass or zinc. Specially prepared tissue, mounted and developed on a glass plate, not only produces a transparency full of the most beautiful gradations of light and shade, but so exceedingly minute in its details as to enable the operator to take from it a
perfect negative,
original.
I
diameter of the
it
know
in the
making of
as
it
enables the
carbon printer to make a reversed negative so absolutely identical with the Ed. original as to permit him to print his proofs by single transfer.
169
CHAPTER
VIII.
PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.
THE FIXING OF COLOURS
A MYSTIFICATION EDMOND BECQUEREL'S EXPERIMENTS ATTEMPTS OF NIEPCE DE SAINT-VICTOR AND POITEVIN PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING.
We
th(?
photo-
paper
all
human
at
work.
We
think
it
will
be interesting
it
if
we glance
some
is
possible to
hope
it
out colour.
To
power
It is
170
It is
necessary
ways by the
could
;
and
each
which
reproduce
the
proper
colour of
luminous ray
would seem
pher's stone.
to be
comparable to that
in the
However,
would be
;
imprudent to deny
solution
is
problem
its
the habit of
in
supposing.
direction
the
of this
hidden
in
the
bosom of
?
the
unknown.
open up a
Until
Will they
}
new road
we have passed
already
may
be
well, before
men, to nar-
from an
historical point
of view, which
made a
great
stir at
all
the time.
In 185
1,
the
came
from
the
other
side
of
the
Atlantic.
Hill,
The
a photo-
PHOTOGRAPHS
IN COLOUR.
171
For the
and
for the
moment
his
name became
as
renowned as
that of Daguerre.
complain of
his discovery.
Mr.
Hill, all
at
ladder of fame.
to ferment well.
The
'
When
who
ripe,'
says
he issued a
a work
discovery.
which
should
the
secrets
of his
The
that
their
by photographers, and
all
would be forwarded to
five
those
who
sent
him
address with
dollars.
testimonial, signed
by
was a respectable
worthy of
all
confidence.
fifteen
The
circular
produced
:
thousand
dollars.
The
But
volume appeared
it
was dear,
it
common-
place
descriptions
well-known daguerreotype
172
process,
colours
Mr.
Hill
afterwards
published
second
and
Hill
and
late,
his works.
The
too
who reproduced
in printing
He
succeeded
by men of
science.
M. Becquerel plunged a
;
electric battery.
Under
the influence of the electric current the silver besub-chloride of silver, of a characteristic
On
was
:
sufficient to
expose
it
spectrum
up
to the
must be preserved
'
this great
Dissertation on PJwtography.
A. Ken.
1864.
PHOTOGRAPHS IN COLOUR.
foiled in
73
his
attempts.
He
succeeded, however,
in
they are
affected
by prolonged exposure
to light
for
much improved,
ment of
posure to daylight.
salts of
is
due
to the
employment of
uranium that
interesting question.
proof,
for
example, he
dried in the
the proof
is
then washed
it
it
and dry
if
it.
The
in
dipped
;
of azotate of cobalt,
and
not
fire
;
washed
it
the
is
fixed
by
immersion
for a
few seconds
in a solution of
sulphate of
'
174
iron
acid,
it
each
in
proportion
of 4 to
dried
is
violet colour
may
be obtained by washing
warm water
and
by developing with
chloride
of gold
of ^
to
is
To
after
is
washed
for ten
bichloride
of mercury,
is
saturated cold
a solution
is
of
oxalic acid at 60
well
then
washed and
dried.'
In 1866 M. Poitevin
made
ments relating
*
to the
On
light,
and
presence of a reducing
a liquid
is
volume of satu-
the
away from
light.
The bichromate
may
be
Annuaire
scientifique de
M.P.P.
Deherain. Paris.
1862.
PHOTOGRAPHS IN COLOUR.
With
this paper,
75
which
is,
not more
place
from
five
it
takes
through paintings on
employ-
ment
in the
camera
but, such as
it is, it
gives coloured
'
-
in
an album, water
the precaution
is
first in
and
finally in
if
pure water.
In this state,
light.
is still
from have discovered a clue to the mystery in the beautiful prismatic colours produced by a thin film of air imprisoned beneath the collodion of an imperfectly cleaned plate. Some eight or ten years ago these aspirants to fame used
far
being solved.
The problem of obtaining polychromatic photographs More enthusiasts than one have imagined
that they
in the
public until they had taken such steps as would enable them to engross to
in a variety of ways,
but
M. Vidal's prints were probably similar to some I have seen in produced by an ingenious mechanical trick which the photographer was in no way careful to conceal.
As
far
subjected
colours.
back as 1810 Seebeck discovered that chloride of silver, when to the rays of the spectrum, partook slightly of the different Violet produced brown, blue a shade of blue, yellow preserved
the paper white, and red imparted a red tint to the chloride of silver.
- Ed.
176
new photogenic
pictures
are
number
exhibited
by M.
being permanent.
principally
M.
The
most
solve.
by photography
one of the
Though but
would be wrong
regard the
final
to despise
to
chimerical problem.
As M. Niepce de
least,
hope that
it
will be.'
'
la Scietue.
PHOTOGRAPHS IN COLOUR.
This
art of
77
is
Daguerre has to
There
is
another of high
an engraving plate
pages of our third
we
part.
179
PART
III.
CHAPTER
HELTOGRAPHY.
I.
THE DAGUERREOTYPE PLATE TRANSFORMED INTO AN ENGRAVING DONN6 FIZEAU THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ENGRAVING OF PLATE NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY AND HELIOGRAPHY'
INVENTED BY
A.
THE AI.BERTYPE
in
Daguerre's time,
produced by Hght
demned
was asked
if
At
the present
modem
N
2
fully
l8o
has not
probably be
future,
it
characteristic
of heliography in
near
first
enter-
half-tones
prints
com-
mon
in
printing-press.
But
the
is
mercury
employed
the daguerreotype
process
silvered
distributed
often
over the
copper-plate,
and
it
is
only of an
parts etched
by the
besides
silver,
left
in relief
being formed of
very soft metal, allows but a limited number of impressions being taken.
The
on paper, and
make
his
method prac-
HELIOGRAPH Y.
tically useless.
l8l
He
succeeded
in attacking the
shadows
whilst
plate,
in relief
is
by the mercury
But
in its
depth
be deepened.
in the following
oil,
way
he
filled
which
The
now be made
the
plate
parts
of
being protected
by
their
covering of gold.
likely
It
worthy
of enquirers.
It is true
that
but
how
slow
is
the
in the
way
of
this
which
requires
sunlight
in the
and
careful
unknown
besides,
production of
and
photography on paper
82
is
not durable
it
sometimes turns
effaced.
becomes completely
in
photography.
of potassium
and devoid of
In
all artistic
value.
1853
method of
steel,
based on the
Niepce.
steel
plate well
This coating
is
dried
light.
That
exposed to the
light,
which
acts
positive.
for
about
fifteen minutes.
'
According to Mr. Monckhoven, the bitumen of Judea or asphaltum m water ; it should dissolve in the proportion of 5 to the 100 in alcohol, of 70 to the 100 in ether,
best for these operations should be completely insoluble
and
and
in chloroform.
HELIOGRAPHY.
83
steel,
and the
in
latter
with
its
coating of
bitumen
oil,
is
washed
which
The
by the solvent
can be bitten
left in relief,
the plate
may
gradation or detail, being mere uniform blots which converted the engraving into
line.
little
It
was
in vain that
;
to
no purpose, and
after years of
Whilst M. Niepce de Saint Victor was thus attempting the solution of his difficult problem, M. Poitevin, an
engineer of note, of
whom we
domain of
84
but his work as an engineer prevented him from immediately occupying himself with the study of the interest-
In
Poitevin,
plate,
on
on
its
amalgam
when plunged
bath
of
this,
which was
my
first
discovery,
but,
made
repeated
trials, all
of which succeeded
forced
my-
my
career of engineer,
to take
it
was not
until
1847 that
was enabled
applied
them up again
as serious studies.
my observations on
M.
HELIOGRAPHY.
85
in
the ordinary
way on
papers sensi-
founda-
and applications.
little
known,
the
is
in
a brochure,
which
now very
one of
Treatise on
Silver.'
'
Photo*
This
not a
all
is
manual, nor a
this
:
treatise,
nor a book
it is
more than
it is
man
all
who, knowing
his
many
things, for
knowledge to the
the
The
which
method,
first
clever operator,
may
is
as follows.
is
A photograph
When
86
battery,
The
de-
by the non-conducting
coating of iodide of
silver.
is
next washed
in a
of soda, which
removes the
by the
The
plate
is
oxidise
spread over
it.
The
liquid metal
silver, leavis
Next the
plate
is
covered
;
with gold
leaf,
reproduced
it
picture.
The
lights
still
unprotected
by the gold
By
this
picture, represented
relief,
by the gold-coated
is
After the
first
HELIOGRAPH Y.
periments
in quite
8/
new
direction
he transferred the
now
and
photo-lithography.
Photo-lithography.
On
He
The
light, as
we have
already explained,
By
this
means, that
light
is,
by the mysterious
influence ex-
erted
by the
made capable
of retaining printing
is
As
is
removed, the
roller is
surface
passed over the stone, and the ink only adheres to those
parts
of the
coating on
light.
its
been
The
photograph thus
becomes a lithographic
'
stone.
'
Silver.'
\Ve
complete
this
summary
an ordinary lithographic stone is covered with an albuminous solution mixed with bichromate of potash, and if this liquid is allowed to dry spontaneously, the albumen, however much it may be altered in its nature,
If
is
not in
its solubility,
in ^^arm
water
is
sufficient to
88
fact,
which established
photo-lithography,
able
most remark-
made by
He
soon discovered
its
when
it
action of light.
The impressioned
while
with water,
under
which
it
remains unaltered in
remove from the stone the greater part of the unaltered matter which has been unable to penetrate it. But if the surface thus prepared is exposed to
the action of light through the unequally transparent parts of a negative,
a change takes place which is certainly not an ordinary coagulation, and to which the oxidation of the chromic acid doubtless contributes, by rendering
the albumen insoluble, and causing
larger the
it to remain on the stone in quantities the more intense the exposure to the light has been. Thus changed, In this the albumen resists water as if it were a greasy or fatty substance. it
state
the portions of the stone where the light has not acted, so that,
charged
witji
printing ink,
is
an ink containing soap, which lithographers call transfer or reparsed over the stone the ink adheres only to the albumenised
and the
distri-
removed by acidulation and damping with a sponge. by being submitted to the ordinary lithographic operations, that is to say, the removing of the colour with essence of volatile oil and the re-inking with the roller and nothing further remains but to cover the stone thus prepared with a coating of gum which only adheres where there is no ink, and to submit it to ordinary inking and to acidulation, to be enabled to obtain from it as many copies as if the drawing, which has been entirely made by Such is the light, had been made in the ordinary lithographic manner.
;
M.
Poitevin's method.'
HELIOGRAPHY.
89
h'ghts
and
and
hardly necessary
we
extreme
care.
at
least
of
modern
heliography,
the
his
work
being
the
germ
of almost
all
known.
Photo-lithography has long been used with advantage
;
we
it
gained
Due de Luynes.
Since 1857, M. Lemercier, an
artist
and
savaiit oi
some
beautiful collections,
tion an
album of
forty-five terracottas,
90
museum
in the
of the Louvre
and
in the galleries
Museum
of Art and
Industry,
may
be seen a
The
Processes
of
Baldiis,
In measure as
progress
we
own time we
find
became more
public
admiration.
:
is
spread on a cop-
per plate.
sionable
On
resin
object to be engraved
is
on transparent paper.
This proof
by the
a
About
on the
resin,
though
it is
not visible.
It is
developed
by washing
away
by the
rendered
soluble
'
by the
solar rays.
is
formed of a
film so delicate
and
fine
that
HELIOGRAPH Y.
immersion
in the liquid.
191
To
it
give
it
is
left for
now comes
the
this process.
and on
the parts
of the
a
it
coating
to the
will
attach
be
Thus
wood
in
used
few minutes
suffice
him
to
make
the
engraving process.
salt
is
by means of a chromic
without using
sensitises
is
M. Baldus
the
copper
glass
plate.
On
is
placed the
to be reproduced,
light.
It will
be seen that
method of
Poitevin.
192
of
iron,
which
in
all
the
parts
;
where the
salt
first relief is
thus obtained.
As
after
not
sufficient,
it is
augmented by
it
a printing-ink
roller.
relief,
The
and
By remay be
employed, a plate
;
is
produced
positive,
for
if
little later
on, in 1855, a
in-
MM.
Garnier and
:
is
a description
brass plate
is
negative, and
in
An
is
now passed
the ink
The
latter there-
HELIOGRAPH Y.
93
fore,
use as in
copper-
printing.
But
if
the
ink
the
first
coat
iron
acted,
of galvanised
adheres
only to the
the
iodised
Mercury
is
again applied
iron.
to
the
plate,
Passed under
If a
is
typographic plate
is
By an
graphic engravings
made from
&c., of
negatives of views
of
monuments, landscapes,
we have
important
many most
the
operators.
We
shall
glance at
methods as
by some celebrated
is
M. Albert
a photographer of Munich.
G. Masson. 1875.
194
well
remarkable works
his
name has
with justice been given to some photo-lithographic processes based on Poitevin's method.
Heliographic endaily-
made
in
M. Albert's studios
at
A
side
is
covered on
its
polished
when placed
previously heated.
This
it
first slight
exposed
this
insoluble in water.
"When
great
delicacy and
is
care, is
coating of gelatine
isinglass,
covered with
another of gelatine
When
the
is
placed in a print-
When
is
by the
light,
and leaves
This operation
the plate,
when
roller in
and
this,'
says M. Monckhoven,
'
who has
is
the
HFXIOGRAPHY.
95
difficult
workman
do
it
well.
If the ink
is
it is
The
plate
posed, &c.
The greasy
Purple
is
often
as
in
added to
it
same appearance
be
desired.'
Obernetter's Process.
In
this
process,
which gives
is
covered
plate,
The
centigrade.
It
is
submitted
weak
The
parts of the
gelatine
less
damped and
therefore refuse
it.
the greasy ink, whilst those free from the zinc receive
Modern Heliography.
ber of methods of
There
is
a considerable
numsome
photo-engraving.
At
Paris
secret
ig6
operations,
a reproduction of a sketch
pro-
chapter.
We
take
it
formed by grooves
in
in,
stand out
first,
plates in
which the
type
cut,
in relief, similar to
a wood-
and very
for our
been
done
is
This
last process
of heliography
and other
books.
though
it
must be printed
Amongst
we may
Fig. 36
soldat obscur entre dix mille. victoire, il voulut, le premier, nouvelle a sa lointaine ville. Et partit, fier coureur, agitant un laurier.
et sans treve,
II mourut, des qu'il fut au terme du chemin. Heureux qui pent de meme, ayant atteint son revt
la
palme a
la main. A. R.
A PAQUieifon.
CQKTOTs.
Fig. 37
[Page 197
HELIOGRAPHY.
197
in
reproducing Nature.
now
made by
heliographic processes.
Fig. 38.
themselves principally to
phical,
scientific,
engineering, geogra-
I93
their
These heliographic
processes have
wanting
in the future.
They
are used
by VEcole
des
by engineers
and architects
To
new methods
for
reducing or enlarging, we have reproduced on the preceding page an engraving on of Marathon, and facing
wood
it
is
which
has been
'
made by
heliography.
(See
figs.
37 and ^8.)
The photographic
;
importance
it is
by its
aid, texts
effaced,
and which
made again
legible.
199
CHAPTER
PHOTOGLYPTY.
II.
Thanks
to the
scientist
just
The im-
known
seemed so great to us
it
we have thought
principally
well to reserve
for a special
description.
What
process
is
excites
admiration
in
it
this
new
that
are almost
graphic processes
Another
offers
maybe
rapidly.
^200
How
shall try
is
this
prodigy performed
This
is
what we
advance
pic-
in
that
he
seen
these
photoglyptic
and
booksellers',
and perhaps
We were
that
for a
Now
we
are undeceived
we
think
useful
others,
by thus
assuredly destined to a
M. Goupil, the
publisher, well
known
to the Parisian
processes.
He
who
new
operations.
We
admired.
The
first
part of the
method
is
based on the
A sheet of gelatine
This leaf of
PHOTOGLYPTY.
20I
The
the
latent
image
is
every detail of
the
picture.
The
leaf
is
carefully
frame
in a
then placed
containing tepid
in
from the
much
On
is
its
light, a faithful
seen
the
shadows duced
in relief.
repro-
in relief.
It will
be seen that up to
is
we have spoken
in
The
gelatine
leaf
bound with
iron,
and a sheet
The
of
design
in relief
between
serve
as
two
metal
surfaces,
one
steel
to
much
softer.
is
pressure,
202
gelatine,
you
will
pressure.
Not
at all
it
when
striking out a
coin or medal
although friable
Fig. 39-
PHOTOGLYPTIC PRESS.
it
penetrates.
is
In
fact,
found to have
leaf,
and
graph reproduced
in the metal,
may be
used again.
PHOTOGLYPTY.
203
a special press (see
The
fig.
lead plate
is
next placed
in
39),
a sheet
placed over
this,
the lever
is
pressed
down
Fig. 40.
after, to
anyone who
The
be obtained
week.
204
The photoglyptic
table in such a
way
The
the photograph.
It is possible to use glass instead of
on.
are
washed
in
insoluble
and so
in this description
we
skill
It
be patent to everyone that the photographic negafrom which the photoglyptic proofs are to be formed
tive
M. Goupil
processs.
is
who makes
use of this
M. Lemercier has
PHOTOGLYPTV.
toglyptic studio, and copies
205
extent of 5,500
by
is
Photoglyphy
completely successful
nature, but
it
in the reprois
especially
The new
invention has
when
subjected to pressure
laid
plate
is
and true plate of hard steel, the leaden then placed upon the relief, and the whole pressed between the
upon a
perfectly
flat
parallel
The
is
that the soft leaden plate has taken the tnie level surface of the steel,
and
is caused by the gelatine which has impressed into the lead a complete intaglio picture in which the deepest shadows recede farthest from the level, while the high
The
entirely
employed in the press. It be readily understood that in pulling the impressions the second press must also be supplied with a perfectly level plate of glass or The intaglio slightly greased is placed in position and charged with steel. a warm solution of semi-transparent ink, the paper placed in contact with the ink ; the level cover of the press is then brought down and locked.
upon the
will therefore
The
instant,
is
the
high lights have been pressed out, leaving the white paper exposed, and the semi-transparent ink rises in beautiful gradations through the delicate
shades and half-tones, attaining
opacity, in the deep shadows.
its
highest
relief,
and therefore
is
its
greatest
it
thoroughly dry,
which none but an expert could distinguish from an ordinary silver print, worked by the Woodbury Co. of London. The Woodbury process, worked by the Woodbury Co. of London, is largely used for book illustration on account of the delicacy and beauty of It has, however, one great defect in the eyes of publishers, and its proofs. Ed. that is, that the proofs require to be cut and mounted.
presents a
flat
surface
206
a great
number
having
of reproductions of pictures
some of the
latter
among
made
the industries.
use of photography
noted dramatic
The
on
by furnishing proofs
which
its
offer all
drawbacks.
It is
hardly necessary to
insist further
it
on the impor-
tance of the
that
it
new
invention
will
be plain to everyone
must be considered
The only
is
be raised to
photoglypty
this
Are the
gelatine prints
permanent
Will they be as
prints
?
little
affected
it
by time
is
as typographic
It is
probable, for
how
time
nevertheless,
in
London.
Ed.
PHOTOGLYPTY.
Another but
207
less
but this
name
is
208
DESCRIPTION
OF PHOTOSCULPTURE.
We
expected
more.
it
but
it
comes
work.
to the aid of
him
in his
in picture,
make
similes of them.
man
or
woman, were
name
PHOTOSCULPTURE.
statue of clay would be modelled.
209
little
It
would be
Such a
result
looked on
;
it
But
facts
must be believed
it
and as
was nothing
process,
and
The new
name
of photosculptiire.
is
designed,
in
certain
way
To
we quote
1861, in
is
is
described:
*A model
placed in the centre of a circular platform the circumference of which can be included in the field of a single
objec
To
first,
210
3rd
D
it
of the
is
left profile
of the
them
these obtained,
necessary to use
model
in relief.
is
To
effect this
placed on a level
which
is
divided into as
many
in this
Two
vertically
and
placed.
plate,
These
and are
tablets are
for the
made
to
from the
purpose of
right
angles
to each
other,
such as
the
and the
profile C.
graphs
are
may be
and
vertical lines,
position.
*
The two
A, of which
soft
it
follows
all
traces a silhouette, an
first
acts in a similar
manner
in
PHOTOSCULPTURE.
211
pantographs, the
first
D.
to be sculp;
but
be taken
....
in fact, the
number
suflficient for
would be but an
twenty-
'The photographs
to twenty-four
;
numbered
in
modelled
is
act
eight, three
and
nine,
up
to twenty-four
fresh
and
six,
tablets
division.
'
receive
photos,
the plate
turned one
But
only
212
and
relief.'
In
1861,
He
has suc-
taken
in a
photo-
graphic studio.
some of these
curious
productions
amongst
others
Duke de
seen
;
la
Rochefoucauld and
Madame
Galiffet
may be
How
can a gentleman
double-breasted
nudity
is
by the
art of
failed,
Praxiteles.
In
M. Willeme
a new
by some bold
spirit
Though, from an
art point
PHOTOSCULPTURE.
by photography seems
first
213
nature
to
impossible, there
is
reason
may
then be em-
214
CHAPTER
IV.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENAMELS.
VITRIFICATION OF A
PHOTOGRAPH CAMARSAC'S PROCESS ^JEWELLERY ENAMEL METHOD OF MAKING POITEVIN'S METHOD PERMANENT
GLAZE PHOTOGRAPHS.
by a certain process
and
resists
time and
all
Many
manufacturers have
;
employed photography
and good
taste.
first
who conceived
might
unexpected manner.
It
it
it
Avork of the artist on wood, affording the engraver an exact and delicate
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENAMELS.
21
fire,
to submit this to
With
this
To transform
Camarsac made a
is
The
inventor
now
substituted
by the action of
heat.
By means
coating
In pro-
must be dusted
to
remove any
which
may
The
which
is
now ready
done
in the
same way
as usual in ceramic-paste
2l6
colouring,
hot
fire
being employed
The
fire
One
says Camarsac,
is
they
present,
and
a
which
no
other
of
painting
could
cir-
furnish
with
like
degree
that
delicacy.
This
cumstance proves
taken exactly the
fully
pl^ace
the
this
appearance
formed
to the eye
.... There
is
heliographic surface
as blue or purple.'
It will
^
keep
it
secret.
we
will
To produce
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENAMELS.
positive on glass
217
is
first
made
sented.
This positive
sensitised surface
is
formed of a mixture of
gum and
bichromate of potash.
The
invisible
to the
in
such a
way
as to give only to
dust or powder.
As soon
Fig. 41.
finished,
the
is
bichroma-
tised plate
removed, and,
totally
if
though
unaltered
appearing
to the eye,
over
(fig.
it
by means of a
sieve
and nowhere
fine charcoal
if
PHOTO-ENAMEL BROOCH.
Thus this
by enchantment, a
portrait
faithful, in
2l8
is
permanent.
{fiormal)
is
By means
spread over
operation
which soon
dries.
The next
is
terity of hand.
The
Fig. 42.
DUSTING SIEVE.
The
film of collodion
by ceramic painters
is
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENAMELS.
with the carbonised parts of the proof, of which
the image or design.
it
219
retains
When
and
all
destroyed
and the
vitrified
carbon alone
fixed in an
indelible manner.
If a coloured proof
is
is
traced over
by an
artist
damage
to the
photograph.
Messrs. Desroche, Henderson, Lochard, Gongenheim,
Forest, Berthand,and others, are justly celebrated for their
much used
in jewellery,
which
lifelike
by some operators
photographs of which
at the Exhibi-
220
CHAPTER
V.
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
THE TOY MICROSCOPES OF THE PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS 450 DEPUTIES IN THE SPACE OF A PIN'S HEAD ARRANGETHE NATURAL MENTS OF PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC APPARATUS SCIENCES AND PHOTOMICROGRAPHY RESOURCES BORROWED FROM THE HELIOGRAPH.
The
reader
visited
the
International
photography which
appeared
In-
^1
''-
there.
At
sold,
the Palace of
dustry
thousands
giving
of
objects
were
TOY MICROSCOPE OF THE EXHIBiTioN OK X867.
some idea
43) containing
size
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
Photography succeeds
diminished image, but
it
221
in
is
by the microscope.
we
shall pass in
operators
now
obtain
shall
from
We
examine
still
renders
every day the greatest services to the Natural Sciences. Microscopic study
for long
is
fatiguing,
Thanks
in his
to photo-
hands prints
vegetables or animals.
birth of
On
this
account this
art,
the
yesterday, must
already be considered
as a
We
shall
shall chiefly
We
skilful
good microscopist, M.
Jules Girard,
tracts
who has
kindly authorised us to
make
ex-
The arrangement
222
However
'it is
well arranged a
it
camera
should
may be/
satisfy
says M. Girard,
indispensable that
in
numerous conditions
it is
ordinary photography,
which
more
rational to avoid in
photomicrography
of
its
parts.
no need of any
instru-
it
may
it
be,
Let
draw out
to about a yard,
this size
be more than
sufficient.
glass plates
is
not
circular,
always inscribed
is
in
a square,
when
is
projection
teristic of
made
more charac-
microscopic impressions.'
in
the arrangement
which
is
ordinary photography.
The
glass plates
must
two or three
sizes.
The
thus more
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
more economy
in
223
With
certain
it
would be advantageous
two impressions
at the
to
employ a double
time.
is
slide giving
same
The
front of the
camera
usually
made moveable,
from the
The ordinary
every movement.
mere opening
the
one
may
of the other.
The microscope
is
in regulating
all
possible pre-
THE APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
shake would cause a disturbance of
224
drawn
out, there
may
wooden
fastened the
the object-glass,
operator.
This independent action of the camera and microscope containing confers a decided advantage in the hands of a skilled
But the amateur would probably be safer in using the microscope, it is of great importance to obtain a direct
thrown from the mirror of the microscope through the axis of the and, moreover, the stage of the microscope which carries the object to be photographed and the prepared plate ought to be perfectly Ed. parallel to each other.
instruments
;
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
225
slide
may
Though
be found
an ordinary microscope
better to have the tube
will
may
be used,
it
will
made
as short as the
mechanism
would pre-
admit
of,
The
interior should
any
from a polished
surface.
make
it
as steady as possible.
The height
The apparatus
could
;
but
The
best manner, in
it
in a position suitable to
work
at
to let it rest
on
solid legs
it
more firmness
45).
226
inequalities
in flooring,
it
would be
well to furnish
might be
The
when
standing,
the eyes.
To
stand upright
is
perhaps a
little
more
fatiguing than to
make
the
trials
of focussing seated on
by
movement*
In
when
fully
Ed.
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
case the camera,
22/
would be necessary
in
is
As
which
may
be
By
much expanded
the awk-
when
the head
is
cloth,
is
avoided.
assistant
tions given.
Wishing to avoid
M. de
Brebisson has
of the camera.
ratus placed
upon a table of
cloth,
head
been devised
to
inconvenient
preferable
to
and
The sen-
Q2
228
rangements
it
well, for,
their action
may
be,
can never equal the free and direct motion of the hand.
by
fig.
46.
V
which
is
the
focussing screw.
the object-glass A.
viously described
is
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
229
properly
This
is
portance
in
such operations.
Under
certain conditions
artificial
may
be replaced by an
47.
We
of this
Second Part
work
we
The
world,
unknown
to the
230
flea
photographed
after
The
en-
Fig.
49
is
sections of a cane.
At a
is
Beside
we
fir
represented in the
same manner
By
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
231
Fig.
51
is
Fig- 51
CROUP OF DIATOMS.
This engraving
is
232
in
by the
their
it
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.
graved
233
plate,
and enabled us to
insert
it
in this book.
The
same manner.
Fig. 53-
El'IDERMIS OF A CATKRPILLAR.
The
whale.
first (fig.
And
pillar.
the second
(fig.
We think
234
of photomicrography.
now
object magnified
shall see,
also, as
is
we
that
to say,
The toy
an
art
microscopes, which
trifling
we
specimen of
235
CHAPTER
PARIS.
VI.
APPLICATION OF MICROSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY TO THE ART OF WAR THREE MILLION PRINTED LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET ON THE TAIL OF A PIGEON ENLARGEMENT OF THE DESPATCHES THEIR CONVEYANCE BY CARRIER-PIGEONS.
During
when
Paris
in
was invested
reducing the
naked eye.
No
by the
No
But these
birds,
how-
them
air.
A
all
thin
sheet of
But
2^6
how
tions in such a
minute
it
letter
could hardly
make
the besieged
it
have done
less
it
that
to
say,
the
folio
printed matter.
We
by the
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
237
At
Tours,
all
public
or private
despatches were
about 300,000
balloon,
letters.
M. Dagron, who
left
Paris in a
These were
at first printed
Fig. 55-
weighing
less
several newspapers.
rolled
up and enclosed
in a
about the
size
of a tooth-pick.
tail
54 and
55.
and
stamp on
wing
to prove
238
A very considerable
assistant,
letters,
number of
M. Dagron and
his
STAMPS, SHOWING
RECEIVED, PRINTED
*
We have
to
Each
These de-
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
239
millions of letters
that
is
such volumes as
this.
To produce
before the
war
in the construc-
tion of the
little
photographic
627-
Fig. 57-
"6V2
a description..
The albumen
which gives
sible
pos-
delicacy
image.
further
lenses,
This
image,
reproduced
in the focus
cf a
FACSIMILK
This plate
it
will
be a positive
the
plate
It is
from
then
which
cut
into
M. Dagron fixed
1867 into various
already spoken
of,
photographs
in
One
240
magnifying the
succeeded
lens.^
M. Dagron
in
doing so
It is a
fying powers.
The image
seen through
it is
magnified
The
but
is
not cut
down
in the centre to
form a diaphragm.
is
It consists
simply of
is its
a cylinder of
2
flint glass,
ovm.
plain surface, to
resting
the author has given a full description of one of the most inteand important applications of microphotography, I venture to append a brief supplementary account of my personal experience in the production of minute photographs.
It is
As
now
after
a series of experiments
The instrument used was a long an inclined position, in a dark room, with its upper end projecting through an aperture in the window so as to command a clear The negative to be copied was placed in a frame at the northern light. end of the camera. While the lower extremity of the camera supported the object-glass of a microscope fixed in a sliding tube supplied with a coarse and fine adjustment, a glass stage with spring clamp was also added Above the stage there was for the support of the collodionised plate.
could *be readily obtained.
in
camera
up
The
first
was
focussing.
To
use any
ordinary semi-opaque focussing screen would have been labour thrown away,
as the image to be formed was not larger than a pin's head ; I therefore adapted a microscopic glass slip, and first brought the specks of dust on the-inner side of the glass into the focus of the microscope ; it was then
necessary to focus the image cast by the object-glass on the same dusty
plane.
useless.
As
was
very young and inexperienced at the time, I was completely puzzled until I discovered that the refraction of the glass slip prevented me
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
24
The
ability
when the focus had been once determined, it remained unaltered an indefinite length of time. The ultimate success of micro-photography (with collodion) depends, greatly, on the accuracy of focussing, as the 1,000th part of an inch of variation in the position of the object-glass throws
over,
for
One
was
to
and by the
expansion and contraction of brass or other metal. The mode of operating which I followed in taking the photograph
was nearly identical with that of taking an ordinary wet collodion positive, with one or two modifications very simple in themselves, but at first By using an ordinary collodion and an iron extremely difficult to find out.
developer, the resulting picture,
so coarse in texture as to appear nothing
when placed under the microscope, would be more than a patch of gravelly soil.
bath was of the common strength, first rendered and then slightly acid with glacial acetic acid. The developer was a weak aqueous solution of pyrogallic acid with glacial acetic acid, but no alcohol. As to the collodion, 1 could use almost any of the commercial But one of samples, provided they gave a tenacious parchment-like film. the great secrets of success lay in the time which the sensitised plate was
The
nitrate of silver
neutral,
The
I have not space in this note to discuss, do more than give this simple outline of the micro-photogiaphic instrument and its manipulation. There is another application of micro-photography of great value to the microscopist. It consists in the photographing of finders on a square Each space of one inch divided into squares of one hundredth of an inch. square contains two sets of numbers from the unit up to one hundred
which
nor can
'
'
These
'
finders
'
are all
242
which
is
of the ordinary
size,
requires the
employment
of a micro-
scope
when
the image
is
ground glass
The
replaced by a
and
carries
besides twenty
little
many
microscopic
diamond
is
containing a picture.
We
confine
ourselves
to
full
mentioning these
technical details.
difficulties
different, especially
uniform
size.
Each
allotted position
in the
on the stage of
and
all.
may come
within the
of his instalment.
But
this
is
not
make a discovery, the finder enables him to verify it. Let us suppose that some new diatom occupies the field of his microscope. It is a minute object quite invisible to the naked eye, and most difficult to find among
the countless groups of
tion,
at
But the student, in order to fix its posiits fellows. removes the slip from the stage and replaces it by the finder, when he This number he registers, and thus places it in on.ce reads its number.
the
to
whom
the slip
may be
sent, to hit
slip,
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
243
As soon as
office,
MM.
Cornu
&
it
with
in
a knife.
The photographic
in
of a photo-electric microscope.
(fig.
58) represents
The image on
which
in fact,
is
there thrown
The
almost invisible
magnified to enable
When
squares,
244
The
between
two glass plates was placed upon the stage of the microscope to which a mechanical arrangement gave both a
horizontal and a vertical movement.
field
The
sufficiently magnified
be read and
The
it
to
copy them.
and
doing so
improvements
in the process
would
siege.
lie
Though
think
for
details
is
beyond
essentially photographic,
we do not
them
;
letters, it is
The
is
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
245
59.
hawks.
in
The
Chinese,'
who
often
^ When in Pekin I was for some time puzzled by the musical tones which came from a number of birds whirling in circles over the city. The mystic sounds were at length explained to me by a Chinaman who owned pigeons and who armed them with the bamboo pipes used to scare awny birds of prey. Ed.
246
the
much employed
of prey.
in the Celestial
They
attach to the
of the
59.
When
tubes
;
the pigeon
this
flies,
the air
little
produces vibrations,
If
causing
the birds
which they
People
who have
some time
in
whistling and
of
little
tubes
bamboo belonging
first
seems to us that
attention.
of many.
We
hope that
this organisation
may
soon be
may be
We
KiG. 60
I'a^'c
247
PARIS.
MICROSCOPIC DESPATCHES.
24/
by the pigeons,
Let
be
us
fruitful in
France
is
again
engaged
in
conflicts, the
carrier-
pigeons will play their modest part and give new assistance.
will
only be
is
plement to microscopic
photography, as employed in
At
made
prizes
them by valuable
1873,
the
60).
much encouraged.
convey to the
248
by means of
tioned by
M. Dagron
Here
is
an example men-
When
the
was
truly
marvellous.
Wanting
I
some
chemicals, especially
I
gun
cotton,
which
could not
procure at Bordeaux,
on January
balloon.
to
first
On
in
were
delivered
me
Bordeaux.
The
The
electric telegraph
better.
microscopic
photography,
a fine
the
example of the
close
correlation
science,
which
unites
different branches of
modern
them
result.
at a given
moment
same
249
CHAPTER
VII.
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
CELESTIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DIFFICULTIES OF ASTRONOMICAL PHOTO GRAPHIC OPERATIONS MESSRS. WARREN DE LA RUE, RUTHERFURD, GRUBB, ETC. THE LUNAR MOUNTAINS- THE SPOTS ON THE SUN, ETC. IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTS FOR THE HISTORY OF THE HEAVENS.
Photography
the sciences.
furnishes
inestimable resources to
it
all
We
and animal
life
invisible to the
naked eye.
in the sequel,
makes
the variations of
Geology
finds
it
a useful
assistant in
repro-
engineer employs
it
like a mirror, in
day
to
day the
state of the
works he
employed
in
executing.
250
They
assistance
to
those
who devote
Though
and
recent,
it it
is
new
may
be remembered
that
they were
In his
foreseen
Secretary of the
Academy
of Sciences
reports with
at
his
To
celestial orbs
indispensable to
make
scope having a
according to
speculum formed of
silvered
is
Foucault's process.
is, its
This instrument
its
achromatic, that
focus.
chemical
The
focussing of
The
mounted
a
equatorially, as
astronomers say,
i.e.
supplied with
follows exactly
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
the motion of the celestial
251
is
being
taken.
This movement,
must be
in
the
When
telescope,
of celestial bodies
by means of Foucault's
reflecting
by a double
ring, in the
which
is
In
is
moved back-
until the
image
is
sharply defined.
At
;
moment
is
it
quickly withdrawn
exposed
body
our
humble
planet.
The
negative
is
fixed
by the ordinary
Mr. Warrren de
first
la
Rue
is
astronomy.
He managed
in getting
2 52
nebulae.
humble spheroid
it
human
would regard
them,
feels itself
measures of immensity.
When
purity of
is
clear,
the
of heaven, the
photographic im-
is
distinct.
These
weak
the
heavens at enormous
our observatories,
the
trace
glass
of an
if
excessively thin
and sometimes
is
it is
very irregular
is
good microscope
less to perceive
it
to discover
Our eye
is
as power-
we
Warren de
ingenious
la
Rue, thanks to
has
persevering
labours
and
combinations,
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
succeeded to a certain extent.
253
mirably regulated,
star
for several
in
minutes
of
his
and
He was
Nor has
it
operator to fix
photography of planets
much more
Secchi,
greater
but
by
De
la
distinguished astronomers, as
the
manage-
as in their
knowledge
61).
Some
Grubb succeeded
in
photograph-
254
ing the
had been
portrait in his
own
studio.
Only
Don't
move it
which
at the focus of
move
at exactly the
LUNAR MOUNTAINS.
Rl E.
same
is
255
great
telescope
constructed
at
by Mr. Grubb
Melbourne
is
is
the
Government observatory
of mechanism.
in
marvel
inches
The speculum
a focal
about
of 30
46
feet,
diameter,
with
length
and
tons.
its
weight, including
all its
mountings,
is
about two
of
The tube
but
it is
is
surrounded
by a
trellis-work
flat iron,
chiefly
composed of bars of
steel firmly
ten
tons.
To
the
render
the
are
movement
supported
as
easy
as
possible, all
bearings
friction.
by an apis
paratus to prevent
to
This telescope
so easy
manage, notwithstanding
it
its
in the
whole hemisphere,
In the course of
put
in
motion by an excellent
clock.
Grubb presented
to the
French Photothe
moon taken by
huge
telescope, in a
camera mounted
at the
The time
of exposure
varied from half a second to two seconds, the brilliantlylighted part of the
moon
in the
Up
to this time, as
we have
in
said,
Mr. de
la
Rue
in
Rome had
alone succeeded
256
in
Mr. Grubb
in
European
It is
collodion
It
is
the
dark obscurities
it
valleys.
is
it is
its
surface
has winged
its
flight
to our globe to
the
craters, the
strange
in this
graphs of the
moon
Some
impres-
Academy
in
of Sciences in
offering these
November
1872,
by M. Faye, who,
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
These impressions,
astronomical
striking
257
which
photography has
made
in
the
of
obtained by means
of
13
inches'
aperture, specially
achromatised.
in
From
the
negative,
same
size,
and
this
solar microscope.
The
negatives varied
from one
at the
quarter of a second at
first
*
moon
to
two seconds
and
last quarters.
The photographic
lens
impressions
is
sufficient
make
may
appreciated.
'
The luminous
circle,
lines, like
ot
a great
it is
intersect
amount of exact-
ness.
By
elements of these
lunai^
258
moon
exhibits
in
great
different objects
so similar at
and yet
so different in
sentatives.
some
Among
best
represented by
the want
of
called
seas,
mountainous
One
direct
struck
by
by the
inspection of the moon, with the idea that there are before
coasts
some vestiges of
primitive cycles.
photographs of the
moon
tion, those of the sun are not less rich in their teachings
day
at
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
Harvard College in the United States to the double
in order to
259
stars,
and distance.
it
To
first
posure, so
By
means a very
is
map
of the heavens
measurements
may be made.
behind
it all
a step
which leaves
complished.
far
Photographs preserve
comparison with
con-
stars.
26o
Bond
in
submitted
in order to
the
photographic
its
method
its
to
severe
tests
determine
value in
application to the
He
to
seems not to
observations
approve of
photography as applied
its
want of
rapidity;
but he admits
possesses very
to
which
it
may
be
liable is
The
observa-
is
it
only
lasts
the observer
fail
is
to notice
phenomenon
station,
irredeemably lost at
that
particular
and
all
rendered useless.
On
when
the sky
is
clear a photo-
when even
less
valuable
may
be obtained
if
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
the photographic plates can be correctly calculated.
this
26
Of
we
shall shortly
show the
perfect practicability.
We
be
Venus
will
much
activity
is
displayed in
pictures of it.'
important aids of
of
scientific research
the
last
eclipses
of the
sun.
will
be
recol-
first
by photo-
movement
ances.
of the
moon
of
in
The photographs
Vogel
at
Tennant
at Guntoor,
and of
Aden
in 1868,
and those
also of the
American
in 1869,
was
also in the
same manner
blem of the
As
the reader
is
262
by
the
photographic
many
will
numerous
If
photography, as
facts,
now
unable to depict
all
The
Warren de
this art,
la
we
mode
of
no
graphic plate.
difficulties in
At
the
same
time, there
still
exist great
it
is
and
is
their physical
even
great hope of
The
image on the
is
sensitive plate.
The
structure
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHV.
26^
manner
as to afford great
hopes
No
heavens
doubt science
will
succeed
in
triumphing over
crown the
edifice of
modern astronomy.
Some
and we believe
may
ot
astronomy The
:
vatory of
Dorpat, on
'
the
subject
of
photographic
greater
may
still
of photography
his
They compassionated
all their
sophers
without interrupdrawing.
and
in
be done
much
much
superior,
much more
face of the
What
in
has taken
me
seven seconds.
264
Now
Daguerre,
fulfilled
'
how many
la
Warren de
in
Rue,
in
Bond,
the work.
astronomical
succeeded
in
which they
in
her
inferior to those
obtain
fifth
'
weak and
magnitude,
We
could mention,
it is
true,
but
it is
not
and preserved
in this
known and
giving a powerful
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
mention
in the first place the spots
265
shall
on the
have
obtained, what
is
very important
in this case,
if
an image
per-
moment, and,
we may be
we
its
own
history.
These experiments
rectly,
in total eclipses of
the sun.
There
be,
is
he might
who
Warren
de
la
Rue
if
because,
so rapidly.
As for the
little use,
photography
that
is
is
of
and
still
will teach us
less
very
little
new.
It will
stars.
be of
use
when
The groups
may
cer-
good
266
heavens than
is
shown by photography.'
it
We
have considered
criticisms of
correctness.
is
We
think,
There
is
nothing so hurtful or so
la
fatal to progress,
Rue, as
false data,
because they
The
will
prodigies accomplished
by modern
opticians
moon
to such
an extent that
if it
less distance
we cannot
It
cannot be denied that a photographic impression of any object is we see it with the naked eye, whether
is full
known means by which may be preserved an absolutely trustworthy It register of many of the most important phenomena of the heavens. the phenomena has furnished the astronomer with charts of the moon
;
luminous envelopes, of certain elements which Without the aid of photography, the lines in the solar spectrum could not have been fully observed, as the photograph reveals many lines which are invisible to the naked eye. Ed.
lines the presence,
in their
are
known
to us.
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
of an art which reckons
26/
among
its
Newton
When
plished
footsteps,
still
more, photography,
closely
following
its
will
There
is
no
to
the sensitiveness
of
a photographic
plate,'
we may say
at present with an
eminent astronomer
in
be
we
shall
comprehend, by the
may be
attained
by the astronomers of
the future.
268
CHAPTER
VIII.
Among
the progress
there are others, where great events are rare, where the
is,
to a certain
its
Lavoisier, who,
by the theory
by the
branch of
human
has had
its
Volta,
who opened
pile.
new
But
269
suddenly manifested.
Meteorology, for example, which has for
its
object to
humidity of the
air
the
;
domain
which
it
acts
is
it
a science
for-
of observation,
when making
con-
The work
of those
to
it
sists essentially in
rigorously exact
lists
them
is
every continent.
They
patient investigations
correlation
made
happy
if
and comparison of
by which
atmosphere
is
questioned,
it
man
that of machines.
2/0
How
hour and
scientious he
may
for entire
movements
But
it is
of importance to
the progress
tions be executed
What man
To
cannot do
is
accomplished by a machine.
the
may
parts
of
recourse
has been
had
has
the valuable
of photography.
The
art
been
applied
to
those
their
meteorological
instruments
own
variations at every
moment,
self-registering.
The
logical
study of meteoro-
phenomena apparatus
may
is
not new.
It
1782,
27
all
by the
Registration
by photography, such
as
is
now accom-
plished in a great
number
advantage of doing away with the complicated mechanism which every other method required, whether mechanical
or
is
by
electro-magnetism.
This
mode
of
registering
chiefly utilised
of the
well
known
column of
mercury
the
barometer
there
is
an
If a
for
as the Torricellian
Vacuum.
lamp
be placed
example
them
the tube
upon a piece of
this
it,
and
The
that the
registering
thermometer or
is
necessary
at
may
272
The
on
mark
like a point
the paper.
is
stretched
on a drum which regularly revolves by means of clockwork, and the traces of the variations of the height of
the mercury in the barometer and the thermometer are
line,
is
image.
of the mechanism varies according
The arrangement
to the
mode
ments.
Ronalds,
An
tically
is
suspended veris
by an
iron collar.
an argand
part
lamp
or a jet of gas on
its
upper
part.
The upper
273
tube
of
the
barometer
is
provided
with
fiftieths
of an
passes through
this
scale
and
and
also of the
Clockwork
its
is
applied to the
frame so that
hours.
It results
it
moves
own
length in twenty-four
M. Pouriau,
whom we owe
is
an excellent work on
self-
the
arrested
by the
mercurial
upon the
sensitised
paper.
surface
The
representation
marked
at the
same time
their
274
partakes of
this
it
follows that
each part of
comes
in
and
is
At
is
taken
the impression
;
is
drawn by the
which
printed
is
easily
it
upon
same
time.
applied to
it
divided
the hour
it
by
is
lines into
if
known
at
is
easy to determine
line.
When
a photographic
registering
thermometer
is
we have been
divisions
speaking,
cut
a thermometer
having the
used.
of the scale
upon
glass
is
The
the
same
time.
The thermometer
wall
is
curved
in
such a manner as to
< a
275
external
temperature which
it
is
intended to
measure.
for the
Obser-
same time
it
after
what we
have
stood.
just said,
a description of
will
be easily under-
The arrangements
on the right and
left
of the engraving,
is
62.
at the
middle of the
I.
is
the
is
the clock-
photographic
far
behind
it
it
all
for not
only does
act
as
barometrograph, but
it
and
The thermometrograph
engraving.
It
is
is
shown
upon a
different
plan
to
that of
The
metallic reservoir of
at a constant
earth,
and remains
temperature
it is
with
2/6
mercury, and
glass, O.
between the
light
The
in
connection
in the
which remains
surrounding atmosphere.
The
difference of
is
the tem-
shown by a
movement
mercury
of the
in the tube,
air.
a'
and b\
acts as
watery vapour
is
in the
atmosphere.
The
reservoir of
air, a!
is
sunk
which
;
kept
both again
of
pass.
Photography
is
may
also
Dr.
by
Fig. 63
[Page 277
PHOTO-ELECTROGRAPHIC IIjf.STRUMENT AT KEW OBSERVATORY, FOR REGISTERING THE STATE AND VARIATIONS OF THE EUKCTRICITV OF THE A'R.
277
correct,
is
at Greenwich.
The magnetic
ray
in
needle carries at
its
extremity a very
falls.
The
re-
placed
less in
a camera, and
its
proportion to
If the
paper.
place
it
to note
its
least oscillation.
is
The
paper
is
attached to a
its
axis in
twenty-four hours.
the mirror
is
At each moment
the reflection of
day
is
dinary processes.
Thus, there
dicates the
is
by
shows
its
slightest
twenty-four hours.
At
made
the Observatory at
is
The
photo- electrograph
2/8
(fig.
more or
less
less
from one
quantity of free
The
by a lamp
as seen in
has a
regular
down-
ward
work.
motion,
produced
are obtained
by clocktwo un-
Thus
dulating separate
lines
at
which .approach or
moment
(fig.
64).
It is to
of
registering
be-
this photo-electrograph, as
we
and
have
"oN^T^BCAR^rE'rorTHK
ELECTROGRAPH.
said,
is
used at
night
Kew,
day,
1
and
^
marks
_
down
year
^
and
^1
from
changes
to
year,
the
slightest
i.
atmosphere.
279
is
When
same
it is
made both
of
their
to shine at the
lights
measured
shadows.
But
if
how can
time
such
measurement
be
accomplished
shine at the
same
Though
burn
at the
the comparison
is
may
both be
made
if
to
is
he
power of the
of the
light of the
}
moon
The* only
so delicate
is
by photo-
in-
fluence of the
image formed
light, will
by
any source of
of alteration
of the
light
emitted
.-*
'
The
traces of the
'
Intensity of light
of rays of light.
a relative phrase which may refer indefinitely, power or to the photogenically actinic power Photography supplies an accurate test for the illuminating
'
is
28o
shadows
;
it is
be compared with
at a different
by another
light shining
Photographic photometry has enabled science to compare the luminous intensity of the solar rays with that of
the moon.
The orb
Thanks
to to
out a
new
course
in
Herschel and
Edmund
power of white light but when a ray of white light is broken up and the photographer attempts to test any of the resulting primary or secondary colours of the spectrum, his observations will afford him no guide to the
;
Thus, for example, a luminous homoilluminating power of the light. geneous yellow light will have no more effect on the sensitive plate than if he had attempted to photograph an object in pitchy darkness; whereas the
naked
plate.
presence of blue or violet rays, however feeble or imperceptible to the eye, may at once be detected by their action on the photographic
Ed.
28
among
the
science.
may be
we have
registration
by means of photography
since
;
it
enables us to obtain
their
still
not very
soon modified
Besides
these
purposes, photographic
registration
may
by means
of a tube in connec-
The
is
the funda-
observation.
the
to con-
so to say, or inter-
its
own
282
un-
after
what we have
said, that
em:
of
it
because
it
is
in
more imit
and besides,
new and
curious
may
be necessary to add,
in
The
the
first
which
motion
in
such a manner
as to enable
is
them
This system
with
diffi-
the
most
ancient,
but
it
is
applied
culty in
which
implies,
is
command.
on
the
The
second,
as
its
name
based
employment
of
dynamic
electricity.
The employment
of registration
by photography
283
offers, in
number of
advan-
tages
tion
but in France there has been considerable opposito this system, which
it
shown
is
not represented in
our country as
deserves.
the
directors of the
Kew
and
cause
fre-
who have
and
multiplied
daily
photographic regiswith
success
apparatus,
use
advantage
these valuable
instruments,
should
Photography
is
The
'Journal
of
St.
Petersburg'
recently in-
by Lieutenant Abnet
it
in
some
military experi-
ments, where
force obtained
bombs.
in the
By means
air,
of photography an
and then
at
284
duty
in
most
satisfactory-
manner.
Even the
delicate optical
phenomena of the
inter-
by photography.
showed to
at
his
Not
long
at
ago
Professor
Clinton
students
the
Clarendon laboratory
Oxford
a fine series of
photographic impressions of
the
phenomena of
interference
and
diffraction.
was
The
by
subjects thus
phenomena of
interference produced
Fresnel's prism,
by
shadow of a
thin wire
and of a
light,
mena
that
circular hole.
it
The
first
was the
advantage of
for
285
offers
advantages to the
An
photography to
rays,
space
beyond them
until
he
has
been
now unknown.
He
triple.
But the
has gone
English
farther
scientist,
;
Mr.
Norman Lockyer,
still
new method
of analysis, as ingenious as
is
practical,
now made
The
use of at the
London Mint
to
examine the
alloys of gold
and
silver.
is
placed
in a cavity
made
(fig.
in the
65).
It is
is
put in
motion
opening, O, which
seen enlarged at
silver
o',
our en-
The photographs
obtained,
compared with
286
known
examined,
it
being
known
in
varies
proportion
the
number of substances
28/
CHAPTER
IX.
THE STEREOSCOPE.
A FEW WORDS ON STEREOSCOPIC VISION MEANS OF MAKING PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS APPEAR IN RELIEF WHEATSTONE'S STEREOSCOPE MONOSTEREOSCOPE HOW STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS ARE
PRODUCED.
Our
its
intention
is
relation to optics
we
shall
merely
refer to
it
as con-
We
consider
it
right,
flat
surface appear as
if it
were in
Our
they
by
us as
if
raised.
The study
is
Here
is
an experiment
Place before
made which
will
show
this at once.
back
288
of
it
visible.
left,
and you
if
this,
right,
then the
will
be seen.
if
make
book
bound
in red or
any other
eye
is
opened
will
be seen.
the
same way,
(fig.
66).
left
eye
is
left.
Our minds by
and
the
pictures,
this gives
To make
of being in
is
an instrument
One
of the
first
This instrument
is
con-
THE STEREOSCOPE.
289
grooved
slides,
the
box
;*
one another
box
little
in
from them,
the two
It
is
not generally
crystals,
known
taking a photo-micrograph of
minute invisible
in relief,
in order to obtain
The
stereoscopic
may be
obtained by
first
on the other
side of the
290
pictures as reflected
relief.
(fig.
Brewster's stereoscope
(fig.
67),
68), are
on somewhat
different principles,
Every
BREWSTER
STEREOSCOPE.
at
management
mon
to require us to spend
any time
in describing
them.
The
at
At
first it
was used
for the
TIIK STEREOSCOPE.
291
new
arts lent
each
HEIMHOLTZS STEREOSCOPE.
nected that
now
photograph
292
same
time.
lanterns,
Fig. 69.
MONO-STEREOSCOPIC PRINT.
this,
it
instrument
'
(fig. 69).^
is
as to
command
extensive application.
Ed.
not so successful
THE STEREOSCOPE.
The
facility of
293
views so delicately
by
Nature
herself
has
Fig. 70.
scope, which
rectness.
is
cor-
70),
294
such an appearance of
rotation of an
arranged,
the
Pyrenees,
China, Japan,
come one
who can
places,
We
producing
photographic
being
viewed
The photographic
to say,
subject
;
is
it
is
at their sides.
To
attain
view
is
second view
is
it
little
to the
left.
To
tinct
views are generally taken at the same time by two discameras, having lenses of uniform focus, fastened
a
together by
tripod.
If
it
movable
slide
fixed
on the top of a
U'age 295
THE STEREOSCOPE.
295
the
in
is
such
For
this
purpose
is
ground glass
of that to the
left.
ordinary
manner.
figure 71.
for use
is
represented in
beside one
tor
stereoscopic vision.
It is
296
it
and
When
view
rests
left
is
it is
This camera
moves
easily
from right to
seen in
first
is
taken by
placing the camera at the right side of the plate, carefully observing the object
which
is
moved
and
same object
is
again in
the centre of
changed
its
position
a second view
is
then taken.
The
human
eyes.
The
position of the
when
printed and
in this
way must be
reversed
297
CHAPTER
X.
PHOTOGRAPHY ART ? ITS USES IN RELATION TO PAINTING REPRODUCTION OF ENGRAVINGS VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY PHOTOGRAPHY BY THE MAGNESIUM LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS CONSIDERED AS HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS.
are
Painters
away by
their ad-
miration of photography;
physico-chemical processes
them
they
feel
repugnance
in
a palette of
oil colours.
Many, indeed,
;
upon the
art of
Daguerre
there are
much
only
It
is
annoyed.
Photography, they say, composes -nothing
gives a copy, a
;
it
mere
imitation, brutal in
its
it
truth.
life.
It
awkward,
it
to accidental details.
If
it
it
takes a portrait
it
copies
its
model
unskilfully
it
can
298
is
not
photography
mere mechanism,
it is
not
art.
To produce
combine the
of light
and
artistic
sentiment.
The
an
of the
the work
is
Light
is
It is
defects and
merits, should
palliate the
It
is
one and
then, adds
an
artist
in the full
that he
he have genius, to
it
that he gives
colour and
effects
that
which
when admiring
scapes as
of Titian.
certain
in
when
we meet by
a
turns a
a Delaroche,
a Reynolds and
Turner,
299 and
Claude
Lorraine
These views
sides.
are
evidently
exaggerated on both
disadvantages.
artis-
powers of the
hand, which
is
the process of
while the
shadows
blots, flat
all
and
heavy
tones,
grace and
"harmony.
is
instrument
But
paratus,
at the
it
if
of an operator having
seal of
We
graphs
:
the studios of
the
relief,
delicacy,
and truth
300
pictures exist.
We
and
to
discussions.
establish
photo-
their processes
it
and
mode
of production.
At
the
same time
deny
to
appears to us
to be exceedingly unjust to
photography the
fine arts.
and a great
art
but
we
shall
broaching a
services
much more
which photography
capable of rendering to
all artists
tect
The
illustrious
sence of the
of Science, the
and observation
to the greatest
Paul Delais
collection of photographs
301
It is certain
that no
painter at this
day,
whatever
trait
may be
sitter.
The
ficent
cartoons
of
of the Louvre
unique
of
sketches,
the
produce
pencil
the
magic
crayon
Raphael, or the
of
Michael Angelo.
No
enough
great masters
in the
hands of an
architect,
countries
The marvels
of Athens and of
Rome, the
monuments
his
not
modified
worthy
with their
302
the land-
scapes of
passed.
all
The
ap-
paratus, which
it
now
documents
in-
deny
their accuracy.
it is
A
has
the
landit
the
A
building as
No-
painting or a waterprecision.
colour can
The
artist is often
to injure the
some orna-
ment
to his work.
photography
is
able to repro-
artificial light
the representation of
may
be
darkness.
In a great
number
of subterranean
Egypt, the walls are covered with paintings and hieroglyphs which the savant cannot study with advantage
during a short
visit.
of the
magnesium
light,
303
he puts
in the
hands of the
archaeologist a faithful
most minute
details.
The
is
mode
Egypt
Fie:. 7=
^2^^
304
recently
discovered,
soon produce,
if
it
has not
it
will thus
men who
society.
have played
modern
What incomparable
value would
now be attached
to
not one
feel
in
contem-
men
of genius
who
Our descendants
will assuredly
All that
we can
affirm
is,
that
if
Howmay be,
they
will
the dense
the future.
mist which
veils
from
efforts
us
the
image of
We
made by Becquerel
photographs with
of coloured photo-
to obtain
The problem
305
not insoluble.
It
will
Then
new
fruitful in
such
results.
It is often
some
cases
it is
much
the limits
of reason.
facts,
In such cases
it
is
We
we have
;
adthe
in the present
will
if
we now endeavour
to dive a
little
306
CHAPTER XL
THE FUTURE OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
LAND-SURVEYING
THE ART OF WAR WORKS OF ART CRIMINALS AND JUDICIAL PHOTOGRAPHY- THE MIRACLES OF INSTANTANEOUS
PHOTOGRAPHY.
If
we would fathom
sense,
limits of
common
we must
over which
We
shall first
we
will
afford
during war.
A retired
photography.
stand, fixing
military surgeon,
it
M. Auguste
Chevalier, has
already considered
possible to
He
it
can be turned
round
in
any
By
camera to the
3O7
from
this a
map
by means of
reflecting
^6), a
kind of
use
made
new branch
thoroughly master
No
doubt
in
the
future, the
art.
camera
will
The
judges,
this
realised.
When
cannot
new
distinguished
by considerable
progress.
We
No
plan,
no minute calculation, no
difficulty,
no annoy-
ance.
will
The picture
map
a thought.
'
308
field
of the
fortresses
by a
cord,
and thus
rising
hills,
will
within
its
view.
their heroes
magic mirreflect
the
images of distant
Photography
We
remember
deavour to describe.
One
in
He
complained of certain
faults of
and especially
work.
'
But
Are you
correct, for
you
works
have not
stirred
from home,
it is
true,' replied
is
the
is
a mirror which
sent to
me
and which
tells
me
number of
bars of
309
together.'
He
me
the spot.
Here
is
The moving
It
necessary,
there,
I
I tell
do
see here
me
if
give
me
being taken,
I
my office
and
I
here.'
said to
perfectly
come when
Impossible
means of the
!
and
if
him
tems
new
Not
'
wonderful
is
the arrest of
criminals
by
means
Police,
will
the earth to
nothing Utopian in the notion that, ere long, be discovered of telegraphing a photograph from one end of the other ; a most desirable consummation for the Metropolitan
for the
and
Illustrated
London News
'
and
Graphic'
Ed.
3IO
means of
Here
are
some accounts of
in
London
November
1871, to the
31st
in
December
England
Dur-
ing this time there had been received from county and
borough prisons
portraits of criminals.
graphy
it
is
useful,
and
at the
the pri-
soners of the
prisons of
18.$'.
3</.
Perhaps
it
make
the services
ren-
more
portrait gallery
make
whom
It
the police
more
easy.
would be
the
by anyone.
We
311
unknown.
again from
the foreigner,
and
this
more
may
be put.
eye-witness from the other side of the Atlantic,
An
last
who was
present at
some of the
us
in
elections,
assured
that
an American
photo-
He had
suddenly
who was
group of
listeners
who were
raising
and waving
their
This photo-
to
by the heliographic
process.
If
he had suc-
in
an
He
failed,
but
others will
accomplish
this
depicting
agitated
in
permanent
an
form
man
in
action,
an
crowd,
army
312
in
battle,
he
speaks,
its
the
wave
as
it
luminous track
We
could
still
the land-surveyor
science as well as
of
the conceptions of
;
human
learning
the
know how
to look for
Instantaneous photography,
be the most
fruitful
planted
scarcely
their
buds have
the stem,
may
Processes
of
interest
was
difficult to
313
APPENDIX.
PANORAMIC Ph TO GRAPHY.
If a photographic camera is turned round upon its optical centre the image of an object will appear to move to one side on the ground glass. In reality the image remains stationary while the ground glass is in motion. Rotating cameras based on this principle have been constructed at various One of the best was that invented by Mr. Johnson, and called the times. Pantas5opic Camera ; but this instrument was only fitted with a single lens of short focus, so that the horizontal lines of the picture were always slightly curved. For large apparatus of this kind the clockwork by means of which the horizontal motion is obtained cannot be made cheaply and accurately, and at best it is easily deranged, and can only be repaired by a skilhil mechanician, and such would certainly not be found in regions where the The large angle of view obtainable by the rotating finest scenery abounds. camera, only limited by the length of the dark slide, rendered it desirable
to introduce a simple instrument, not easily deranged, that could be
to
adapted any single, double, or triple lens, suitable alike for groups and landscapes, and capable of producing negatives equal to those taken with the best stationary cameras now in use. It appears that M. Liesegang, of Diisseldorf on the Rhine, has constructed a simple rotating camera which was employed by M. Schultz, of Dorpat, in taking the beautiful groups awarded a prize medal at last year's Paris
The bridges and views taken by M. Schoenscheidt, of Cologne, work of many English, Italian, and Indian photographers, M. Liesegang uses a stand nearly of prove the success of the invention. the common tripod form, but stronger and more stable. This stand carries
Exhibition.
as well as the
a large polished table supplied with a pivot or axis on which the camera
turns.
The
pivot
is
so adjusted as to
fall
into the
optical
314
APPENDIX.
as
it is
high,
and has a
slit
rays of light pass which form the image, the opening of the
little
ground
picture,
falls, in
The dark
slit
and thus impart greater uniformity to the tone of the negative. slide when in the camera is closed around by a flexible band, the
left
only being
open.
PANORAMIC CAMERA.
of the instrument,
left,
viz. that
and the motion of the camera on its are managed by a simple arrangement of horizontal cords and pulleys.
The operator, after focussing, has only to turn a handle to take in the wide scope of the horizon, or a group of friends ranged in a semicircle round
the instrument.
The
camera.
APPENDIX.
sensitive
by the admix-
type process, wherein the gelatine itself forms no part of the picture, as in
the Woodburj'-type, but
is
surface.
In the
sufficient
dissolved in
is
to light,
very hard
and durable. This solution is poured, while hot, upon a glass plate previously waxed the film, when dry, is stripped off, and exposed to light under a reversed negative. Having thus received the photographic image, the film is -made to adhere to a metal plate, the superfluous chemicals are soaked out in water, and the plate, bearing the printed surface of gelatine, is placed on an ordinary printing press, inked with lithographic ink, and the proofs are pulled, on either plain or enamelled paper, in the ordinary way, the plate being damped with water after each impression. The greasy ink readily adheres to the deep shadows, which, being hard, insoluble, and non-absorbent, have repelled the water altogether; the 'high lights,' on the contrary, having freely absorbed the water, repel the ink, and are left
;
perfectly, white
tone retain the ink in such degree as they have repelled the water.
printed image a perfect transcript of the negative.
either be of a photographic tone, in
This
The
ink used
may
which case the impressions when varnished bear a close resemblance to silver-prints ; or it may be of any colour or tint desired, to ensure a close resemblance to any work of art that is being copied. Clean margins are obtained by the use of a mask of thin paper, and thus the necessity of 'mounting' so objectionable when the
*
'
be used as book illus'^rations is avoided. Surprise has often been expressed at the possibility of an organic substance such as gelatine But being made to withstand the wear and tear of mechanical printing.
prints are to
by the addition of chrome alum it is converted into a substance resembling horn, and as a matter of fact several thousand impressions have been
obtained from a single film.
is
The
effect
obtained by using, instead of clear water for damping the plate, water
in it. The Heliotype process, though Woodbury-type, offers special advantages book-illustration, and has been adopted with success in many artistic
some purposes
inferior to the
3l6
APPENDIX.
One
to all
and
scientific
is
works of importance.
'glaze,'
process
preserved,
the appearance of
common
silver prints
on albumenised
Woodbury-type
prints,
Edwards,
is
also in use at
same works
it
as the above.
It is
while adding to the rapidity and certainty with which the prints are pro-
duced,
more
delicate results.
The
frontispiece to this
work
is
crown
is
glass, free
from
to
It
false
economy
employ
trifling
glass of
inferior quality,
as
is
what might
at first
appear only a
The
the collodion.
be chemically clean when prepared to receive must indeed be borne in mind as a sort of maxim that
'
' As it is often necessary to make use of old plates which it is a difficult matter to get perfectly clean, and unless they are clean a prolonged development of the image will often bring up stains on them, the following simple plan may be adopted First, well
:
water containing a very small quantity of muriatic acid rinse in plain water now coat the plates (which after drying must be carefully brushed wtih a badgerhair brush to remove any particles of dust) with a quantity sufficient to cover the plate of a mixture made as follows, and used fresh
in
; ;
:
To
The white
Well shake and
This mixture
surplus
is
filter.
of one egg
is used exactly as when coating the plate with collodion, except that any not returned to the bottle, but thrown away. The plates thus coated are dried in a drying rack away from dust, and when dry may be used at any time for receiving the
show
scratches,
to
Plates thus prepared do not readily develop stains or keep longer without drying in hot weather a great aid to
;
APPENDIX.
317
cleanliness of manipulation
attributes of
The
plate
is first
Suitable negabottles,
tive collodion
and iodising solution may be procured in separate supplied with printed directions, from any photographic dealer.
SENSITISnVG BATH.
The
plate,
is
Nitrate of Silver
Distilled
ounce.
Water
^5 ounces.
it
withdrawn test the bath with a piece of blue litmus paper ; should the paper slowly change its colour to red, the solution may be filtered through blotting paper and used. But should' the test paper remain unaltered m colour, add one or two drops of nitric acid to the bath, so as to render the
solution slightly acid before use.
DARK ROOM
OPERATIONS.
When a collodionised plate has been immersed in the sensitising bath long enough to get quit of the greasy appearance on its surface, it may be
removed, placed
in the
dark
slide
in
and exposed
in
the
camera.
The
own judgment
With
seconds.
The
the dark
1st
Developing solution:
Protosulphite of Iron
Glacial Acetic Acid
... ...
20 grains. 20 minims
30 minims.
i
(or drops).
Alcohol
Water
ounce.
3l8
APPENDIX.
Or,
Water
Either of the above solutions
beginner, but the proportions
ounce.
may be employed successfully by the may be varied to such an extent as to enable use his own favourite developer.
been washed
off,
When
plate
:
the
first
solution has
the re-developing or
the
intensifying mixture
may be
Pyrogallic Acid
Citric
Acid
Water
To
this
must be added,
Nitrate of Silver
Water
.... ......
in the
30 grains.
1
ounce.
The
by the
light
dark room, and arrested when the high lights of the picture have acquired the proper intensity.
of the yellow
window
FIXING.
Wash off the
a
intensifier
surface
weak
silver,
In any case the negative, after it has been cleared of the yellow iodide of must be thoroughly washed to remove all trace of the fixing agent.
then dried and varnished.
negative varnish, which
is
It is
The
chemist,
first
photographic
way
must be
slightly heated.
The
APPENDIX.
319
in these pages,
needless to do
ready reference.
Sensitising bath for albumenised paper
Nitrate of Silver
Water
Toning
solution
:
Chloride of Gold
Bicarbonate of Soda
Water
......
may be used two
60
i
grains.
ounce.
grain.
grains.
6 ounces.
it
The
made.
toning solution
has been
Fixing solution:
Hyposulphate of Soda
Water
... ......
may be removed and
4 ounces.
i
pint.
The toned
prints, after
to
twenty
thoroughly washed in
when
and mounted. Sago, well boiled and strained through muslin, makes an excellent mounting paste.
dried, cut,
may be
DRY
PLATES.
kind perjuissicn of Canon Beechy and the Editor we are able to print the following interesting and useful extract from The British
*
i,
1875.
Always have
1 i
pint.
,, ,, ,,
I i
as useful in cleaning the plates for albumenising as for the emulsion.) of suitable quality, at least
Gun Cotton
The above
constitute all
.......
i 1
ounce.
,.
of these plates.
320
APPENDIX.
2. Have also in stoc'-, ready for use at any moment (a), at least two dozen properly albumenised plates, and {i) a stock bottle say eight ounces of the following bromide solution In eight ouncesof absolute alcohol dissolve five drachms of anhydrous bromide of cadmium. The solution will be milky. Let it stand at least twenty-four hours, or Decant it carefully into an eightIt will deposit a white powder. until perfectly clear. ounce vial, and add to it one drachm of strong hydrochloric acid. Label it 'bromide solution." It is as well to add on the label the constituents, which will now be found to be nearly . Alcohol I ounce.
:
32 grains. 8 drops.
keep
is
With
it
at
hand he
now
for ever, and be sufficient to last the amateur two or three years. able in two days to prepare a batch of plates at any time. In
:
doing so he wi
proceed thus
3 Settle how many plates you mean to make and take of the above accordingly. For two dozen half-plates (6^ x 4J) {a) dissolve by heat over (but not too near) a spirit lamp, and by a yellow light,', forty grains of nitrate of silver in one ounce of alcohol 820.
this is dissolving in a little Florence flask, on a retort stand at a safe distance from the lamp (which it will do in about five minutes), take of the
Whilst
ijj)
Bromised Solution
\ ounce.
i
,.
Gun
12
^jt\^
Put these into a clean bottle, shake once or twice, and the gim cotton, if good, will entirely dissolve. As soon as the silver is all dissolved, and whilst quite hot, pour out the above bromised collodion into a clean four-ounce measure, having ready in it a clean slip Pour into it the hot solution of nitrate of silver in a continuous stream, stirring of glass. rapidly all the while with the glass rod. The result will be a perfectly smooth emulsion without lumps or deposit, containing, with sufficient exactitude for all practical purposes, eight grains of bromide, sixteen grains of nitrate of silver, and two drops of hydrochloric Put this into your stock emulsion bottle and keep it in a dark place at acid per ounce. When first put in it will be tuilky when taken out it will be least twenty-four hours. creamy. It is well to shake it once or twice in the course of the twenty-four hours ; but
;
do not always do so. 4. At the end of twenty-four hours you can make your two dozen half-plates in little Have two porcelain dishes large enough to hold more than an hour. Proceed as follows Into one put sufficient clean, filtered rain water to six (or four, at least) of your plates. Into the other put thirty ounces (a pint and a-half ) of clear, flat (not acid) nearly fill it. I rea ly do not table beer, in which you have dissolved thirty grains of pyrogallic acid. know a simpler or more satisfactory preservative than the above. I like to use bitter beer at one shilling per gallon. The pyro. dissolves in it at once. Pour it through a filter into the dish, the neck of the funnel being within half-an-inch of the bottom, to avoid bubbles. If allowed to let stand an hour any beer will be flat enough. If the beer be at At all events, let your all brisk it will be difficult to avoid little bubbles on the plates. preservative stand whilst you filter your emu'sion. This must be done through cottonwool into a perfectly clean collodion bottle. Give the emulsion a good shaking, and when all bubbles have subsided pour it into the funnel and it will all go through in five minutes. The filtered emulsion will be found to be a soft, smooth, creamy fluid, flowing easily and equally over the plates. Coat with it six plates in succession (if your dishes will hold By the time the sixth is in the first will six), and place each as you coat it in the water. be ready to come out. Take it out, see that all.greasiness is gone, and place it in the preservative. Coat another plate and put it in the water where the first came out. Remove your second plate from the water into th'e preservative, and in its place lay another freshly coated plate, and so on until the first six are all in the preservative and six more in the water. You now take the first plate out of the preservative into your drying-box, and again remove the first out of the water into the vacant place in the preservative. Coat another and put it into the vacant place in the water. Take your second plate out of the preservative into the drying-box and the second out of the w^er into the preservative,
:
'
If ordinary
silver will
be
sufficient.
APPENDIX.
32
and so on
box.
till
all
By proceeding
your plates are through the process and locked up safely in the dryingas above not a moment of time is lost, and yet each plate soaks
You will find an hour, if you are dexsufficiently in the water and in the preservative. terous, sufficient time for two dozen plates. wish to render this process so practical and simple that amateurs may As it is make their own plates, the following particulars as to material, exposure, and development
my
will not
1.
be de trap
I recommend all to be got from some eminent photographic cheI obtained my pyroxyline in every large town at least one. mist. There are many such from Mr. Ronch, of Norfolk-street, who also made my dr>'ing-box from my instructions, than which nothing can work better. It holds twenty-four half-plates, has a sheet-iron bottom, with air-tubes supplying hot, fresh air between every two plates. I generally make my plates at night, and when they are all in the rack and locked up I light a spirit lamp containing one ounce of methylated spirit, under the drying-box, and go to bed. In the morning I may pack up my plates and set out on my expedition, confident that I have two dozen reliable dry plates. these plates do not profess to be zvry rapid, but they are sufli2. As to exposure ciently so for every ordinary purpose. From thirty to sixty seconds according to light will be enough, but they will do with less and bear strong ammonia development without fogging or they will do with more, the development being stopped sooner. Unless you take with you the means of developing it is better to tiy a plate before j-ou start. In spite of every precaution there will somehow be a difference in a batch of plates now and I may mention, also, that I never back my plates, for the reason that I never then. They will not blur with any light that will not also blur backed find they require it.
As
to materials
plates.
3. For developing I use Colonel Wortley's strong developer. with his excellent rapid uranium plates, which I copy
:
mean
96 grains. I ounce.
12 grains.
i
Water
C. Carbonate of
ounce.
Ammonia
Hot Water
64 grains. i ounce.
means use carbonate of ammonia. The liquid ammonia often destroys a good For a half-plate take of A thirtj' drops, negative, and always gives a more inky picture. I never use of B sixty drops, of C two drachms, or even three if the exposure be short. well under the tap, thereby washing off" the beer, the plate simply wet any alcohol, but and pour on the developer. The picture will come out in a few seconds. On its first appearance pour back the developer into the measure and let the picture come out of itself.
By
all
You can then judge as to exposure will be surprised to see how it 7////come out. and proceed according'y, adding bromide if too rapid, or pouring on the developer as it was if all right, or with an extra thirty drops of C if under-exposed. These plates seldom If they do the ordinary acid silver and pyro. redeveloper will require to be intensified. bring them up easily and at once. Clear with either hypo, or cyanide as you please, and but the beer gives these plates a bottle-green tint, clearing after if you intensify do it which is more impervious to actinic light than from its transparency you wou'd suppose. placed at once in the preservative without washing more rapid if These p'ates are but they require to stay in till all greasiness has disappeared, and I doubt if they keep as for amateurs. To wash first is safest so certain. well or are I am glad you have asked me for the above formulae, since I have had In conclusion them than I could find time to answer. I claim nothing new for enquiring more letters You know I am a pupil of Colonel in the process but the beer and pyro. preservative. his essentially applied to a humbler and more domestic class process is my and Wort ley, of plates. I have tried to simplify their preparation for amateurs, and I am quite sure pre'er will them to the host complications hundred of which from a out of ninety-nine time to time 'go up like a rocket and come down like a stick.'
You
322
APPENDIX.
Weight.
i
i
Scruple. 9.
= Drachms =
Drachm.
Ounce. Pound,
i
3.
i i
%
lb.
12 Ounces
=
,,
,,
,,
=
=
Oz. Troy.
Oz. Avoirdupois.
=1
I
5760*0
I
=1
=
= = =
=
I I
i i
Minim
(or drop)
Minim.
Fluid Drachm, f
5.
60 Minims
8 Fluid 8 Pints
Drachms
Fluid Oz. f
5.
20 Fluid Ounces
Pint, octarms.
Gallon, congius.
FRENCH.
The French Kilogramme (=
pois)
is
to about 2 lbs. 3 oz. 4^ drachpis Avoirdu the weight of a cubic decimetre of distilled water at the temperature
maximum density, 39 '2 Fahrenheit. One kilogramme = 10 hectogrammes = 100 decagi-ammes = 1,000 grammes = 10,000 decigrammes = 100,000 centigrammes = 1,000,000
of
milligrammes.
The
I
Kilolitre
is
a cubic decimetre.
kilolitre
(^ 10 hectolitre @, 10 decalitre
millilitre.
litre
10 centilitre
@ 10
@ 10
litre
@, 10
decilitre
(The French
i.e.
about 35 oz.)
The Metre, the unit of the entire system of weights and measures known as the metrical system, is assumed to be the 0*000010 part of the
quadrant, or the 0*000040 of the whole globe measured over the poles.
I
metre (= 3*2808
feet or
about 39 inches)
10 decimetres
100
centimetres
= 1,000 millimetres. = 0*1 decametre = O'Oi hectometre = I metre kilometre = 1093*633 yards. I Parisian foot = i *o658 English foot.
0*001
kilometre.
INDEX.
ACC
DAR
negatives,
-^
A CCIDENTS
141
with
Camera
stand, 99
(simple),
97
(twin-lens), loi
Alchemists
(the),
6
79
Applications of photography,
Arago, 55, 184 Archer (Scott), 86 Arrangements for lighting, 89 Astronomical photography, 249
'-'
Barometrograph, 272 Becquerel, M. E., 169 Beechey's (Canon) dry plate process,
Coating the
plate, 109
Collodion, 79, 86
1 1
pjAGUERRE,
Dark room,
214
slide,
14
Blanquart-Evrard, 64
Dagiierreotype, 53
Bouton, 17
r^AMARSAC'S
Camera
process,
obscura, 2
the, 2,
89
317
Y 2
234
DAV
Davy
(Sir H.). 12
INDEX.
MIC
"LTALL
Flead
Degotti, 14
of the picture,
105
1
1
Development of image, Diorama (the), 17 Dipping bath, 112 Donne, M., 180
Horn-silver,' 7
Dry
process, 154,
5 7,
319
TMAGE,
pARLY
heliotypes, 180
105 varnishing
fixing of,
development
of,
105
Enamelled Photographs, 214 English weights and measures, 320 Epitome of wet Collodion process, 316
Enlarging, 147 Exposure in camera, 113
Intensifying, 116,
318
pABRICI.US,
ANDSCAPE
113
photography, 93,
Land
surveying, 306
print,
Fizeau, 180
Focussing
glass,
98
Formic acid, 116 French weights and measures, 320 Future of photography, the, 306
of,
89
Lithography, 30
'
Luna
cornea,' 7
/^ALLIC
acid, 161
TV/TADAME
Magnesium
302
Manipulation, 105
Greeks, the, 5
Grubb, 253
Gun
cotton, 79, 85
INDEX.
REG
Microscopic photography, 220
325
Modern
*
Photographic processes, 89
Moniteur Universel
print,
'
(the),
54
Monostereoscope, 287
Mounting the
129
TSJATIONAL
Negative
reward, 61
(the),
characteristics of a good,
105
Photography and
art,
297
20
Niepce
(Isidore), 31
25,
26
process, 195
Orthoscopic lens, 136 Out-door photography, 93, 135 Over-exposure, effect of, 115
cleaning of
the, 105
Heliotype researches,
pAINTED
313'
and
Panoramic photography, 313 Pantascopic camera, 313 Paper proof, 122 Permanent carbon process, 167 Pin holes in negative, 1 20
spots, 141
Pouncy, Mr., 163 Practice of photography, 132 Printing frame, 124, 126
124 be solved, 169
1
Processes, 153
16
despatches,
caricatures, 143
235
&c., 89
"DACK
enamels, 214
Registering photographic
struments, 268
operations,
326
RET
Retouching, 141 Rolling the print, 129
press, 129 Rotating Camera, 313 Russell, Major C, 156
INDEX.
woo
Telegraphic photography, 309 Terrace for printing, 89 Theory of photography, 152
Rutherford, 253
Thermograph, 271 Thermometer, registering, 271 Thermometrograph, 275 Toning the print, 127, 319
Tourist Photographer, 135 Transit of Venus, 260
C AINT-VICTOR
Salted paper, 123
Scheele, 10
(Niepce de) 7
Schoenbein, 85
Secchi, 253
JNDER
exposure, effect
of,
115
WAPOURS
of,
of mercury, 51
122
View
lenses, 135
pictures, 125
Vignetting, simple
method
214
of,
125
Solarisation, 137
Vitrified photographs,
Vitruvius, 6
Voglander, M., 71
V\7AR
Waxed
Warren de
Watt (James), 12
Rue, 251
Sub-chloride of
silver,
133
Wedgwood,
n^ALBOT,
Tannin
process, 156
3POTTISVVOODE
SQUAIiE
Advertisements,
F.
W.
DEVOE &
& William
Sts.,
CO.,
York,
Cor. of Fulton
New
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ARTISTS' MATERIALS.
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Drawing Papers, Sketching Books and Blocks, Pencils, Mathematical Instruments, Charcoal and Crayon Drawing Materials, Illustrated Books on Art, Folding and Studio Easels. Drawing Boards, Studies, Manikins and Lay Figures, Out-of-Door Sketching Boxes.
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FRED'K SAUNDERS,
J.
BEAVER PAGE.
JR.,
A dvertisements.
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Photographic Chemist,
634
Arcli Street, Philadelphia,
IMPORTER AND DEALER
IN
-
&
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SOLE MANUFACTURER OF
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And
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latter AAre
have the
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J
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imm
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(Opposite Grant House.)
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It
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The best artists and authors are employed in its production. The most skilled printers are engaged in its illustrations and letter-pres^* The Art Features of the Centennial Exhibition are well represented. It is the only journal that gives expression to the mind of the artist and
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As
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It is
No
It is
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home ought
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it
Journ.\l.
is
Price, in Cloth, gilt edges, $13.00/ Half Morocco, gill edges, $15.00; Full Morocco, gilt edges, ^rS.oo.
LESS.
:
APPLETON &
*' Among the few publishers of works of unquestioned merit in this city, D. Appleton & Co. In the multitudinous productions of this house it is wonderful to see how few there are not of value and worth. The buyer there, no matter how inexperienced, is sure to get the worth of his money. In speaking thus we refer, of course, to the exclusive publications of the house. Now, there is Appletons' Art yournal, for instance. In this country a more complete or finished book was never sent forth. In typography, in its artistic construction, it is more perfect than anything American ever seen before. Each number of this admirable periodical contains three steel engravings on heavy plate paper, from the rarest and most beautiful pictures in the world. These engravings are prepared regardless of expense. One recently produced cost no less than S700 in gold. In every respect it is an art journal, and no family of taste in the country should be without it." From Commercial Advertiser, December 14, 1876.
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;
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Photographer, with
We give
which,
it
has a long
list
circulation
much
the
country.
The advantages
We
will
:
accept a limited
number
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One
$20 00
12 00
7 00
^ ^'f
SOOVILL MANUFAOTUEING
4:10
CO., Publishers,
421 Broome
Street,
New
York.
Advertisements.
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Wm. D.
H. Wilson.
^VSO^,
PHILADELPHIA,
MANUFACTURKRS AND IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS
Photographic Materials
FRAMES, STEREOSCOPES,
AND
VIEWS.
SOLE AGEN TS
Ross AND Steinheil Lenses
Orders
solicited.
all
applicants.
A dvertisements.
C.
H.
35 HAVS^KINS STREET,
S@8irH, SASS.
is distilled
and
is
pecjdiarly adapted^ to
the
graphic trade.
that all
Stoch dealers
is
our Alcohol
and we warrant
Barrel
turers.
casks to
may be interested, to hnow drawn from a sealed measure, hold just what we bill them.
addressed
to
Orders
may
be
the
manufac-
At
retoAl
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and
reliable
Stoch House in
Adveriisemenis.
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&
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MANUFACTURERS OF FINE
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isT C3- Xj
s h:
3Nwd:^a?s,
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Y.
Advertisements.
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"THE
SMITH
&
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No.
'
A dvertise merits.
zkmwL
FECI I
so.
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FOR THEIR
Grapho-Stereoscopes,
UNION FRAMES,
FbotograpMc
FriiatiEg Frames^
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AT THE
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Agents,
Advertisements,
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&
MUNCH'S
DAY.
this
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better
brand.
That
and that
this
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is
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all
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Trapp
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for
paper.
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General Agent for the United
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NO. 4
36
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1S60.
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D.
DEALER
MARKS,
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PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS,
Over No. 12 State
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My
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large
and
desirable
and Passe
Partouts.
I make a
specialty of
SILK
anywhere.
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to
Photography.
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REMINGTON'S
Breech-Loading LONG-RANGE.
No.
1
Rifles.
" Creedioor," (as used by tie Rile Teams.) Pistol-grip-stock, vernier and wind-guage _j^e sights, 34 inch barrel, 10 lbs. weight , .$100 00 No. 2' i)oriingPG pattern 8tock, vernier and Wind-gauge sights, 34 inch barrel, 10 lbs. v?eight. 75 00 No. Militaiy Stock, vernier and -wind-gauge sights, 34 inch barrel, 10 lbs. weight 55 00 Extra 8ame as No. 1, except rubber butt and tip, and checked for- end, including spirit level and 2 ex. disc 125 to Superior Hame as extra, except selected curley polished stock 150 00
. .
MID-RANGE. "Wimbledon."
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No. 1 Sporting
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O z Q
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00
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O No. O
SHORT-RANGE.
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No 1 Sporting stock, improved peep and globe sights 42 No 2 Sporting P G pattern stock, improved
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$87 00 $39 00
50 44 60 52 00
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and globe
56 60
64 00
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;
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&
.'
of Instruction in the Practical Use ol the Blow Pipe. Being a Graduated Course of Analysis for the Use of Students, and all those engaged in the Examination of Salts and Minerals. Plympton. i2mo, limp cl. Compiled and arranged by Prof. George Prescott. Outlines of Proximate Organic Anal}^sis for the Identification, Separation and Quantitative Determination of the more commonly occurring Organic Compounds. By Prof. A. B. Prescott. i2mo, cloth Prescott. Chemical Examinations of Alcoholic Liquors. Manual of the Constituents of the Distilled Spirits and Fermented Liquors Quantitative Determinaof Commerce, and their Qualitative and i2mo, cloth tions. Guide to a Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, especially of Minerals and Furnace Products. Illustrated by Examples. By Dr.C.F.Rammelsburg. Translated by I.Fowler,M.D. Svo, cl. Wanklyn.' Milk Analysis A Practical Treatise on the Examination of
Plympton. A System
50
75
50
Rammelsburg.
2 25
Milk and its Derivatives Cream, Butter and Cheese by J. A. Wanklyn. i2mo, cloth. New York, 1874 Water Analysis. 4th Edition, i2mo, cloth. London, 1876 Tea, Coffee'and Cocoa A Practical Treatise on the Analysis of Tea, Coffee and Chocolate. i2mo, cloth. London, 1874
:
100
2 50
2 50
12
Advertisements.
CO.
PHOTO. CHEMICALS,
STRICTLY PURE AND OF FULL WEIGHT;
GLASS BATHS,
ETC
We
and most
Photographic Residues.
CO.,
NEW
YORK.
Advertisements.
13
J.
C.
SOMERVILLE,
DEALER
IN
Photographic Materials
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
ST- XjOXJIS,
Tilford's
Iodized
ISJSiO.
Collodion,
Tilford's Silver
Bath Solution,
American Optical
Co.'s
Celebrated
Camera Boxes and Apparatus, Powers & VVeightman's Silver, Gold, Iodides and Bromides,
Voightlander & Sons' Lenses, Oval and Solid Oval (jOld Frames,
Oval and Square Solid Walnut Frames, Oval and Square Imitation Frames, Glass and Ferro Plates, Screw Eyes, Backing,
14
Advertisements.
BOOK,
is a most useful little bound book of 150 pages, comprising, probamost extensive variety of standard, practical, condensed information
Contents
of the United States (1870), by States, Territories and Counties, in full, showing also the area in square miles of each State and Territory.
2.
Table 6f Occupations. Showing the occupations United States, and the number of persons engaged Compiled from the last census.
Table of Cities having over
Census.
10,000 inhabitants.
each occupation.
the last
3.
Compiled from
4.
5.
Map
for
Minature outline.
(full text). Principal Official Rules Procedure Directions How to obtain Patents Costs, etc. Forms for Patents and Caveats How to Introduce and Sell Inventions Forms for Assignments Licenses; State, Town, County, and Shop Rights General Principles applicable to Infringements; Synopsis of the Patent Laws of Foreign Countries Rights of Employers and Employees in respect to In;
ventions.
6.
(full text). Costs and Procedure Ornamental Productions such as Designs Wood and Metal Work, New Shapes and Manufacture, Print?, Pictures and Ornabe printed, woven, stamped, cast, or otherwise applied upon
(full
8.
(full
for
of the United States (full text). With Directions and Costs for Securing Copyrights by Authors for Books, Pamphlets, Charts, Photographs, Pictures and Works of Art.
10.
Principal Mechanical
Movements.
Described and
illustrated by
and a
engraving, showing all the parts, names, and Progress of Steam Power,
Advertisements.
15
12.
Geometry,
With
illustrations.
13.
14.
Presenting
;
Tables of Weights and Measures. Troy, Apothecaries', Avoirdupois, French Weights U. S. Standard; Dry Measure; Land Measure; Cubic Measure Liquid Measure French Square Measure French Cubic, or Solid Measure Measuring Land by Weight Engraving of a section of English and French rule, of equal length.
; ;
16.
Valuable Tables : (i) Velocity and Force of the Wind. (2) Specific Gravity and Weight per Cubic foot and Cubic inch, of the princip'al substances used in the Arts. (3) Heat conducting Power of various Metals and other Solids and Liquids (4) Table of the Mineral Constituents absorbed or removed from the Soil, per acre, by different crops. (5) Table of Steam Pressures and Temperatures. (6) Table of the Effects of Heat upon various bodies, melting-points, etc.
17.
Medallion Portraits of Distinguished American Inventors, with biography in brief, and engravings of their inventions, viz. Franklin, Fulton, Whitney, Wood, McCormick, Blanchard, Winans, Morse, Goodyear, Howe,
:
Lyle, Eads.
18.
cost, etc.
of Capitol, Washington, with brief history, dimensions, United States Patent Office, interior and exterior views, dimensions and description Scientific American Buildings, New York and Washington.
; ;
Engravings
19.
Miscellaneous Information. Force of Expansion by Heat; Small Steamboats, proper dimensions of Engines, Boilers, Propellers, Boats Incubation, Temperature of; To Make Tracing Paper; Constituents of various substances; Friction, how produced, and Rules for Calculation Specific Heat Explained Specific Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air and Gases; Gunpowder Pressure, Heat and Horse-Power of; Copying Ink, to Make Molecules of MatHeat, its mechanical equivalent explained ter, size and motion explained Lightning and Lightning Rods valuable information Value of Drainage Explained Amount of Power at present yielded from Coal by best Engines Sound its velocity and action Liquid Glues, Recipes Value of Brains Properties of Charcoal Height of Waves Speed of Electric Spark, etc. Plain Directions, with Engravings, showing how any person can make Electro Magnets and Electric Batteries a^a cost of a few cents Valuable Recipes.
;
;
The
News Agents
Scientific American Reference Book, price only 25 cents, may be had of in all parts of the countrj-, and of the undersigned. Sent by
Address
iv^xjiisrisr
<sc
co.,
16
Advertisements.
MAMMOTH
stocik: hiotjse.
EIOE & THOMPSON,
Manufacturers
AND
WHOLESALE DEALERS
IN
Photographic
Materials,
MOULDINGS,
Frames,
Mirrors,
Pictures,
GLASS,
CORDS,TASSELS,CHROMOS,
Etc.,
CHICAGO,
ILL.
Advertisements.
t]h:e
PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS
YET INTRODUCED TO THE PROFESSION
AMERICA.
THIS FACT
IS
IN
EURORE OR
UNIVERSALLY CONCEDED.
THEIR APPARATUS
RECEIVED
THE HIGHEST
AT THE
AWARD
-
UPON WHI^II OCCASIONS IT WAS PLACED IN' COMPETITION WITH THE BEST APPARATUSES FROM THE BEST MAKERS OF
18
Advertisements.
CO.>S
are
models of lightness,
strength,
THEIR
POCKET CAMERAS
are the simplest, most compact and portable apparatuses ever made.
Advertisements.
Id
FRED. MULLETT,
(Successor to G. D. Wakely,)
DEALER
IN
PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS,
Frames,
Glass,
Picture
Cord,
Etc.,
518
AVALNUT STREET,
KANSAS
CITY, MO.
house
in
Send
copy of
R.
Sent gratis upon application.
WALZL.
30
Advertisement.
CENTENiriAL
PHOTOaRAPHIC
COMPAIIY,
International Exhibition G-ronnds.
BELMONT AVENUE,
View^
of
\k\^
der\teni\ikl
5<xl:\ibitioi\,
Graphoseope,
Stereoscope,
PORTFOLIO,
Magic Lantern and Card Holder,
PROPRIETORS.
ALSO
COMPLETE ASSORTMENT OF
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pRAPHOSCOPES,
txC.
VIEWS.
Advertisements.
21
MANUFACTURER OF
JVo.
NEW YORK.
"V7".
F.
j^SHE,
And manufacturer of
Photographic Backgrounds,
INTERIOR, LANDSCAPE, PLAIN, REMBRANDT,
AND SHADED.
SLIPS
for Samples
OFFICE AND
cltxcL
^rtce Ltst.
SHOW
ROOMS:
NEW
YORK.
22
Advertisements.
ESTABLISHED
1S03.
S O
^IL L
IN
Manufacturing Company,
MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS
PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
SUPPLIED.
MANUFACTORIES;
Waterbury,
Ct.
;
New
Haven,
Ct.
New
York.
WAREHOUSE:
Street,
Advertisements.
23
THE "PEERLESS"
IS
PORTRAIT LENS
Il:T
XJSE.
MORRISON^S
Lenses.
MAY
21st, 1872.)
Thdj ernhrace an angle of fully 100 degrees, work more rapidly than any other Wide Angle Lens made, and
are absolutely rectilinear.
MORRISON'S
LENS,
These JJenses work with full aperture for Groups, and will copy with absolute correctness Architectural Drawings^ Charts, Engravings, -c., ^c.
Advertisements.
0^p
Afe|I
For ExMDiting
Plotograpiic
Landscapes,
Pictorial
Portraits,
and
otler
of Art,
Works
scopic Views.
fnrnisnedwitn tie
finest
Material
to
tliose
dl
any
otlier
make
in tie
market.
Nos. 0, 1 and 2 are made of Black "Walnut and finished in Oil. Nos. 2i, 3 and 4 are made of Black Walnut, are heavier than Nos. 0, 1 and 2, and are handsomely polished. No. 5 is made partly of solid Rosewood and is partly veneered in Rosewood. The box is lined with Curled Maple, and the whole polished. No. 6, Black Walnut, polished, eleg:intly trimmed and finished. No. 7 is made like No. 5, except that it has a four inch lens, and is exquisitely finished in French polish. No. 8 is made ot solid Walnut, finished and trimmed like No. 9. No. 9, elegantly made of solid Rosewood, superbly finished in French polish and richly trimmed in burnished nickel. The Grapho. lens slides vertically on polished nickel rods, capped with ivory. The picture rest is of exquisite open work design, and is supplied with ground-glass for transparent stereoscopic pictures.
New
York.
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