CYBERNETICS

By: Guide:
-Bhagyashree Shejwal. Mrs. Sunita Jahirabadkar
-T.E. Comp-A
-Roll No.: 3356
 Overview
 Introduction to Cybernetics
 History of Cybernetics
 Defining the Cybernetics
 Various Areas of Cybernetics
 Principles of Cybernetics
 Goal-directed system
 Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic
 Use of Feedback in Various Systems
 Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics
 Software Cybernetics Concepts
 Current Software Engineering
 Software as Control Problem
 Self Adaptive Software
 Research Topics
Introduction
 Importance of Concept
 Cybernetics and the steersman

Cybernetics and the steersman

History of Cybernetics
 The Macy Foundation conferences in New
York City 1946-1953
 lack of a 'common terminology' .
 “Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms
in Biological and Social Systems”.
 Cybernetics, derived from the Greek
‘Steersman’.
 Wiener defined cybernetics first.
Defining the Cybernetics
• The art of governing or the science of government
- A.M. Ampere
• The science of effective organization
- L. Couffignal
• Cybernetics is essentially about circularity.
- Ranulph Glanville
• Control and communication in the animal and the
machine - Norbert Wiener
• Cybernetics is the study of systems which can be
mapped using loops
- Alan Scrivener
Various Areas of Cybernetics
Generic term for many subject matters

• In Biology
• In Complexity Science
• In Computer Science
• In Engineering
• Organizational Cybernetics
• In Psychology
• In Sociology
• Pure Cybernetics
• Software Cybernetics
Principles of Cybernetics
 The principle of homeostasis
 The principle of external completion
 The principle of requisite variety
 The principle of feedback
 The principle of intentionality
Goal-directed system
(1) Sensor (S)
(2) Goal (G)
(3) Error Detection (E)
(4) Effectors (E')

Two Rules:
1. Well-defined procedure
2. Minimized deviation
 Cybernetic models are structures of mathematically
related goal-directed systems
 systems may be combined by coupling their variables - So
Competitive interaction is necessary.

Finally, they can be organized into a hierarchy, in which only

the lowest-level systems act upon the environment or have
goals that refer to it directly.
Feedback an Important principle of
Cybernetic
Use of Feedback in Various Systems

 Vehicle and robot control

 Temperature control
 Learning
 Virtual Reality and Human Computer
Interaction
 Cybernetics and the environment
 Artificial Intelligence &
Cybernetics
• Are both of them same? – NO
• AI
o concepts of universal computation
o challenge of reproducing and/or explaining
human Intelligence
• Cybernetics
o concepts of information
o feedback and control were generalized from
o systems of self-reference
Approach of cybernetic to AI
• The human brain - inspiration for AI
researchers .
• A number of researchers explored the
connection between neurology, information
theory, and cybernetics
• Some of them built machines that used
electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary
intelligence
SOFTWARE CYBERNETICS
 Need
 Concepts and Definitions

 Definition:
 The field of science concerned with
processes of communication and control in
software systems.
Software Cybernetics Concepts

 Software
 Control
 Control system
 Control of software
 Open-loop control
 Closed-loop control /Feedback control
 Adaptive control – Self Adaptive Software
Closed-loop control /Feedback
control
 Current Software Engineering

 Problems
1. Control of the software test process
2. Optimal selection of tests
-So CMC approach is there.
3. Software performance control
4. Control of the software development process etc.
 Cybernetic Approaches
(a) Use simulation: “forward” approach.
(b) Use (a) plus feedback control: “inverse” approach
Cybernetic Approaches
Software as Control Problem
 software may contain various defects

 So we treat
 Software test process as a controlled object
 The process manager as a controller
 So the management of software testing
becomes a feedback control problem.
The ultimate goal of software engineering
is to deliver quality software in a cost-
effective and timely manner.
 Self Adaptive Software
 Evaluates its own behavior and changes
behavior when the evaluation indicates that it
is not accomplishing what the software is
intended to do, or when better functionality or
performance is possible.

 Has multiple ways of accomplishing its

purpose
 So it should have a “sensor-evaluate-adjust”
executing loop
Characteristics of Self adaptive
Systems
 Self-knowledge
 Self-configuration/re-configuration
 Self-optimizing
 Self-healing
 Self-protecting
 Environmentally aware
 Co-operative
 Anticipatory
Cybernetic Perspective
 The controller changes the controlled object’s
behaviors by delivering control.
 Signals (called control inputs) which force the
controlled object to achieve a desired goal
(called set point).
 Comparison of the entities in software self adaptation
technologies and in control theory.

Control theory Software self-adaptation technologies

Controlled object Software entities to be adapted

Controller Adaptation infrastructure
Control inputs Adjusting operations to controlled
software entities
Set Point Desired properties of controlled software
entities
Open-loop control Traditional software system
Feedback control Self-adaptive software with a fixed control
law
Adaptive control Self-adaptive software with an adaptive
control law.
To adjust these software entities for
desired goals

1) Sense the current states of these entities.

2) Evaluate the sensed data.
3) Generate adaptive strategies and map them
into controlled entities’ properties.
4) Change the controlled entities.
Research Topics
 Feedback Mechanisms in Software
Processes
 Adaptive Software
 The CMC Approach and Adaptive Testing
 Bisimulation and Controllability
Conclusion
 Cybernetic itself is a very vast area
 Firstorder Cybernetics
 Second order Cybernetics
 Third order Cybernetics

 Feedback–Important principle of Cybernetics

 Software Cybernetics
 It can be considered as an interesting
research area.
QUESTIONS ?

…..? ? ? ? ?.....
THANK YOU!