Standard Biogas

(Biogas)
75/6 6 10400
1: 2553
500
ISBN 978-616-7148-83-0
(Biogas)

200
.. 2549 2553

(Biogas)

2553

(Biogas)
-1
-1
-1
1.
1-1
2.
3.
2.1
2-1
2.2 (Anaerobic Digestion)
2-2
2.2.1
2-3
2.2.2
2-5
2.2.3
2-9

3.1
3-1
3.2
3-3
3.2.1
3-3
3.2.2 (Compressibility factor, Z)
3-4
3.2.3
3-5
3.2.4
3-8
3.2.5 (Flame velocity)
3-9
-1
(Biogas)
3.2.6 (Flammability limit)

(Explosive limit)
4.
3-10
3.2.7 (Auto ignition)
3-11
3.2.8 (Flame temperature)
3-11
3.2.9 (Heating value and Combustion)
3-12
3.2.10
3-22
4.1
4-1
4.1.1 (Suspended growth)
4-2
4.1.2 (Attached growth)
4-19
4.1.3 -
4-23
4.1.4
4-30
4.2
5.
4-31
4.2.1
4-31
4.2.2
4-32
4.2.3
4-33

5.1 (Start up)
5-1
5.1.1
5-1
5.1.2
5-2
5.1.3 (Nutrients)
5-2
5.1.4 (Hydraulic Retention Time: HRT)

(Solid Retention Time : SRT)
5.1.5
-2
5-2
5-3
(Biogas)
5.2 (Operation)
6.
5-4
5.2.1 - (pH)
5-4
5.2.2 (Alkalinity: Alk)
5-5
5.2.3 (Volatile Fatty Acids: VFA)
5-5
5.2.4
5-6
5.2.5 (COD)
5-6
5.2.6
5-6

6.1
6-1
6.1.1
6-2
6.1.2
6-10
6.1.3
6-11
6.2
6-12
6.2.1
6-12
6.2.2
6-13
6.2.3
6-16
6.2.4 (Pressure drop/Head loss)
6-18
6.2.5
6-20
6.2.6
6-22
6.2.7
6-22
6.2.8 support
6-23
6.3
6-30
6.4
6-30
6.4.1 (Blower)
6-31
-3
(Biogas)
7.
6.4.2 (Blower)
6-33
6.4.3
6-34
6.5
6-35
6.5.1
6-36
6.5.2 Back Pressure Check Valve
6-40
6.5.3
6-40
6.5.4
6-41
6.5.5 (Flame Arrester)
6-46
6.5.6
6-50
6.6 (Flare system)
6-53
6.7
6-56
7.1
7-1
7.2
7-3
7.2.1
7-3
7.2.2
7-5
7.3 (H2S)
7.3.1 (Dry Process)
7-9
7.3.2 (Wet Process)
7-12
7.4
-4
7-9
7-26
7.4.1 Water Scrubber Technology
7-26
7.4.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology
7-28
7.4.3 Chemical Absorption Technology
7-29
7.4.4 Membrane Separation Technology
7-31
(Biogas)
8.
7.5 (Siloxane)
7-37
7.5.1 Adsorption Technology
7-38
7.5.2 Refrigeration Technology
7-39
7.5.3 Liquid Absorption Technology
7-41
8.1
8-1
8.1.1
(Stoichiometric ratio)
8-1
8.1.2 Equivalence Ratio
8-2
8.2 (Gas Train)
8-3
8.3
8-6
8.3.1
9.
8-7
8.3.2
8-15
8.4 (Gas Flare)
8-33
8.5
8-35
8.6
8-38
8.7
8-41
9.1
9-1
9.1.1 (Hazardous Area)
9-1
9.1.2 (Explosion)
9-2
9.1.3 (Ignition Source)
9-3
9.1.4
9-5
9.1.5
9-9
-5
(Biogas)
9.1.6
9-20
9.2
9-33
9.3
9-34
9.4
9-36
9.4.1 (LPZ)
9-37
9.4.2
9-37
9.4.3
9-38
9.5
9-40
9.6
9-41
9.6.1
9-41
9.6.2
9-42
9.6.3
9-45
9.6.4
9-49
9.7
9-51
9.7.1 (First Aid)
9-51
9.7.2
9-51
9.7.3
9-52
9.8
9-54
9.8.1
9-54
9.8.2
9-58
9.8.3 /
/
9-59
9.8.4 ( , ,
, , )
9.9
-6
9-60
9-61
(Biogas)
2.1
2-2
2.2
2-4
3.1
()
3-5
3.2
CO2
1 298
3-9
3.3
3.4
3-11
3-12
3.5
3-13
3.6
3-23
4.1A
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR
4-3
4.1B
Anaerobic contact; AC
4-4
4.2
UASB
4-6
4.3
(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
4.4
(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) 4-12
4.5
(Baffle) Anaerobic Baffle Reactor
4-15
4.6
Channel Digester
4-17
4.7
A: (Anaerobic Filter) B:
4.8
4-10
(Anaerobic Fixed Film)
4-21
(Anaerobic fluidized bed)
4-23
-1
(Biogas)
6.1
6-2
6.2
6-2
6.3
UASB .
6-3
6.4
6-3
6.5
6-4
6.6
6-5
6.7
6-6
6.8
6-7
6.9
Dual Hot Wedge seam
6-8
6.10
EXTRUSION WELDING
6-9
6.11
6.12
6-10
6-12
6.13
Blower
6-13
6.14
6-19
6.15
6-21
6.16
6-22
6.17
Support
6-24
6.18
6.19
Expansion joint
6-25
6-26
6.20
Expansion joint Blower
6-27
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
Root Blower
Ring Blower
Centrifugal Blower
Blower
6-28
6-28
6-31
6-32
6-32
6-33
-2
(Biogas)
6.27
6-35
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6-36
6-37
6-38
6.32
6.33
6.34
Over pressure relief device Water seal

Over pressure relief valve
Over pressure and Negative relief valve Water seal
Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve
over pressure ( A) Vacuum pressure ( B)
Back Pressure Check Valve
Knock out Drum
6.35
Knock out Drum
6-42
6.36
(Mist Eliminator)
6-43
6.37
6.38
6.39
Tee U-tube
Auto Drain
6-44
6-45
6-45
6.40
6-46
6.41
6-47
6.42
6-39
6-40
6-40
6-41
6-49
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47

Orifice Venturi

Online methane analyzer
(A) (B)
6-50
6-51
6-52
6-52
6-54
6.48
Flare
6-54
6.49
6-56
6.50
Manual
6-56
6.51
Blower
6-57
-3
(Biogas)
6.52
7.1
7.2
6-58
7-2
7.3
7-4
7-5
7.4
7-9
7.5
7.6
7-10
7-13
7.7
Biofilter
7-15
7.8
Biotrickling filter
7-17
7.9
Bioscrubber
7-18
7.10
Water Scrubber Technology
7-27
7.11
Pressure Swing Adsorption
7-28
7.12
Chemical Absorption Technology
7-30
7.13A
Membrane Technology
7-31
7.13B
Hollow Fiber
7-33
7.14
SiO2 Gas Engine
7-38
7.15
Temperature Swing Adsorption
7-39
7.16
Siloxane 1
8.1
-4
7-40
8-2
(Biogas)
8.2
(Gas train)
8-3
8.3
(Gas train)
8-3
8.4
(Manual shut off valve)
8-4
8.5
8-4
8.6
Pressure regulator
8-5
8.7
Double solenoid valve
8-6
8.8
Gas train
8-9
8.9
8-9
8.10
Dual Burner
8-11
8.11
(Electro magnetic clutch)
8-11
8.12
8-13
(Rotary cup Combination burner)

8.13
(Rotary cup combination burner)
8.14
8-13
8-14
8.15
(Gas train)
8-16
8.16
8-16
8.17
8-23
8.18
8-24
8.19
8-26
8.20
8-26
8.21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
8-30
-5
(Biogas)
8.22
8-30
8.23
(Micro gas turbine)
8-31
8.24
8-32
8.25
(kW)
8-33
8.26
(Gas train)
8-34
8.27
(Enclosure flare)
8-34
8.28
80 x 220 (2 )
8-42
8.29
8-42
8.30
8-43
8.31
8-43
8.32
8-44
8.33
8-45
8.34
8-46
8.35
8-48
8.36
Gas Analyzer
8-50
8.37
Double Solenoid Valve Valve Proving Systems
8-51
8.38
Valve Proving Systems
8-52
8.39
Double Solenoid Valve
8-53
8.40
8-53
8.41
8-54
8.42
8-54
8.43
8-56
8.44
8-57
-6
(Biogas)
8.45
8-57
8.46
8-58
8.47
8.48
8-59
Valve Proving Systems (VPS)

VPS ()
8-60
8.49
8-60
9.1
9-2
9.2
9-9
9.3
9-20
9.4
9-21
9.5

Hand Held Gas Detector
9.6
9-22
/ (Fixed Roof)
(Floating Roof) (Gas Storage)
9.7
9-23
9-24
9.8
/ Cover lagoon
9-24
9.9
Ventilation
12 (Air change rate per hour)
9.10
9-26
Ventilation
9-27
-7
(Biogas)
9.11
Ventilation 12

9.12
9.13
9-28
9-28
9-29
9.14
Flame Arrester
9-29
9.15

manual
9.16
9.17
9-31
/
manual
9.18
9-30
9-32
9-33
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
9.25
9.26

Potential Equalization
1
2
9-35
9-35
9-36
9-38
9-39
9-39
9-40
9-46
9.27
9-51
9.28
9-52
-8
(Biogas)
2.1
2-12
3.1
3-1
3.2
3-2
3.3
(Regression coefficient)
3-9
3.4
3.5
3.6
3-14

101.3 ()
3.7
3-10
3-16
(1-xw)
15.6
3-17
3.8
()
3-18
3.9
Wobbe Index
3-20
4.1
4.2
4-25
4.3
4-28
4.4
4-1
4-29
4.5
4-30
5.1
5-8
-1
(Biogas)
5.2
5-9
5.3
5-12
6.1
6.2
HDPE PE100 PE80
6-1
6-15
6.3
HDPE
6-15
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
Minor Loss Coefficient ()

Thermal Expansion
Knock out Drum
6-17
6-20
6-23
6-23
6-24
6-26
6-30
6-43
6.12
6-48
6.13
6-48
6.14
6-55
6.15
6-55
7.1
() ()
7-7
7.2
7-8
7.3
7-8
7.4
- (H2S)
7-20
7.5
7-24
7.6
7-24
7.7
- CO2
7-34
7.8
CO2
7-36
-2
(Biogas)
7.9
CO2
7-36
7.10
7-41
7.11
7-42
8.1
8.2
8-19
8.3
8-27
8.4
8-35
8.5
8-38
8.6
8-40
9.1
9.2
8-7
9-6
9-6
9.3
9-7
9.4
9.5
(Equipment groups) (Categories)
9-10
9-13
9.6
9.7
(Temperature Classes)
9-15
9-16
-3
(Biogas)
.. 2549
3 2 3

10,000

(Chemical Oxygen Demand : COD) 15 1
40 165 -
1,000 1

100
1-1
(Biogas)

3
:

- (GTZ) (.
.)
.. 2540 .

1-2
(Biogas)
(.)
12
(.)

214 ()
1-3
(Biogas)
()
1.
72
2.
35
3.
16
4. /
16
5. //
42
6.
7. / /
24
214
:

2553
1-4
(Biogas)

2.1
2
2
(Biogas)
2 * (Acid forming bacteria)
(Methane producing bacteria)

(CH4)
(CO2) (H2S)
(NH3)

2.1
* (Volatile fatty acid)
2-1
(Biogas)

, ,

, ,
2.1
2.2 (Anaerobic Digestion)
(Organic matter)

2-2
(Biogas)
2.2.1
3
1 (Hydrolysis)

- (pH)
(Hydrolytic
bacteria) (Fermentative bacteria)
2 (Acidogenesis)

(Facultative bacteria)
(Volatile fatty acid)
5 (CH3COOH) (C2H5COOH)
(C3H7COOH) (C2H5OH) (H2) (CO2)
(Acid forming bacteria)

(Acetogenic bacteria)

(Hydrogen forming bacteria)
2
(Non-methanogenic bacteria)
2-3
(Biogas)
(Organic matter)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Hydrolytic bacteria
1 Hydrolysis
Fermentative bacteria
(Simple organic compounds)
Monosaccharide, Fatty acids, Amino acids
Acid forming bacteria
2 Acidogenesis
(Volatile fatty acids)
Acetic acid, Propionic acid, Butyric acid, etc.
Ethanol, CO2 , H2
Acetogenic bacteria
Acetate, CO2 , H2
Methanogenic bacteria
3 Methanogenesis
(Biogas)
(CH4, CO2, NH3 H2S)
2.2
: Breure, A.M. and Andel, J.G., 1987.
2-4
(Biogas)
3 (Methanogenesis)

(CH4)
(NH3)

Acetophilic methanogen
CH3COOH
CH4 + CO2
Hydrogenophilic methanogen
CO2 + 4H2
CH4 + 2H2O

(Methanogenic producing bacteria) Acetoclastic methanogenic bacteria (Acetophilic
methanogen) Hydrogenophilic methanogen

2.2
2.2.2

2
(Acid forming bacteria) (Methane producing
bacteria)
2-5
(Biogas)
1) (Acid forming bacteria)

Facultative anaerobic bacteria

- 4.0-6.5
2
1.1)

(Facultative anaerobic bacteria)
1.2)

2
) Hydrogen producing acetogenic bacteria
2-6
C2H5OH + H2O
CH3COOH + 2H2
C2H5COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
C3H7COOH + 2H2O
2CH3COOH + 2H2
(Biogas)
) Homoacetogenic bacteria 2
1) Autotroph 1
()
4H2 + 2CO2
CH3COOH + 2H2O
2) Heterotroph

3C6H12O6
4C2H5COOH + 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2O
*:
-
2) (Methane producing bacteria)

2
2.1) Hydrogenotrophic methanogens Hydrogen utilizing chemolithotrophs

CO2 + 4H2
CH4 + 2H2O

2

2.2) Acetotrophic methanogens Acetoclastic bacteria

CH3COOH
CH4 + CO2
2-7
(Biogas)
2 3
Acetotrophic methanogens
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens

A. (Fermentative reactions) :
C6H12O6 + 2H2O
2CH3COOH+ 2CO2 + 4H2
3C6H12O6
4C2H5COOH + 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H12O6
C3H7COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2
C6H12O6
2C3H6O3
C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
B. (Syntrophic acetogenic reactions) :

C3H8O3 + H2O
CH3COOH + 3H2 + CO2
CH3CHOHCOO- + 2H2O
CH3COO- + HCO3- + H+ + 2H2
C2H5OH + H2O
CH3COOH + 2H2
C3H7COO- + 2H2O
2CH3COO- + H+ + 2H2
C2H5COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
2CO2 + 4H2
CH3COO- + H+ + 2H2O
C. (Methanogenic reactions) :
2-8
4CH3OH
3CH4 + HCO3- + H+ + H2O
CH3OH + H2
CH4 + H2O
4H2 + HCO3- + H+
CH4 + 3H2O
CH3COOH
CH4 + CO2
CO2 + 4H2
CH4 + 2H2O
4HCOO- + H2O + H+
CH4 + 3HCO3-
HCOOH
H2+CO2
(Biogas)
D. (Sulfidogenic reactions) :
2C3H6O3 + SO42-
HS- + 2CH3COOH + CO2 + HCO3- + H2O
4H2 + SO42- + H+
4H2O + HS-
CH3COOH + SO42-
HS- + CO2 + HCO3- + H2O
4C2H5COOH + 3 SO42-
4CH3COOH + 4HCO3- + 3HS- + H+
2.2.3

1)

3
) (Psychrophilic) 20
) (Mesophilic) 20 45
) (Thermophilic) 45
2
30 38 48 57
Thermophilic bacteria
Mesophilic bacteria
2) - (pH)
-
-
2-9
(Biogas)
6.67.4 -

- -

-
-
(Alkalinity)
-
3) (Alkalinity: Alk)
(Buffering
capacity)
-
-
-
1,000 3,000
CaCO3/ 1,000
CaCO3/ -
-
4) (Volatile fatty acids: VFA)

(> 2,000 /
)
- - 6.5
2-10
(Biogas)
-
4.5 5.0
2,000 /
0.3 0.4

-
(NaHCO3 ) (NaOH)
(Na2CO3) Ca(OH)2
5) (Organic loading rate: OLR)

(kg COD/m3.)
(Feeding rate)
2
)
(Hydraulic retention time: HRT)
)

6) (Toxic substances)

(Inhibition)
2-11
(Biogas)

(NH4+)
2.1
(Ni) (Co) (Fe) (Zn) (Cu)
(trace element)

2.1
Cu
Zn
Cr6+
Cr3+
2,000
Total chromium (Cr)
Ni
Cd
0.02
S-
100
SO42-
500
Ammonia
1,500
Na+
3,500
2,50
2+
2,500
Mg2+
1,000
Acrylonitrile
Ca
2-12

()
(Biogas)
2.1 ()

()
Benzene
50
CCl4
10
Chloroform
0.1
Pentachlorophenol
0.4
Cyanide
: , 2525.
1. Breure, A.M. and Andel, J.G., 1987, Bioenvironmental Systems, CRC Press, Cambridge Scientific,
Florida, p. 97.
2. , 2525,
, , 89-121
2-13
(Biogas)
3.1
50-70%
20-50% (NH3)
(H2O) (Siloxane) (Scum)
(H2S) 1% (10,000 part per million (ppm))
(SO2-) 3.1
3.1
CH4
50 - 70 %(v/v)
CO2
20 - 50 %(v/v)
H2O (vapor)
0 -10 %(v/v)
N2
0 - 5 %(v/v)
O2
0 - 2 %(v/v)
NH3
0 - 1 %(v/v)
H2S
50 - 10,000 ppm
: PROFITING FROM THE USE OF BIOGASTHE PANVITA CASE, Roland Tusar, www.intering.si
:

3-1
(Biogas)
Safety Valve
Trace gas

( 3.2)

3.2
CH4
CO2
H2S
[./]
16.04
44.01
34.08
(@ 1.013 , 15 ) [./..]
0.68
1.87
1.45
Critical Temperature []
-82.7
31
100
Critical Pressure []
45.96
73.825
89.37
Compressibility Factor (Z) (@ 1.013 , 15 )
0.998
0.9942
0.9915
Sp. Gr. ( = 1) (@ 1.013 , 15 )
0.55
1.521
1.189
Specific volume (@ 1.013 , 21 ) [../.]
1.48
0.547
0.699
0.035
0.037
0.034
0.027
0.028
1.3054
1.2938
Heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp)

(@ 1.013 , 25 ) [ /(.)]
Heat capacity at constant volume (Cv)
(@ 1.013 , 25 ) [ /(.)]
Ratio , Cp/Cv (@ 1.013 , 25 )
3-2
(Biogas)
3.2 ()
CH4
CO2
H2S
32.81
14.65
12.98
37.63
12
33.91
Solubility in water (@ 1.013 , 2 ) vol/vol
0.054
1.7163
4.67
Auto-ignition temperature []
595
270
Thermal conductivity (@ 1.013 , 0 )

[/ ]
High Heating Value (@ 1.013 , 15.6 )
[/..]
Lower Heating Value (@ 1.013 , 15 )
[/..]
: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com
3.2
3.2.1

( 4 )
(Ideal gas)

P
V
n
R
T
= ()
= (..)
= ()
= (universal gas constant)
= () ( = +273.75 )
3-3
(Biogas)

(Real gas)
(Compressibility factor, Z)
50
(500 ) (Ideal gas) Z=1
3.2.2 (Compressibility factor, Z)

(Z)
Z 1 Z
Z 1
Z Z
(Reduced pressure, Pr ) (Reduced temperature, Tr )
P T
Pc Tc
3-4
(Biogas)
3.1 ()
: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)
3.2.3

..(3.5)
= (/. )
R (universal gas constant) = 8.314 x 105 (. - / )

T = ()
P = ()
M = (.)
MW =
1 22.4 1.013 0
25 1
3-5
(Biogas)
1
1 1.013 , 0 22.4
16.04
16.04/22.4 = 0.716 / ..
Specific volume (@1.013 , 0)
1/0.716
= 1.3965 ../
25 24.45

16.04/24.45 = 0.656 / ..
Specific volume (@1.013 , 25)
1/0.656 = 1.5243 ../
i
yi
3-6
(Biogas)
2
1 . 1.013 , 25 CH4 64% CO2
36%
1 0.656 / .. (@1.013 ,
25)
1.7999 /.. (@1.013 , 25)
yi
@1.013
, 25
CH4
0.64
0.656
0.4198
CO2
0.36
1.7999
0.6480
= 1.0678

1.0678 ./.. ( 1.013 , 25 )
(Specific Gravity, Sp.gr)

(3.7)
IUPAC standard temperature and pressure (0 1.013 ),

1.2754 ./.. 25 1.013
1.19 ./..
IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
3-7
(Biogas)
Sp.gr. CH4 64% CO2 36% 1.013

25
Sp.gr. = 1.0678/1.19 = 0.8973
3.2.4

poise /.

: , (P)
A,B,C : (regression coefficient)

T
: ()
: , (P)
MFi
: Mole fraction
: , (P)
MWi :
3-8
(Biogas)
3.3 (regression coefficient)
Tmin
Tmax
3.844
4.0112x10-1
-1.4303x10-4
91
850
11.8111
4.9838x10-1
-1.0851x10-4
195
1000
3.9314x10-8
1.0134
250
480
3.2.5 (Flame velocity)

(Laminar-burning velocity)
L aminar-Burning Velocity(cm/s)
3.2
40
CO2 0%
35
CO2 20%
30
CO2 33%
25
20
CO2 50%
15
CO2 60%
10
5
0
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Equivalence ratio
1.2
1.3
1.4
3.2 CO2
1 298
( ; R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 1998)
3-9
(Biogas)
3.2
Equivalence ratio

3.4
3.4
%CH4 : %CO2
100 : 0
80 : 20
67 : 33
50 : 50
40 : 60
(/)
38.0
31.5
26.0
18.0
12.8
( ; R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 1998)
3.2.6 (Flammability limit) (Explosive limit)

(Lower Flammability
Limit; LFL Lower Explosive Limit, LEL)
(Upper Flammability Limit; UFL Upper Explosive Limit, UEL) LFL LEL UFL
UEL 5-15 % ( v/v)

3.3
3-10
(Biogas)

5-15%
3.3 60%
Biogas in Air,%
9-20%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
UEL
LEL
40
50
60
70
80
90
% Methane content,% by volume
100
3.3
( ; HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, 1988)
3.2.7 (Auto Ignition)

3
( ) (Ignition source)
(Auto Ignition
Temperature)
3.2
3.2.8 (Flame temperature)

3-11
(Biogas)

3.4
2,000
1,900
0 m g/L H2O
F lame Temperature( C )
1,950
1,850
1,800
50 m g/L H2O
1,750
1,700
1,650
1,600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Methane content,% by volume
3.4
3.2.9 (Heating Value and Combustion)

3.2.9.1 (Heating Value)

1.013 15.6 2

(Gross Heating Value High Heating Value, HHV)

(Net Heating Value Lower Heating Value, LHV)

3-12
(Biogas)
HHV Calorimeter ( Chamber

) Cutler-Hammer type
(3.11)
16.04 2 x 18
1 .. ( 15.6o, 101.32 )
2.246 3,720
HHV LHV 3.5
LHV

3.5 %
( 15.6 o 101.32 )
3-13
(Biogas)

3.5
3.5
%
CH4:CO2
V/ V
100:00
70:30
60:40
55:45
50:50
45:55
120
4.93
5.19
5.34
5.43
5.54
5.67
%
( )
()
130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250
5.35 5.77 6.20 6.62 7.04 7.47 7.89 8.32 10.47
5.63 6.08 6.52 6.97 7.42 7.86 8.31 8.76 11.04
5.79 6.25 6.70 7.16 7.62 8.08 8.55 9.01 11.35
5.89 6.35 6.82 7.29 7.75 8.22 8.69 9.17 11.55
6.01 6.48 6.96 7.43 7.91 8.39 8.87 9.36 11.79
7.05 6.64 7.13 7.62 8.11 8.60 9.09 9.59 12.08
300
12.66
13.34
13.73
13.97
14.26
14.62

Ideal gas gross heating value (Gas Processors
Association,1996)
3-14
(Biogas)
()
...............................(3.12)
= Ideal gas gross heating value
xi
(Dry
basis)
Ideal gas gross heating value (
)
.. (3.13)
.. (3.14)
=
P
= (, kPa)
3.6
(Dry gas) (Saturated gas)

Actual
3-15
(Biogas)
3.6
101.3 ()
(o)
0
12
15.6
20
25
30
32
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

( )
0.6
1.4
1.8
2.3
3.2
4.2
4.8
5.6
7.4
12.3
19.9
31.2
47.3
70.1
101.3
(1-xw)
3.13 (
15.6) 3.7
3.5
15.6 1.8
120
xw = 1.8 / 120 = 0.015

(1-xw) = 1- xw = 1-0.015 = 0.985
3-16
(Biogas)
3.7 (1-xw)
15.6
( )
(1-xw)
99.9
0.9820
101.3
0.9822
103.0
0.9825
110
0.9836
120
0.9850
125
0.9856
130
0.9862
3-17
(Biogas)
1000 ./ 25o
25 ( ~250 ) 125
%(v/v) CH4 64% CO2 36%

( 15.6 o
101.3 1.013 )
1) 100%
37.6317 /.
3.8 ()
[/.*]
[/.*]
(A)
(B)
(C=AxB)
CH4
0.64
37.6317
24.0842
CO2
0.36
24.0842
* 101.325 15.6o
100% 2
A B
C
2) () ( 15.6o 101.32
) 24.08 /. ( 15. 6o)
()
3.4 15.6o
1.8
(1-xw) 0.9822 (
) ( 15.6o 101.32 )
24.08 x 0.9822 = 23.65 /. ()
3-18
(Biogas)
3) 1 .. (V1) 25o (T1)

125 (P1)
15.6o (T2)
101.32 (P2)
125
1 .. 25o
125 ( 15.6o
101.32 ) 1.19 ..
1000 ../ ( 25o
125 ) 1,190 ../
= 1,190 x 24.08 /.
= 28,655.2 / ( )

= 1,190 x 23.65 /.
= 28,146.1 / ( )
3.2.9.2 Wobbe Index (WI)
Wobbe Index Wobbe Number
Burner Gas Injector
(Heating Value) Wobbe Index Nozzle
Injector Burner WI (3.15)
.....(3.15)
3-19
(Biogas)

Nozzle Injection
Wobbe Index
Nozzle Injection
Wobbe Index
5% Wobbe Index
3.9 Wobbe Index
Upper Index
Lower Index
(MJ/m3)
(MJ/m3)
48.23
40.65
53.28
47.91
68.19
62.47
81.07
74.54
53.71
48.52
LPG
86.84
79.94
CO
12.8
12.8
: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbe_index
Wobbe Index CH4 64% CO2 36%

25 1.013 Sp.Gr 0.8973
(HHV) () 29.0955
Wobbe Index
LPG 3.9
3-20
(Biogas)
WI LPG Wobbe Index 64% (30.72 /.).

Nozzle LPG

Nozzle
Nozzle ( ,2543)
............................... (3.16)
(H)

............................... (3.17)
WI 3.17
................................ (3.18)
Q =
H = ()
C = Nozzle (Coefficient of discharge)

0.85-0.95
= Nozzle ()
A = Nozzle ()
3.18 %
WI %
WI
% %
WI
%

3-21
(Biogas)
3.2.10

(Dry
basis)
(Absolute Humidity)
(./..) (Specific Humidity)
1 (./.)
................................ (3.19)
( CH4 64% CO2 36% MW =26.11) 25o

25 ( ~250 ) 125

3.6 25o
3.2
=
(
) = 0.018 ./.
(CH4 64% CO2 36%)
25o 101.3 1.068 ./..
(CH4 64% CO2 36%)
25o 125 1.068 x (125/101.3) = 1.318 .
/..
25o 125
0.018 ./.
3-22
(Biogas)

3.6
3.6

(Relative Humidity, %RH)
%RH =
(3.17)
(Degree of Saturated)
()
3-23
(Biogas)

0.018 x 1.318 = 0.0237 ./..
12 o
3.6 1.4
=
) = 0.0078 ./.
25 o
= 0.0078 x 1.318 = 0.0103 ./..

= 0.018-0.0078
= 0.0102 ./.
= 0.0102 x 1.318
= 0.0134 ./..
1 .
13.4 ( 100 ../.
1.34 /.)
3-24
(Biogas)
STORAGE PRESSURE - DENSITY - ENERGY CONTENT @TEMPERATURE = 60oF

COMPRESSIBILITY
PRESSURE
FACTOR
Psi
14.7 (atm)
1.0
15
1.0
20
1.0
25
1.0
30
1.0
35
1.0
40
1.0
45
1.0
50
1.0
60
1.0
70
1.0
80
1.0
90
1.0
100
1.0
125
1.0
150
1.0
175
1.0
200
0.99
250
0.98
300
0.98
350
0.97
400
0.97
450
0.96
500
0.94
600
0.93
700
0.92
800
0.91
900
0.89
1000
0.88
1500
0.82
2000
0.78
2500
0.79
3000
0.81
3500
0.84
4000
0.88
4500
0.92
5000
0.96
DENSITY
METHANE
BIOGAS
3
--------------lb/ft ----------0.0423
0.0690
0.0432
0.0704
0.0575
0.0939
0.0719
0.117
0.0863
0.141
0.101
0.164
0.115
0.188
0.129
0.211
0.144
0.235
0.173
0.282
0.201
0.329
0.230
0.376
0.259
0.423
0.288
0.470
0.360
0.587
0.432
0.704
0.504
0.822
0.581
0.949
0.732
1.19
0.885
1.44
1.04
1.69
1.19
1.94
1.36
2.21
1.52
2.48
1.85
3.02
2.19
3.57
2.53
4.13
2.91
4.75
3.27
5.34
5.26
8.59
7.38
12.04
9.11
14.86
10.66
17.39
11.99
19.56
13.08
21.34
14.07
22.97
14.99
24.46
ENERGY CONTENT
METHANE
BIOGAS
3
------------BTU/ft ---------1,008
616
1,029
629
1,372
839
1,715
1,049
2,058
1,258
2,401
1,468
2,744
1,678
3,088
1,888
3,431
2,098
4,117
2,517
4,803
2,937
5,489
3,357
6,176
3,776
6,862
4,196
8,577
5,245
10,293
6,294
12,008
7,343
13,863
8,477
17,452
10,672
21,114
12,911
24,760
15,141
28,395
17,364
32,335
19,773
36,269
22,179
44,114
26,976
52,212
31,978
60,327
36,891
69,393
42,435
77,979
47,686
125,528
76,762
175,954
107,599
217,158
132,796
254,156
155,421
285,925
174,848
311,918
190,744
335,651
205,257
357,407
218,561
3-25
(Biogas)
(GAS PROPERTIES)
COMPOSITION, by volume
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, lbm/lb-mole

SPECIFIC GRAVITY, air = 1
DENSITY @ STP, lbm/ft3
HEAT VALUE, BTU/lbm
ENERGY CONTENT @ STP, BTU/ft3
GAS CONSTANT, ft-lbf/lbm-oR
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, oR
CRITICAL PRESSURE, lbf/in2
CRITICAL SPECIFIC VOLUME, ft3/lbm
OCTANE RATING
IGNITION TEMPERATURE, oF
AIR-TO-METHANE RATIO FOR
COMPLETE COMBUSTION, by volume
EXPLOSION LIMITS IN AIR, by volume
METHANE
Methane -100%
16.04
0.554
0.0447
23,850.
1,066.
96.3
343.6
673.
0.099
130.
1250.
10:1
BIOGAS
Methane - 60%
Carbon Dioxide - 35%
Hydrogen Sulfide - 1.67%
Ammonia - 1.67%
Water Vapor - 1.67%
26.18
0.904
0.073
8,937.
652.
59.0
-
5% - 15%
; Methane Fuel Gas from Livestock Wastes A Summary, Last Electronic Revision: March 14, 2001
3-26
(Biogas)
:
1. Roland Tusar, PROFITING FROM THE USE OF BIOGASTHE PANVITA
CASE, (http://www.intering.si)
2. encyclopedia.airliquide.com
3. R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, Correlations for the Laminar-Burning Velocity of
Methane/Diluent/Air Mixtures Obtained in Free-Fall Experiments, The Combustion Institute,
Elsevier Science Inc. , COMBUSTION AND FLAME 114:546555, 1998
4. James L Waish. Jr., P.E.Charles C. Ross., P.E. M i r h d S. Smith., Stephen R. Harper., W. Allen
Wllklnr (1988) HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, U. S. Department of Energy
Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority Muscle Shoals,
Alabama.
5. : en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)
6. , . LPG NG.
Petroleum Authority of Thailand, 2543
7. : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbe_index
8. James C. Barker, Professor and Extension Specialist , Biological and Agricultural Engineering ,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC , Last Electronic Revision: March 14, 2001
3-27
(Biogas)
4.1
4.1

(
)
4.1

Suspended growth
Attached growth
Wet system
Dry system
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
(20 45oC)
(45 - 60oC)
Batch
Continuous
Single-stage reactor
Two-stage reactor
Single substrate
Co-substrate
Solid waste )
()
4-1
(Biogas)
1) (Suspended growth)
2) (Attached growth)
4.1.1 (Suspended growth)

(Sludge profile)

1) (Hydraulic Retention Time,
HRT)
2)
(Solid Retention Time, SRT)
(HRT)
3) (granule)
(SRT) (HRT)

1) CSTR / AC
2) UASB
3) Anaerobic covered lagoon
4) Modified covered lagoon
5) ABR
6) Plug flow anaerobic digester

4-2
(Biogas)
4.1.1.1 (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR)

Anaerobic Contact (AC)

Paddle
Impeller (Screw)

(Gas diffuser) (Jet mixer)

(Completely
mixed)
4.1A (Continuously Stirred Tank
Reactor; CSTR) 4.1B Anaerobic Contact (AC)

Gas Withdrawal
Gas
Inlet
Mixing
Active Zone
Outlet
4.1A ; Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR
4-3
(Biogas)
Gas Withdrawal
Gas
effluent
Inlet
Mixing
Active
Zone
Recycle
Waste
4.1B ; Anaerobic contact; AC

Anaerobic contact

(High concentration)
(High suspended solid content)

Solid digester,
, , ()

(Completely mixed) Dead zone
Anaerobic Contact
(Solid Retention
Time; SRT) (Hydraulic
4-4
(Biogas)
Retention Time; HRT)
10%TS ( 5%TS)

SRT HRT

(Wash out)
Anaerobic Contact; AC ( 4.1B)
(Degasing)

Two-stage reactor CSRT (1st
stage AD reactor)

Anaerobic Contact
1)
2)
3)
4.1.1.2 (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket, UASB)

Granule

4-5
(Biogas)
(Upflow) ( 0.5-5
/)

(Wash out)
--
(Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator 3 Phase
Separator)

4.2
4.2 UASB
( ; http://www.uasb.org/discover/agsb.htm)
UASB 4
1) (Sludge Bed)
2) (Sludge Blanket)
3)
(Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator; GLSS)
4) (Settlement Compartment)
UASB ( 3 4) 3 Phase Separator)
4-6
(Biogas)
(Up flow) Sludge bed
(High setting velocity)

40-100 kg VSS/m3 Sludge blanket

Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator 3 Phase Separator Settlement
Compartment 45-60

Settlement compartment

(/)

UASB
(High rate anaerobic
digestion) 20 kg COD/m3/d

4-7
(Biogas)
UASB
(Start up)
UASB
40-100 kg VSS/m3
(Wash Out)
Mass transfer resistance Shock load
(Pretreatment)
(High suspended solid content)
UASB 1,500 mg/l
/
(Acid tank) UASB
UASB
1)
2)
3)
(Methanogenic activity)
4-8
(Biogas)
4) ()
4.1.1.3 (Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)

6 PVC HDPE
()
PVC
HDPE
Seal
()
4.3
Anaerobic Covered Lagoon
3-5
(Low rate anaerobic

digestion)
COD, SS, pH, (Volumetric shock load)
4-9
(Biogas)
4.3 (Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)

2

10-20

(Gas upflow velocity) Scum
(/)

4-10
(Biogas)

COD, SS, pH
(Organic shock load)

(
)
()

(Organic loading rate)
( )

Dead zone

()
1)
() seal
2)
3)
4-11
(Biogas)
4)
4.1.1.4 (Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)

(Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon) /
/ ( 4.4)
-
( )
- (
)
-
4.4
(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
4-12
(Biogas)
(/)

COD, SS, pH

(
)
()

()
1)
( ) seal
2)
3)
4-13
(Biogas)
4)

5)

4.1.1.5 (Anaerobic Baffle Reactor; ABR)

(Baffle)
(Wash out)

Multi-stage anaerobic digestion
4.5

4-14
(Biogas)
4.5 (Baffle) Anaerobic Baffle Reactor

(/)

ABR
(Wash out)
(Granule)
(HRT)
(SRT)
Sludge Gas
ABR

4-15
(Biogas)
COD, SS, pH
(Volumetric shock load)

ABR
1)
() seal
2)
3)
4)
5)

4.1.1.6 (Plug Flow Anaerobic Digester) Channel Digester
(Horizontal flow) ()

ABR
4-16
SRT HRT
(Biogas)
PVC HDPE
4.6
4.6 Channel Digester

(/)

4-17
(Biogas)
(Wash out)
(granule)
Sludge Gas

(TS 10% )
( 1% )

COD, SS, pH
(Volumetric shock load)
Equalization
1)
( ) seal
2)
3)
4)
5)

6) SRT
inert
4-18
(Biogas)
4.1.2 (Attached growth)

Yong McCarty
(
)

2 1)
(Fixed Bed) 2) (Mobile Bed)

(Anaerobic Filter) (Anaerobic Fixed Film)
4.1.2.1 (Anaerobic Filter; AF)/

(Anaerobic Fixed Film; AFF)

2
(Random packed)
(Clogging) (Short Circuit)

4-19
(Biogas)
(Surface Attachment)
/ Glass bead, Red drain clay, Sand,

, Needle punched polyesters, Polyurethane foam, Sintered glass, Waste tire
rubber, Poly (Acrylonitrile-acrylamide), Corrugated plastic

(Specific Surface Area) 90-300 m2/m3
(Up-flow) (Down-flow)
4.7 (Anaerobic
Filter) (Anaerobic Fixed Film)

4-20
(Biogas)
GAS
GAS
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT
INFLUENT
A:
B:
4.7 A: (Anaerobic Filter)

B: (Anaerobic Fixed Film)
(/)

(Anaerobic Filter; AF)/

(Toxicity resistance)

, pH,
4-21
(Biogas)
Re-startup Recovery

/
1)

2)
3)

4)

4.1.2.2 (Anaerobic fluidized bed)
inert
4.8
4-22
(Biogas)
4.8 (Anaerobic fluidized bed)

4.1.3 -

4.2
4.3
4-23
(Biogas)

2
4.4

40 6
7 11
4-24
(Biogas)
4.2 -
1.
10%TS
(Continuously Stirred
Tank Reactor; CSTR)
2.
(Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket,
UASB)
(Start up)
4-25
(Biogas)
4.2 ()
3.
(Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon)
4.
(Modified Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon)
Dead zone

(Anaerobic
Baffle Reactor; ABR)
4-26
(Granule)

HRT
SRT

Sludge
Gas
(Biogas)
4.2 ()
(Plug Flow
Anaerobic Digester)
Channel Digester
7.

(Organic loading rate)

(Anaerobic Fixed Film;

AFF)
4-27
(Biogas)
4.3
(UASB)
(Anaerobic Baffle reactor)
(Anaerobic Plug flow reactor)
(CSTR)

(Filtered bed / Fixed film Reactor)
* (kg COD/m3 reactor /day) : < 2 kg COD/m3 reactor /day ; : 2 - 4 kg COD/m3 reactor /day ; : > 4 kg COD/m3 reactor /day
( 6 ) : <42 ../ COD /, : 42-84 ../ COD /, : >84 ../ COD /
:
;
:
: / ( ) : /
: / Solidnoid valve
4-28
(Biogas)
4.4
/
/
(CSTR)
12
20
(UASB)
31
15
26
85
10
14
22
10
20
10
24
14
11
15
72
35
16
16
42
33
214

/
: 2553
* 4 10 6 9 //
PTA
4-29
(Biogas)
4.1.4
4.5
.. 2546-2553
() COD
85%
kg COD/m3day

4.5
(/ ..)
(/..)
(CSTR)
5,400-8,000
25
(UASB)
4,000-30,000
46
190-400
0.6 1.3
250-1,300
0.9 3
1,700-2,500
24
1,900-4,200
0.5 3
3,200-5,400
2- 3.8

: UASB 30,000
4-30
(Biogas)
4.2

/
4.2.1
1) COD
( % COD )
2) (% )
H2S
3)
4) ()

5) ()
1) 2) COD
COD
( COD
) COD

COD
(
)
(Shock Load)

( )

4-31
(Biogas)
/

1 6

4.2.2
1) /
2)
3)
4)
5)

COD COD 2,000 mg/l
COD 4,000 mg/l

(Anarobic
Covered Lagoon)

LPG
H2S
4-32
(Biogas)

4.2.3
1) (
)
2)
()
3)
3 4
/

/

/
(
/ )

4-33
(Biogas)

1) /
2) /

3)
/

4)

5)
6)
7)
4-34
(Biogas)

(Start up)
(Operation)

5.1 (Start up)
5.1.1

5-1
(Biogas)
5.1.2
5.1.3 (Nutrients)

(N) (P) (Trace element)
(Ni)
(Co) (Fe) (Zn) (Cu) (Mg) (Ca) (B) (Se)
(S) (K) (Mo)

5.1.4 (Hydraulic Retention Time: HRT)

(Solid Retention time: SRT)

(Feeding Rate)
(m3)
HRT () =
(m3/)
5-2
(Biogas)

(Solid Retention Time: SRT)
SRT 10

SRT

5.1.5

2

5-3
(Biogas)
2

(CO2)

-

5.2 (Operation)

5.2.1 - (pH)
-
-
2
-
- -
6.6-7.4 -
5-4
(Biogas)
5.2.2 (Alkalinity: Alk)

(CaCO3)/

-
-
1,000-3,000
CaCO3/

(/) ( CaCO3/)
. 0.4
. 0.8
-
0.3-0.4
5.2.3 (Volatile Fatty Acids: VFA)

- - 6.6

5-5
(Biogas)
-
(NaHCO3 )
(NaOH) (Na2CO3) Ca(OH)2
5.2.4

60-65%
35 0.35 /
5.2.5 (COD)

70

85
5.2.6

1 2 5.1
5.2
5-6
(Biogas)

1) - (pH)
2) (Alkalinity)
3) (Volatile fatty acids)
4) (COD)
5)
6)
7)

Total Solids (TS), Total Volatile Solids
(TVS) Suspended Solids (SS), Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)

1) - (pH )
2) (Alkalinity)
(Volatile fatty acids)
3) (COD)
4)
5)
5.1
5-7
(Biogas)
5.1
(C)
30-35
25-40
pH
6.8-7.2
6.6-7.4
2000-3000
1000-4000
50-500
2000
>85%
75-85%
< 0.3
0.03-0.3
%CH4
60-65
55-60
H2S (ppm)
< 30
< 200
40-50
< 100
(. CaCO3/.)
(./.)
(COD)
(VFA/Alk ratio)
(C : N ratio)
5-8
(Biogas)
5.2 1
.................................... .. .................
(C)

pH

(./.)
(.CaCO3/.)
VFA/Alk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
5-9
(Biogas)
5.2 1 ()
(C)

pH

(./.)
(.CaCO3/.)
VFA/Alk
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5-10
(Biogas)
5.2 1 ()
(C)

pH

(./.)
(.CaCO3/.)
VFA/Alk
26
27
28
29
30
31
5-11
(Biogas)
5.3 2
.................................... .. .................
COD (./.)
H2S
(%)
(%)
H2S
H2S
(3/)
(3/)
(3/)
CH4
CO2
H2S
CH4
CO2
H2S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
5-12
(Biogas)
5.3 2 ()
COD (./.)
H2S
(%)
(%)
H2S
H2S
(3/)
(3/)
(3/)
CH4
CO2
H2S
CH4
CO2
H2S
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5-13
(Biogas)
5.3 2 ()
COD (./.)
H2S
(%)
(%)
H2S
H2S
(3/)
(3/)
(3/)
CH4
CO2
H2S
CH4
CO2
H2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
5-14
(Biogas)
6.1

/

(Flare System)
/
6.1
6.1
( )
(..)
0.05 5
10 -5000
10-50
2 -100
5 -20
1 -100
200-300
0.1 0.5
: Biogas from waste and Renewable Resources Settler
6-1
(Biogas)
6.1.1
(0.05 50 )
/
/
6.1.1.1 (Fixed Covered)
/
/ / (Fixed Dome)
6.1
(Water Seal) 6.2 6.3
6.1
6.2

6-2
(Biogas)
6.3 UASB .

(Floating Dome) 6.4
6.4

50
:
Pressure
& Vacuum Relief
Level switch ()
Pressure switch ()
/
6-3
(Biogas)
6.1.1.2 (Balloon Covered)

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Ultra Violet (UV) /

(Reinforce)
(Fatigue) 0.05 - 5 10 5000 ..

)

PVC ( PVC) 6.5
6.5
PVC PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC PVC
6-4
(Biogas)
PVC
5 ( 5
.)
5 .
)

HDPE HDPE 6.6

HDPE
HDPE HDPE
6.6
:

10
Pressure Relief
6-5
(Biogas)
)
( PVC
acrylate)
(Anchor ring) (Bag)

6.7

100 - 5,000 .. 12.7
6.7

( 6.8 )
( 6.8 )
6-6
(Biogas)
6.8
6.1.1.3
HDPE PVC
HDPE (Melting point) 140o.
(Extruded) 200o.
HDPE 2
) (Dual hot wedge welding)

) (HDPE extrusion welding)
HDPE

400o. 5o.
85 6.9
6-7
(Biogas)
6.9 (Dual Hot Wedge seam )

( : 10 Welding of HDPE Geomembranes)
Guideline DVS 2225-4:1992 Welding of Geomembranes from PE for lining landfills and
Contaminated land (www.dvs-ev.de) EPA/600/2-88/052:1991-05 : Technical
Guideline Document: Inspection Techniques for the Fabrication of Geomembrane Field
Seams of US-EPA.
DVS 2211:1979 Filler Materials for thermoplastics-Scope,
Designation, Requirements and test. HDPE
(Melt mass-flow rate)
0.3-1.7 /10
6.10
6-8
(Biogas)
6.10 ( EXTRUSION WELDING)

( : 10 Welding of HDPE Geomembranes)
Extruder
HDPE 350 20o.
40 .
:

(LFL)
/

400o.
6-9
(Biogas)
6.1.2
(5-20 ) (200-300 )

6.11
(Compressed Natural Gas,

CNG)
..2550
. 2333, ISO 15501, ECER 110 ANSI/CSA NGV 2

()

* :
ISO:
ECER:
ANSI/CSA : /
6.11
6-10
(Biogas)
6.1.3
7) (CNG)
200-250
3
(stages) 4

6.12 Lille-Marquette

4 (5) 00.02 4 2 13.5
(1) CO2 H2S spray
CO2 H2S ()
CO2
H2S stripping (3) stripping
CO2 H2S H2S Bio-filters
H2S CO2 H2S CO2 H2S
CO2 H2S 54.5 3

4 250 (2) (
) (4)
6-11
(Biogas)
6.12
( : Lille-Marquette biogas plant)
6.2
6.2.1

50o.
Thermophillic )
Blower
Blower
( )
(6.1)
k = Cp/Cv (biogas = 1.3)

T1 = Blower ()
6-12
(Biogas)
T2 = Blower ()
P1 = Blower ()
P2 = Blower ()

1.5 6.13
(oC) Blower ()
6.13 Blower
6.2.2

680 ( 680 .)

6-13
(Biogas)
(Schedule number) Standard

Diameter Ratio (SDR) Pressure Nominal (PN)
Standard Dimension Ratio, SDR
.............................................(6.2)
OD = ( )
= ( )
( )
HDPE CPVC UPVC
HDPE
PE80
4
pressure
rating 6.2
HDPE PE100 PE 80
PN 6
PN ( 20o.)
PN 2.5 - max pressure 2.5 bar
PN 4 - max pressure 4 bar
40o. 6.3 HDPE

SDR SDR 11-17 SDR 17
6-14
(Biogas)
6.2 HDPE PE100 PE80
: KWH pipe
6.3 HDPE
HDPE DIN 8075/75-1999 PE100
HDPE pipes manufactured according to DIN 8074/75-1999 PE100
O.D.(Size)
PN 10 [SDR 17]
PN 16 [SDR 11]
(..)
T (mm.)

(./.)
W (kg/m)
(..)
T (mm.)
1.9
0.190
2.9
40
2.4
0.300
50
3.0
0.450
63
3.8
75
90
PN 25 [SDR 7.4]
(..)
T (mm.)

(./.)
W (kg/m)
(..)
T (mm.)
0.270
3.6
0.330
4.4
0.390
3.7
0.430
4.5
0.510
5.5
0.600
4.6
0.670
5.6
0.790
6.9
0.940
0.720
5.8
1.050
7.1
1.260
8.6
1.470
4.5
1.020
6.8
1.470
8.4
1.760
10.3
2.090
5.4
1.460
8.2
2.120
10.1
2.540
12.3
3.000
110
6.6
2.170
10.0
3.140
12.3
3.780
15.1
4.490
140
8.3
3.460
12.7
5.080
15.7
6.110
19.2
7.250
160
9.5
4.520
14.6
6.670
17.9
7.960
21.9
9.440
225
13.4
8.930
20.5
13.100
25.2
15.800
30.8
18.600
280
10
16.6
13.700
25.4
20.300
31.3
24.300
38.3
28.900
315
12
18.7
17.400
28.6
25.600
35.2
30.800
43.1
36.500
400
16
23.7
28.000
36.3
41.300
44.7
49.600
54.7
58.800
..
(mm.)
(inch)
32

(./.)
W (kg/m)
PN 20 [SDR 9]

(./.)
W (kg/m)
8.0
6-15
(Biogas)
1.5
1 24

Blower, Flame Arrester
1.1 1
24
( gas detector)

: . ()
6.2.3

1.3
1.1

Spitzglass 68
(
(6.3)
Q = (. ./.)
Sp.grgas =
h1-h2 = () 1 2 ( )
d = ()
6-16
(Biogas)
L = ( )
(
) 10%
Blower 6.4
6.4
(../.) 100
HDPE (SDR11)
()
Blower 250 mbar

12 mbar
23 mbar
32 mbar
39
54
63
127
176
207
300
414
488
910
1,258
1,483
1,875
2,594
3,058
10
3,358
4,645
5,476
12
5,553
7,681
9,055
16
11,699
16,185
19,078

5 10 /
10 15 /
sonic 357 /
(Vent) Blower
6-17
(Biogas)
6.2.4 (Pressure drop/Head lose)

(Major loss)
Spitzglass (hf )
(
) (
(6.4)
hf 0.025
6.14
(Minor loss)

hf
v
g
K
.(6.5)
= Head loss ( )
=
(/)
= 9.8 (/2)
= Minor loss coefficient
( 6.5 K )
6-18
(Biogas)
6.14
6-19
(Biogas)
6.5 Minor Loss Coefficient ()

Fitting
Valves:
Fitting
Elbows:
Globe, fully open
10
Regular 90, flanged
0.3
Angle, fully open
Regular 90, threaded
1.5
Gate, fully open
0.15
Long radius 90, flanged
0.2
Gate 1/4 closed
0.26
Long radius 90, threaded
0.7
Gate, 1/2 closed
2.1
Long radius 45, threaded
0.2
Gate, 3/4 closed
17
Regular 45, threaded
0.4
Swing check, forward flow
Swing check, backward flow
Infinity
180o return bends:
Tees:
Line flow, flanged
0.2
Line flow, threaded
0.9
Flanged
0.2
Branch flow, flanged
1.0
Threaded
1.5
Branch flow, threaded
2.0
Suddenly enlargement
0.16-0.92 Suddenly Contraction
0.18-0.49
: www.lmnoeng.com/surface.htm
6.2.5
/
50 . (Foam) (scum)
6.15
6-20
(Biogas)
6.15 (scum)
/ 6.16

5 mbar 5 .
Blower Blower
( Blower) 5 ( 5 .)
1-2 /
6-21
(Biogas)
6.16
6.2.6

HDPE CPVC

:
- PVC UV
- HDPE PVC
- Blower ( Blower)
6.2.7

"Biogas"
6
6.6
6-22
(Biogas)
6.6
//
Biogas
; Recommended Standards for Water Works and Recommended Standards for Wastewater
Facilities (The "Ten States Standards")
www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/waterops/redesign/TablesNFormulas/Pages/plantpipecolor.htm
6.7
6.7
1-2
20
2-4
20
40
6.5
: .
6.2.8 Support
(Slope)
1:100
(Support) 6.17 (Hanger)
6-23
(Biogas)
(Hangers) /
6.8
6.17 Support
6.8
()
()
PVC ( 37o.)
HDPE (SDR11)
1/2 - 3/4
2.5
1.3
0.7
1-2
3.5
1.6
1.0
4.5
1.8
5.9
2.4
2.2
7.3
2.9
2.5
10
8.4
No data
2.8
12
9.0
No data
3.0
14
10.4
No data
3.2
16
11.1
No data
3.4
: Plastic Piping Handbook www.engineeringtoolbox.com
6-24
(Biogas)
6.18

6.18
6.2.7.1
(Expansion joint)
(Flexible joint)
(NBR)

6.19 6.20
Blower
6-25
(Biogas)
6.9 HDPE
10 o 100
12 . Expansion joint
Axial
6.9 Thermal Expansion
/ (./100 )
10o
50
120
79
17.8
PVC
HDPE
CPVC
Stainless steel
CPVC: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
6 .19 Expansion joint
6-26
(Biogas)
6.20 Expansion joint Blower

6.2.7.2

Sheet pile
(Soft soil)

150
. 90%
200 .
6.21
Embedment

6-27
(Biogas)
300 .

300 .

6.21
6.22
6.22

6-28
(Biogas)

(Pipe guard)
/
Blower Compressor

(Flexible joint) (Expansion joint)

Expansion loop

6-29
(Biogas)
6.3
Manual valve (on/off)
6.10
6.10
Gate valve
Globe valve

Gate valve
-
Gate valve

Butterfly valve
Ball valve

45
: ESCAP 1980
6.4
Blower
( 1 100 )
Compressed Biogas
( ) Blower
Adiabatic
Blower
6-30
(Biogas)
6.4.1 Blower
Blower 3
6.4.1.1 Root Blower
Root Blower Blower Positive displacement 2

6.23
6.23 Root Blower

6.4.1.2 Ring Regenerative Blower
Ring Regenerative Blower ( 6.24)

6-31
(Biogas)
6.24 Ring Blower

6.4.1.3 Centrifugal Blower
Centrifugal Blower ( 6.25)

multistage
6.25 Centrifugal Blower

6-32
(Biogas)
6.26 Blower Root Blower

Ring Blower
Single stage Centrifugal
Blower Multistage Centrifugal Blower ()
Root Blower
Root Blower Blower
6.26 Blower
6.4.2 Blower
Blower Adiabatic
Adiabatic
(kW)
k -1
p
k
2
Whp
p1Q 1
p1
k -1
(6.6)
6-33
(Biogas)
Q=
(../)
p1 = ()
p2 = ()
50% Blower
Bhp [kW] = 2 x Whp
6.4.3 Blower
Root Blower Blower
(Housing) Blower (Slip volume, Vs)
p
Vs kb
1
0.5
(6.7)
=
kb = Blower
=
Vs Flow Rate
(Displacement Volume)
90 50 ../ Root
Blower Blower 1.34 Blower 0.049 ../
( = 1.068 ./..) Blower
(
6-34
= 12.3 ./
Root Blower
= 50+12.3 = 62.3 ../
Root Blower
= 62.3 / 0.049 = 1270
(Biogas)
6.5
6.27
6.27
6-35
(Biogas)
6.5.1
6.5.1.1 (Over pressure relief Device )

1) Water Seal
6.28
6.28 Over pressure relief Device Water seal

water seal
Sight glass
( 0.3 )
Blower
2) Over pressure relief valve

6.29
6-36
(Biogas)
6.29 Over pressure relief valve

/
Blower
- (Valve opening
pressure) (Valve set pressure) 0.9

- Relief valve
6.5.1.2 Over Pressure and Negative relief valve

(Negative pressure)

Blower
1) Water Seal

6.30

6-37
(Biogas)
6.30 Over pressure and Negative relief valve Water seal

2) Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve

6.31
- -
6-38
(Biogas)
6.31 Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve

over pressure ( A) Vacuum pressure ( B)
(Valve opening
pressure) 2.5 70
(Valve opening pressure) 70 800
- (Valve opening
pressure) ( Valve set pressure) 0.9

Flame arrester
- Relief valve
6-39
(Biogas)
6.5.2 Back Pressure Check Valve

() Blower
6.32
6.32 Back Pressure Check Valve

6.5.3

( 0.1 1
)
6.33 (Pressure gauge)
6.33
6.33
6-40
(Biogas)
6.5.4

(Mist)
6.5.4.1
2
1) Knock out Drum

6.34
6.34 Knock out Drum.
6-41
(Biogas)
.................................(6.8)
(/)
= 998 ./.
= 1.0678 ./.
( 0.03 0.152)
() 2.3 /
6.35
6.36 (Mist Eliminator) Knock out Drum 6.11
Knock out Drum
6.35 Knock out Drum
6-42
(Biogas)
6.36 (Mist Eliminator)

6.11 Knock out Drum
(../.)
()
50
0.20
100
0.3
200
0.40
500
0.65
1000
0.90
2000
1.25
Knock out drum

Blower
()

6-43
(Biogas)
2)

6.37
6.37

6.5.4.2
Manual

1) T U

50
( T)
Manual U
U 20
6-44
(Biogas)
20 . 6.38 T
U
6.38 T U
2) (Auto Drain Valve)

6.39
6.39 Auto Drain Valve
6-45
(Biogas)
Auto drain
bypass Auto drain

Auto Drain Bypass
Bypass Auto Drain
bypass
Drain
6.5.5 (Flame Arrester)

(in-line)

30 6.40
6.40
6-46
(Biogas)
6.41
(housing)
element
element
element
6.41
element

IIA D 6.12
6.13
cell element Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG)
IIA > 0.9 mm D > 0.75

6-47
(Biogas)
6.12
Gas
Group
MESG
Test Gas
(mm)
Test Gas
Concentration
Typical Gases
(x % in air)
IIA
>0.90
Propane
4.2
Methane, alkanes, alcohols,

acetone, benzene
IIB3
0.65
Ethylene
6.5
Ethylene, ethylene ether
IIB
0.50
Hydrogen
45.0
Ethylene oxide, Butadiene
IIC
<0.50
Hydrogen
28.5
Hydrogen
6.13
Gas
Group
MESG
>0.75
Typical Gases
(mm)
Methane, alkanes, alcohols,

acetone, benzene
>0.45
Ethylene, ethylene oxide
0.45
Hydrogen
Acetylene

6.42
6-48
(Biogas)
6.42

element
( )
element
element
seal element
6-49
(Biogas)
6.5.6
6.5.6.1

6.5.6.1.1 2
1) 6.13

6.43
2) 6.44
Orifice Venturi Pitot
tube

6-50
(Biogas)
6.44 Orifice Venturi

6.5.6.1.2 (Thermal Mass Flow meter) 6.45

(Cp)
(Calibrate)

(Temperature
compensated)
6-51
(Biogas)
6.45
6.5.6.2

6.46
()

4% (v/v)

()
500 ppm
6.46 Online methane analyzer

6-52
(Biogas)
6.6 (Flare system)

(Open Flare system)

6.47 A

Maximum Heat Intensity 500 BTU/ft2-hr
6.48
Flare
Flare
( : Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressurizing Systems, Refining Department, API Recommended
Practice 521, Second Edition, September 1982.)
6-53
(Biogas)
6.47 (A) (B)
6.48 Flare
6-54
(Biogas)
(Closed Flare System )

( 6.47 B)
Residence time
6.14
6.14
: Topic report of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement Task 24 - Biological conversion of municipal solid waste
6.15

200 ./. 6
6.15

20-70%

6-10
6-55
(Biogas)
Gas Train 6.49
6.49
6.7

()
Manual
Bypass 6.50

6.50 Manual
6-56
(Biogas)
Blower (
6.51)
High pressure switch Blower
Pressure transmitter
Blower Blower 6.51
HPA
PIC
6.51 Blower
Blower Root Blower
Blower Pressure
transmitter
Blower
Pressure transmitter
Blower Pressure relief valve 6.52
Blower Blower
Pressure relief valve Blower
Pressure relief valve
6-57
(Biogas)
6.52

Blower 20

High temperature protection
6-58
(Biogas)
7.1

45 70
25 50
/ ()
() (Foam)
(Scum) 5 10

1. (Burner)
2.
(LPG) (CNG)

(Specification)

7-1
(Biogas)
(H2CO3)

(hydrosulphuric acid)

7.1
7-2
(Biogas)
7.2

2
Indirect Heat Exchanger: (Chiller)
Direct Heat Exchanger:
(Refrigerant)
7.2.1
3
1) (Condenser)
2) (Chiller)
3)
10-12o.
1215o.
Chiller Chiller
Condenser 7.2
7-3
(Biogas)
Chiller

7.2
7.2.2

2
1)
2)
shell
12-15o.

7.3
7-4
(Biogas)
7.3

1)

2)

3)
4)

5)
6)
6
7-5
(Biogas)

1) (Chiller)

2)
3)

1)
2)

Blower

Static head
Blower

7-6
(Biogas)
7.1 () ()

1.
(Chiller)
2.
7-7
(Biogas)
7.2
(/ ..)
(/..)
0.021-0.033
0.10-0.15
0.016-0.028
0.08-0.12
* 5 300 /
()

7.3
: < 2 ./ 100 .. /.
: > 2 ./ 100 .. /.
()
()
/
()
/ /
7-8
/ / ( )
(Biogas)
7.3 (H2S)
(H2S) 7.4
7.4
7.3.1 (Dry process)
(Adsorption) (Adsorbent)
(pore)
7.3.1.1 (H2S Adsorption)

Column (Packed Bed)
(Upflow) (Downflow) 7.5

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) (Pellet) Fe2O3

Hydrate Lime
7-9
(Biogas)
Zeolite Activated Carbon

(Regenerate)

Fe2O3 +3 H2S Fe2S3 + 3 H2O

pH >7

2 Fe2S3 +3 O2 2Fe2O3 + 6 S
0.65 / H2S
H2S
5.8 H2S

1 1 ..

1.1o.
7.5
7-10
(Biogas)
()
() 2-3
(Fe2S3) ()
Iron oxide)

H2S
Adsorption

Activated carbon (pore)

Activated carbon Activated carbon
Activated carbon
7.3.2 (Wet Process)

(Absorption)
(Absorbent)

(Chemical reaction)
(Biological reaction)
7.3.2.1 Absorption H2S
H2S
(pH) (8 pH
10)
(Absorption column) Column

(Pack column)
(Upflow) (Bubble
7-11
(Biogas)
column)
(mass transfer) pH

NaOH + H2S
NaHS + H2O
2NaOH + H2S
Na2S + 2H2O
pH

pH pH >8

pH pH 8
7.6

Monoethanolamine (MEA, R-NH2) H2S
(Regenerate)
H2S
7-12
(Biogas)
2(R-NH2) + H2S
: (RNH3)2 S
(RNH3)2S
2 (R-NH2) + H2S
7.3.2.2 H2S
H2S Sulphide
Oxidizing Bacteria H2S (S0)
H2S
HS- + O2 + H+
S0 + H2O
H2S + 2 O2
SO42- + 2 H+
H2S
Biofilter Biotrickling Filter Bioscrubber
(1)
H2S
H2S
3% (v/v)
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria
H2S
(2) Biofilter Technology
H2S

(Random packed)

(Upflow) (Down flow)
7-13
(Biogas)
7.7 Biofilter
Biofilter
H2S
Biofilter 7.7
(3) Biotrickling Filter Technology
H2S

pH
7-14
(Biogas)
(Absorption column) Column Plastic packing

(Upflow) Cross flow Column
H2S

3%(v/v)

Biotrickling filter 7.8
7.8 Biotrickling filter

(4) Bioscrubber Technology
H2S

pH
(Absorption column) Column

plastic packing (Upflow)

7-15
(Biogas)
Biotrickling filter

(DO) 0 1
./ Bioscrubber 7.9
7.9 Bioscrubber
H2S (Wet process)

7-16
(Biogas)
7-17
(Biogas)
7.4
Absorption
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S
Biotrickling
Bioscrubber
Biofilter Technology
Filter Technology
Technology
(H2S Adsorption)
1.
2.
3. 3% (v/v) (Oxygen Detector)
4. 4.

/
4
/
4.
7-17
(Biogas)
7.4 ()
Absorption
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S
Biotrickling
Bioscrubber
Filter Technology
Technology
(H2S Adsorption)
5

8 .

(Regenerate)

6.

5 pH

pH
5. 5 5
6 pH 6.
pH
(Dissolved oxygen)
DO probe
(
DO

0 1 ./
pH 7-8)

7-18
(Biogas)
7.4 ()
Absorption
H2S
H2S
Biotrickling
Bioscrubber
Filter Technology
Technology
(H2S Adsorption)
H2S H2S H2S
7. pH
pH
>8
7-19
(Biogas)
7.5 - (H2S)
1.
(Adsorption) H2S
()

()

()

Fe2O3
pH
2.
()
(Absorption) H2S
pH

pH

7-20
(Biogas)
7.5 ()
3.
H2S
H2S

LEL UEL
3.1

H2S
Oxygen detector


7-21
(Biogas)
7.5 ()

()
(

oxygen detector
)

3.3

Biotrickling filter
( Biofilter Oxygen detector
)

3.2 Biofilter
7-22
(Biogas)
7.5 ()
Biofilter
3.4
Bioscrubber
(
Biotrickling filter

7-23
(Biogas)
7.6
*
(/..)
Adsorption H2S ()
0.03-0.05
Absorption H2S
0.5 1
H2S
0.1 0.2
Biofilter
0.05 0.1
Biotrickling filter
0.05 0.1
Bioscrubber
0.1 0.2
* 5 300 /
( )
7.7
Adsorption H2S
Absorption H2S
Biotrickling filter
Bioscrubber
Biofilter
7-24
(Biogas)
( empty bed residence time) :
: < 0.4 ../100 ../.
: < 0.4 2.5 ../100 ../.
: > 2.5 .. /100 .. /.
() :
: < 0.5 ../100 ../.
: 0.5 - 2 ../100 ../.
: > 2 ../100 ../.
: ()
: ()
: ()

: / / ( )
: /
: /
7-25
(Biogas)
7.4

)
3


Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
Technology
Chemical Adsorption Technology

high
fire

Membrane Separation Technology ()

7.4.1 Water Scrubber Technology

2
Stripper
()
7.10
13 ()
(10oC) CO2
7-26
(Biogas)

Water Scrubber
Technology 7.10
7.10
(Single pass)

330 ../ 50
/
7-27
(Biogas)
7.4.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology

Adsorption 4 (Activated carbon)

Zeolite 7.11
7.11 Pressure Swing Adsorption

( 10-25 )
Adsorption
97% Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
7-28
(Biogas)

(
)
3-5
()
7.4.3 Chemical Absorption Technology

Amine
Amine Monoethanolamine (MEA, R-NH2) Diethanolamine (DEA)
CO2 :
2(R-NH2) + CO2
RNHCOONH3R
CO2 :
RNHCOONH3R
2 (R-NH2) + CO2
Stripper
)
7.12
7-29
(Biogas)
7.12 Chemical Absorption technology

7-30
(Biogas)
7.4.4 Membrane Separation Technology

Dense polyimide membrane
(Affinity) 6-10

(Selective Permeation) 7.13A
7.13A Membrane Technology
(Selective Permeation)

()
(Driving force)

CO2 H2S CH4 N2

O2
7-31
(Biogas)

( Hollow
fiber) Hollow fiber CO2 H2S
CH4 N2 O2 Hollow fiber
Hollow fiber () CO2
7.13 B Hollow fiber
:
/
H2S

7.13B Hollow Fiber

: forum.europarl.europa.eu/jiveforums/servlet/JiveServlet/download/22-475-798-265/Biomethan.pdf
7-32
(Biogas)
7-24
(Biogas)
7.8
Membrane Separation Technology
Technology
1.
2.
3.
3
3 / 3.
pH
/
4
4.
4. pH
4.
pH >8
(Regenerate)
7-33
(Biogas)
7.8 ()
Membrane Separation Technology
Technology
5

5. regenerate
5.
7-34
(Biogas)
7.9 - CO2
1.
Water Scrubber
Technology
(

yield

Adsorption (PSA) (

CO2 )
2.
Pressure Swing
3.
Chemical Absorption
Technology
(
Amine)
>97% CH4

(Yield )

Yields

7-35
(Biogas)
7.9 ()
4.
Membrane Separation
Technology
(
Moving parts
10-15 ()
( H2S
(operate) )

yield
*Yield :
7-36
(Biogas)
7.10 CO2
Yield
(/ ..)
(/..)
Water scrubber technology
0.88
3.64
94
2.28
6.38
91
Chemical Absorption technology
1.24
4.48
90
Membrane Separation technology
0.92
3.28
78
* 10 98%
89.5% 1 = 40
Yield :
7.11 CO2
Water scrubber technology
Chemical Absorption technology
Membrane Separation technology
()
* ( empty bed residence time) :
: < 0.4 .. /100 ../.
: < 0.4 2.5 .. /100 ../.
: > 2.5 .. /100 ../.
() :
: < 2 ./100 .. /.
: 2 5 ./100 .. /.
: > 5 ./100 .. /.
7-37
(Biogas)
: ()
: ()
: ()

: / / ( )
: /
: /
7.5 (Siloxane)

(Detergent)
3-140 /..
Gas turbine

( 7.14) SiO2

R2SiO
R H
(CH-)
: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane

Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Temperature Swing
Adsorption (TSA) (Refrigeration) Liquid Absorption
7-38
(Biogas)
7.14 SiO2 Gas Engine

( : www.quadrogen.com/whitepaper.html)
7.5.1 Adsorption Technology

(Affinity)

(Temperature
Swing
Adsorption) Adsorption
Adsorption
Siloxane

7.15
7-39
(Biogas)
7.15 Temperature Swing Adsorption
7.5.2 Refrigeration Technology

( |Rossel
(2003) 80-90% -30oC) : M.Jhar (2010)
1 ( 7.16)

0oC
Condensing units
7-40
(Biogas)
L2, D3, L3, D4,L4,D5 siloxane
7.16 Siloxane 1
( : M.Jhar (2010))
7.5.3 Liquid Absorption Technology

7.12
SelexolTM pH >10

7.12
: M. Schweigkofler, (2001)
7-41
(Biogas)
Absorption
Stripper
7.13
Refrigeration Technology
Liquid Absorption Technology
1.

2.
3 3
3
4 4. 4. pH
pH
5. 5.
(Regenerate)
7-42
(Biogas)
7.13 ()
Liquid Absorption Technology
7.14 -
1.
Adsorption Technology
2.
3.
Liquid Absorption
Technology
(emission)

CO2
7-43
(Biogas)
:
1. forum.europarl.europa.eu/jiveforums/servlet/JiveServlet/download/22-475-798265/Biomethan.pdf
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane
3. www.quadrogen.com/whitepaper.html
7-44
(Biogas)
50 70

8.1
8.1.1 (Stoichiometric ratio)
(Stoichiometric ratio)
60 40
8.1
(CH4 + 0.67 CO2) + (2 O2 + 7.52 N2) ---- > 2 H2O + 1.67 CO2 + 7.52 N2 ......................(8.1)
() + () ------ > + +
60%
5.71 6.06
8-1
(Biogas)
8.1.2 Equivalence Ratio

() (Stoichiometric)
Fuel Equivalent Ratio, Fuel
y fuel / y air
( y fuel / y air ) stoi
= Volume basis,
fuel / air
( fuel / air ) stoi
(8.2)
= mole basis
Equivalence ratio

0.105 1 mole CH4 /(2 mole O2/(21%O2 in Air

/100%))
Equivalence ratio 0.105

8.1
10
Air to F uel ratio
9
8
0 mg/L H2O
7
6
50 mg/L H2O
5
4
3
40
50
60
70
80
90
Me thane conte nt,% by v olume
100
8.1
8-2
(Biogas)
8.2 (Gas Train)

(Gas train)

(Internal
combustion engine) (Gas train) - (Manual shut
off valve) (Filter) (Pressure regulator)
(Double Solenoid Valve with Proving System) (Flame
Arrestor) (Control valve)
8.2 8.3
Ball Valve
Pressure
Regulator
PI
Solenoid
Valve
PS
Pilot
Burner
Ball Valve
PS
Gas
Mains
Filter
Manual
Shut off valve
NC
Pressure
Regulator
NC
Flame
Arrester
Control
Valve

With Proving System
when input exceed 3,000
kW
Burner
Burner
side
Gas Train
8.2 (Gas train)
PI
PS
PS
Biogas
Engine
Gas
Mains
Manual
Shut off Valve
Filter
Pressure
Regulator
Double
Flame
Solenoid Valve Arrester
Air-Gas
Mixer
Power Valve
Air
Filter
Air
intake
Gas Train
Engine side
8.3 (Gas train)
8-3
(Biogas)

1) - (Manual shut off valve)
-
8.4 - (Manual shut off valve)

( ; www. Alloy-valves.com)
2) (Filter)

8.5 ( ; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)

8-4
(Biogas)
3) (Pressure regulator)

(Burner)
30-70 mbar
Air-gas ratio
regulator Ratio regulator
(Mixer) ()
(Positive) (Negative)

Zero governor
8.6 Pressure regulator

( ; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)
8-5
(Biogas)
4) (Double solenoid valves Double safety shut off valves)

-
1
3,000 kW
(Proving system)
8.7 Double solenoid valve ( ; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)

8.3
2

8.1

8-6
(Biogas)
8.1

- H2S < 1000 ppm, 80-250 mbar, , CH4>50%
- H2S < 10 ppm 8-25 mbar
(Microturbines)
H2S < 100 ppm, 8-25 mbar , siloxanes

(Otto cycle engines H2S diesel engines)
> 350 BTU/scf
5.20 bar siloxanes
PEM: CO < 10 ppm, H2S
PAFC: H2S < 20 ppm, CO < 10 ppm, Halogens< 4 ppm
(Fuel Cells)
MCFC: H2S < 10 ppm in fuel (H2S < 0.5 ppm to stack),
Halogens < 1 ppm
SOFC: H2S < 1 ppm, Halogens < 1 ppm
H2S 10-140 mbar
Stirling Engines
H2S < 4 ppm, CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 2 % by volume,
-4
H2O < 1 x 10 kg/MMscf, siloxanes and particulates
> 30 bar
; Steven McKinsey Zicari, 2003
8.3.1

(Burner)

1)
2)
8-7
(Biogas)
3)

(Burner) 8.1
(Gas Train)
1,000 ppm 60%
50% 3
(Biogas burner) (Dual burner)
(Combination burner)
8.3.1.1 (Biogas burner)
Nozzle
(Baffles) Nozzle
(Swirl flame)

Gas train 8.8 8.9
8-8
(Biogas)
8.8 Gas train ( ; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)
8.9 ( ; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)

()

8-9
(Biogas)
( )

8.3.1.2 (Dual Burner)
2 1)
2)

(Rotational velocity)
Baffle (Swirl)
8.10 8.11
8-10
(Biogas)
8.10 Dual Burner ( ; Wieshaupt Corporation, 2004)
8.11 (Electro magnetic clutch)

( ;Wieshaupt Corporation, 2004)
Dual Burner
8.3.1.3 (Combination Fuel Burner)

3
1) 2) 3)

8-11
(Biogas)

Turn-down

Baffle
30%
70%
8-12
(Biogas)
8.12 (Rotary cup combination burner)

( ; RAY il- und Gasbrenner GmbH, 2001-2002)
8.13
8-13
(Biogas)
8.14

(CO)

8.5

595C
8-14
(Biogas)
8.3.2

8.3.2.1 (Internal combustion engine)
( ; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, 2008)

(Generator)

(Cogeneration)
4
(Ignition spark plug)
34-40%
1 kW 2 MW 1,500

8.16
(Gas train) 8.15

(Pressure Regulator)
8-15
(Biogas)
(Mixer) (Actuator)
Sensor
8.15 (Gas train) ( ; www.gti-altronicinc.com)
8.16
4 (>500 kW)
(Pre-compression) Turbocharger

(Anti-knock)
8-16
(Biogas)
(Compression ratio)
11 12.5 1-2% (
11)
(Leanburn range) 1.3 << 1.6 (
)
Turbocharger
33-39%
45%
Direct
Injection (Pre
chamber engine)

<
1.9
15% 4 (Spark ignition)

10-18%
8.2
8-17
(Biogas)
8.2
(Total S)
(H2S(ppm))
(NH3)
(Total Cl)
(Total F)
(sum of Cl+F)
Jenbacher
0.5% CH4(v/v) 30
2,000 mg/Nm3 CH4()
1,500 mg/Nm3 CH4()
( S H2S)
<55 mg/Nm3 CH4
(
)
Cl and F
Cl and F
4: Cl F
<100 mg/Nm3 CH4( Cl
1 F 2)
Deutz
14.4 MJ/Nm3
<2,200 mg/Nm3CH4
<0.15% v/v
-
<100 mg/Nm3 CH4

<50 mg/Nm3 CH4
<100 mg/Nm3 CH4
Caterpillar
15.7-23.6 MJ/Nm3
<2,140 mg H2S/Nm3 CH4

( H2S)3
Waukesha
15.73 MJ/Nm3
<105 mg NH3/Nm3
(
)
3
Cl and F
Cl and F
<713 mg Cl/Nm3 CH4
(
Cl )3
<715 mg/Nm3 CH4

(
)
Cl and F
Cl and F
<300 mg Cl/Nm3 CH4
(
Cl )5
8-18
(Biogas)
8.2 ()
(sum of Cl+F)
(Si)
Jenbacher
Deutz
Cl F 100-400
mg/Nm3 CH4
Cl F = 400 mg/Nm3 CH4 ;
: Cl F =
0 mg/Nm3 CH4
<10 mg/Nm3 CH4

3:<20 mg/Nm3 CH4
;
(>20 mg/Nm3 CH4)
400 mg/Nm3 CH4

5:
0 mg/Nm3 CH4
5:
0 mg/Nm3 CH4
( ):
0 mg/Nm3 CH4
Caterpillar
<21mg/Nm3 CH43
Waukesha
<50 mg/Nm3 CH4 siloxane

(Models
prechamber fuel system
)5
8-19
(Biogas)
8.2 ()
/
(Oil/residue oil)
Jenbacher
Deutz
<50 mg/Nm3 CH4(< 3 ) <10 mg/Nm3 CH4
( 3-10 )
<5 mg/Nm3 CH4
<400 mg/Nm3 CH4
( >C5)
Caterpillar
<30 mg/Nm3 CH4
(< 1)3
<45 mg/Nm3 CH4
<2 % v/v (
<80%
<80%
Turbocharged:
80-200 mbar
60-80%
20-200 mbar
Waukesha
>3
4C
29-35C;
11C
-
Pre-combustion chamber:
Models 612-616: 2,500 - 4,000 mbar
Models 620: 3,000-4,000 mbar
8-20
(Biogas)
8.2 ()
Jenbacher
<10 mbar
Deutz
<+10%
<10
10-50C
40%
Caterpillar
-
Waukesha
-
<40C
>29C <60C
CH4 CH4:CO2 (% v/v)
1.1-1.2
Methane Number7
140
(% v/v)
<12%
:
1)
2) :Jenbacher (T1 1000-0300); Duetz,1999; Caterpillar, 1997; Waukesha, 2000.
3) mg/MJ mg/Nm3 CH4 CH437.5MJ/Nm3
4) 30% 100 mg/Nm3 1 4 1
( Jenbacher No. 1000-0099)
5) mg/l mg/Nm3 CH4 50%
< 0.02 ()
6) Relative limiting value = [(mg/kg Si in engine) x (total oil quantity in litres)]/[(engine power in kW) x (oil service time in hours)]
7) Methane number 70 92 Methane number =100 = 0
( ; Guidance on gas treatment technologies for landfill gas engines, 2004)
8-21
(Biogas)
8.3.2.2 (Stirling engine)

8.17 8.18
8.17
(; http://www.stirlingengine.com/faq)
8-22
(Biogas)
8.18 ( ; Jeff VanVoorhis, 2004)

/

24-38%
250-300. 150 kWe (kWe
)
150 kWe kW
1,600
( ; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and
Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.3.2.3 (Fuel cell)

-

1-3
8-23
(Biogas)

( ; http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/)
8.19
1) (Anode)
H2 ==> 2H+ + 2e-

2) (Cathode)

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- ==> 2H2O
3) (Electrolyte)

(Proton
exchange membrane)

4) (Catalyst)

CO Reforming
H2S
8.3
8-24
(Biogas)
8.19
( ; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.20

Reforming

Converting
8.20
( ; Patikorn Saensing, Energy from Biological Conversion of Organic Waste, 2005)
8-25
8-26
(8)
8.3
(Biogas)
(; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.3 ()
(Biogas)
8-27
(Biogas)
8.3

AFC
PEM 80.
PAFC

MCFC

40%

600 -
700. Reforming
CO-GENERATION
8.21 MCFC
SOFC
750-1000
Reforming

( ; biogas HANDBOOK, 2008)
8-28
(Biogas)
8.21 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

( ; Biogas HANDBOOK, 2008)
8.3.2.4 (Gas turbine)

8.22
8.22
(Compressor)
(Combustor)
(Gas Turbine)
(Power turbine)
25-35%
8-29
(Biogas)

(Micro gas turbine)
30 kWe 200 kWe

15 25% 400 600.

50% 8.23
( ; Jeff VanVoorhis, Biogas Handling & Use, 2004 Dieter Deublein and Angelika
Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.23 (Micro gas turbine)

( ; Jeff VanVoorhis, Biogas Handling & Use, 2004)
8-30
(Biogas)

8.24
8.25
8.24
8-31
(Biogas)
8.25
(kW)
8.4 (Gas Flare System)

(Safety relief valve Pressure relief valve)
(Open flare)
(Enclosure flare)
(Enclosure flare system)
(Open flare system)

(Isolating valve) - (Emergency shut-off valve)

(Flame arrester)
8-32
(Biogas)
(Burner controller) (Pilot lamp)

(Ignition transformer) (Flame
detector)
8.26 (Gas Train) 8.27
(Enclosure Flare)
8.26 (Gas train)
8.27 (Enclosure flare)
8-33
(Biogas)

4 6
(Dangerous classification area)
8.5

8.4
8.4
(Water drain, Trap,

Dip Trap)
(Safety Valve,
Pressure and
Vacuum relief valve)
(Water Seal Tank)
(Flame Arrester)
-
(Manual Shut off

valve)
8-34
(Biogas)
8.4 ()
(Blower)
-
(Gas train)
-
(Pressure
regulator
and Automatic
Shut off valve)
(Back pressure
check valve)
-
-
-
-
/
-
-
8-35
(Biogas)
8.4 ()
(Air compressor)
2
1
15

(Gas analyzer)
<1%
Thermostat
Thermostat

( ; BIOGAS COMBUSTION STATION SANITARY LANDFILL EL MOLLE)

8-36
(Biogas)
8.6
(Biogas)
(http://www2.diw.go.th/safety/)
(Biogas)

8.5
8.5
1.
( Pre purge)
-
- Valve Proving System Double Solenoid Valve
- Pressure switch

- Temperature switch
2.
( Pre purge)
-
-
- LEL UEL
- Ignition
Source
-Flame Detector
8-37
(Biogas)
8.5 ()
3.
- Blower
Blower
- Pilot Burner
Pilot Burner
-
LEL UEL
-
High Fire
4.
5.
High Fire
- Pilot Burner
Pilot Burner
-
LEL UEL
-
High Fire
6.
- Valve proving system

; (Biogas)
2551
8-38
(Biogas)
8.6
CH4
CO2

Back fire Furnace explosion
- Biogas CH4 CO2
CO2

- Valve proving system
Burner
- (Mechanical trap)

Burner
Back fire Furnace explosion
8-39
(Biogas)

H2S Biogas
H2S

Biogas

Biogas

CO2

Biogas CH4
CO2
(Access Door)

8.7
8-40
(Biogas)
8.7.1 1
1
8.28 80 x 220 (2 )

1)
2)
3) 1.0
8.29
8-41
(Biogas)

1)
2) 3
Burner (Biogas)
3) 3 (Gas station)

4) Biogas 3
3 2
100,000
5) (Expansion joint)
Blower
8.30

1) (Expansion joint) 4
Blower Blower
8.31
8-42
(Biogas)
2) 1

3)
8.32

1)

Blower
2)
Blower
3) O2, H2CO3, H2SO4
(CO2)
(H2S) Biogas
(Ignition Source)
1)
2) Blower 1.20
8-43
(Biogas)
8.33

1)

2) LEL UEL
3) (Ignition source)

4)
Gas Station - Blower
1.20

1) (Flexible joint)
(Expansion joint)
2)
8-44
(Biogas)
3) (Gas detector)
4)
5) Water seal tank
(Flare system)
6)
7) 5
8)
8.7.2 2

2

1)

2) 2 3
8.34
8-45
(Biogas)

1) 12.00 .
13.30 . Burner
2)

3) 14.00 .
Pre purge

(Furnace explosion)
4)

1)
Lower Explosive Limit
(LEL) Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
Ignition Source Electrode Pilot
Burner
(Confine space)
2)
Rotary cup Combination burner
Electrode LPG Pilot burner
Biogas LPG Biogas

(Modulating control)
8-46
(Biogas)
8.35
3)
Valve Proving Systems (VPS) Double
Solenoid Valve (DSV) Biogas VPS
DSV
Flame Detector
(Pre purge) 1-1.5

Pre purge
Solenoid Valve LPG LPG Pilot burner
Flame detector LPG Pilot burner 3-5

Pilot burner Double solenoid valve Biogas
Flame Detector Biogas 3 -5

8-47
(Biogas)
4)
VPS
DSV

2 (Pre Purge)

5)
Biogas Blower 270-350 mbar
500-600 m3/hr Regulator valve
150-230 mbar Double solenoid valve100 50
mm.
Pre purge

Biogas
Biogas
Burner control Control panel Sequence Biogas
Pilot burner LPG
6) : Gas Analyzer
(CH4) 55-66 %
(CO2) 27-45 %
(H2S) 2200-3300 ppm. ( 0.3 %)
(N2 ) (O2)
8-48
(Biogas)
8.36 Gas Analyzer

7) (Biogas)
Auto ignition temperature : 595C
Flammability limits in air (STP conditions) : 5.0-15.0 vol.%
;
CH4 < 5 % (Lower Explosive Limit ),
CH4>15 % (Upper Explosive Limit )
Specific Hazards ;Exposure to fire may cause containers to rupture/explode.
Max. ignition velocity , Biogas (60% CH4, 38% CO2, 2% Other); 0.25 m/s
General Behavior : Risk of corrosion by gas contained impurities (CO, CO2, H2S) in
presence of moisture.
8) Biogas , Natural Gas , Town Gas (LPG)
8-49
(Biogas)
9)
10)
Double Solenoid Valve DN 100 -
-
0.1% ( 1000
ppm.)
8.37 Double Solenoid Valve Valve Proving Systems
8-50
(Biogas)
11)
Valve Proving Systems 8.38 -
Double solenoid valve Double
solenoid valve

Application for Biogas with Hydrogen Sulphide <0.1 vol. % dry
8.38 Valve Proving Systems

12) Biogas Double Solenoid Valve
Biogas Double Solenoid Valve

Double Solenoid
Valve (Pitting)
8.39
8-51
(Biogas)
8.39 Double Solenoid Valve

8.40
8-52
(Biogas)
Double Solenoid Valve 8.41

Biogas 8.42
8.42
Biogas Double solenoid valve Valve proving
systems
Valve proving systems
Double solenoid valve 20
mbar
8-53
(Biogas)

1) Biogas 150-230 mbar (Capacity 500 m3/h)
Double solenoid valve DN 100 mm.
Lower Explosive Limit ; LEL Upper
Explosive Limit ; UEL 5-15.0 vol.%

Biogas
2) Valve Proving Systems (VPS)
Double solenoid valve VPS
Biogas
VPS Solenoid valve VPS -
VPS
20 mbar
10

3) LPG Pilot burner
Ignition source
Biogas LEL UEL 5-15.0 vol.%

Biogas (Flame velocity or Ignition velocity) 25-30
cm./sec. Specific Hazards : Exposure to fire
may cause containers to rupture/explode.
8-54
(Biogas)
8.7.3 3
3
Burner
8.43
8.43
8-55
(Biogas)
8.44
Double solenoid valve 8.44
Valve Proving System 8.45

8.45 Valve Proving Systems

8.7.4 4
4
Burner
High fire
Burner reset 5
30 cm.
8.46
8-56
(Biogas)
8.46

1)
10 ..2552
High fire
20.00 .
Burner reset
Burner reset 5-10

30 cm.

2)
12 ..2552


8-57
(Biogas)
8.47 Double solenoid valve

VPS Burner
8.48
8-58
(Biogas)
8.48 Valve Proving Systems (VPS) VPS

()
8.49

8.49
8-59
(Biogas)
3)

LEL
UEL
Gas Analyzer

1600

(Knockout Drum)

(Auto Drain Valve)
4)
High fire

1600

8-60
(Biogas)

H2S
DSV
Flame detector

Ignition source

LEL UEL
8.7.5 5
5

1 6 2552 21.30 .

1 .
4
2 2
1-3

1)
.
.
8-61
(Biogas)
2)
. CH4
. CH4
3) CO2, H2S, H2O,
4)
5)
6)
. ( Pre purge)
. ( Pre purge)
.
.
.
.
. High Fire
. High Fire
. CO , O2
.
( ; , (Biogas), ,
2553)
8.7.6 6

18.00 . 11 2552
200
2 1 2
5 3
3
8-62
(Biogas)
. 3 3

3
200

200 3
22.00 .
2 3
( ; 13 2552,http://www.cmprice.com/forum/?content=detail&wb_type_id=18
&topic_id=40919)
1)

2)
3) ()

-
4)
5)
8-63
(Biogas)
:
1. James L Waish. Jr., P.E.Charles C. Ross., P.E. M i r h d S. Smith., Stephen R. Harper., W. Allen
Wllklnr (1988) HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, U. S. Department of Energy
Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority Muscle Shoals,
Alabama.
2. R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, Correlations for the Laminar-Burning Velocity of
Methane/Diluent/Air Mixtures Obtained in Free-Fall Experiments, The Combustion Institute,
Elsevier Science Inc. , COMBUSTION AND FLAME 114:546555, 1998
3. The Alloy Valve Stockist, www. Alloy-valves.com
4. Wieshaupt, Training course Gas burner type G Max Weishaupt
GmbH , 1997
5. Steven McKinsey Zicari, REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE FROM BIOGAS USING COWMANURE COMPOST, A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell
University, 2003
6. Weishaupt Gas burners model G Combination Gas/Oil burners
models GL and RGL Sizes 1 and 3, Wieshaupt Corporation, Germany, 2004
7. Industrial combined burner BGEC, RAY l- und Gasbrenner
GmbH, Fellbach, Germany, 2001-2002
8. Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources,
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KaA, 2008
9. GTI BI-FUEL, Project Overview, GTI-Altronic, Inc., Ohio, USA., www.gti-altronicinc.com
10. Guidance on gas treatment technologies for landfill gas engines, Environment Agency, Bristol,
UK, 2004, www.environment-agency.gov.uk
11. Jeff VanVoorhis, Biogas Handling & Use, Applied Technologies, Inc., Brookfield, WI, 2004
12. 2550
http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/
13. Patikorn Saensing, Energy from Biological Conversion of Organic Waste, School of
Environmental Engineering, SUT , 2005
14. Teodorita Al Seadi, Dominik Rutz, Heinz Prassl, Michael Kttner, Tobias Finsterwalder, Silke
Volk, Rainer Janssen, biogas HANDBOOK, University of Southern Denmark Esbjerg, Niels
Bohrs Vej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark, 2008
8-64
(Biogas)
15. BIOGAS COMBUSTION STATION SANITARY

LANDFILL EL MOLLE FIFTH REGION,
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/H0AFJ9O2CYEV6PG1W57ZQML8KR3SBT/Annex%204%20
49%20BIOGAS%20%20COMBUSTION%20%20%20STATION.pdf?t=dFJ8MTI5MzI1Mjg5Ni4xMw=
=|tUo-bhO1RbXt8zTQGib-sw_a7_I=
16. ,
(Biogas)
2551,http://www2.diw.go.th/safety/
17. ,
(Biogas) 2553, http://www2.diw.go.th/safety/
18. http://www.stirlingengine.com/faq
19. 13 2552
http://www.cmprice.com/forum/?content=detail&wb_type_id=18&topic_id=40919
8-65
(Biogas)

(Explosion proof)

9.1
( ;
2548)
9.1.1 (Hazardous Area)

3
. (Flammable Material in Ignitable Quantities)
. (
21%)
. (Ignition Source)

(Spark)
9-1
(Biogas)
9.1 3
( ; Deutsche Montan, Fraunhofer UMSICHT, 2002)
9.1.2 (Explosion)
( ; Jurgen Kuhlmei, 2003)

(Gas) (Vapor)

(Ventilation)

(Explosive Atmosphere)
5
1) Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
(Explosive mixture)

9-2
(Biogas)
2) Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

(Explosive mixture)

3) Flash Point
Flash
Point 37.8O (100O) Flammable Liquid Flash
Point 37.8O (100O) Combustible Liquid
Flash Point
4) Auto-Ignition Temperature

(Hot Spot) Auto-Ignition
Temperature
5) Vapor Density
1.0
1.0

9.1.3 (Ignition Source)

( ; EN 1127-1: 1997 IEC 60079-14, 2007)

(Open Flame)
9-3
(Biogas)
(Hot Surfaces)
(Electrical Arcs
and Sparks)
(Electrostatic
Discharge)

Roller
: Lightning
(Atmospheric Discharge)
(Mechanical
Friction or Impact Sparks) / /
/
(Electromagnetic Radiation)

(Ignition)

(Ultrasonic)

(Shock Waves Adiabatic Compression)

Shock wave

fluorescent
(Ionizing Radiation) (XRay)
9-4
(Biogas)
(Optical Radiation)
3 x 1011 Hz 3. x 1015 Hz -

(Chemical Reaction)
Pyrophoric

9.1.4

(Ignitable
Concentration)

(Explosion Proof)
9.1.4.1

9.1
9-5
(Biogas)
9.1

( > 1000 ./)

( 10 1000 ./)

( ( 10 ./
)
: 1
( ; ESA ICoP 2, 2005)
9.1.4.2 (Hazardous Area Classification)

(IEC / CENELEC) 3
(NEC) 2 (Class) Class I: Division 1
Class I: Division 2 9.2
9.2
IEC / CENELEC
Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 2
NEC 500
Class I: Division 1
Class I: Division 1
Class I: Division 2
NEC 505
Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 2
( ; Cooper Crouse-Hinds Ex Digest, 2006)
9-6
(Biogas)
9.3
9.3

0 (Class I: Division 1)

Zone 0 100 %
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 1,000
Zone 0
Intrinsically Safe

1 ( Class I : Division 1 )

safety valve seal pump compressor

9-7
(Biogas)

(solvent)

Zone 1 100%
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 10 1,000
2 ( Class I : Division 2 )

Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 2

( Zone) 0, 1 2
(Dust)
2
0 1 2 20 21
22
(
)
/
9-8
(Biogas)

9.1.6
9.1.5

10.1
9.2
( ; Jurgen Kuhlmei, 2003)
9.2

9.1.5.1
ATEX Directive 94/9/EC
(Groups) (Categories)
2 I

/ II
9-9
(Biogas)
(Category)
9.4
9.4 (Equipment groups) (Categories)

(Equipment
Group)
I
M1 (Zone 0)
M2 (Zone 1)
9-10
(Category)
:
/
/
:

()

()
(Biogas)
9.4 ()

(Equipment
Group)
II
(Category)
1G (Zone 0)
1D (Zone 20)
II
2G (Zone 1)
2D (Zone21)
II
3G (Zone 2)
3D (Zone 22)
( ; PhoeNix CoNtaCt Gmbh & Co. KG, 2007)
9-11
(Biogas)
1G Zone 0,1 2
2G Zone 1 2
3G Zone 2
1D Zone 20, 21 22
2D Zone 21 22
3D Zone 22
9.1.5.2

(Primary explosion protection)

(Secondary explosion protection)

(Explosion protection
through design) (Explosion proof construction)
(Explosion pressure relief) (Explosion
suppression) /

9.5
0
Intrinsically safe a (Ia)
9-12
(Biogas)
9.5
IEC
NEC
, ,,
Zone 1
Division 1
Thermocouple, Transducer,
Zone 0, 1 Division 1
Transmitter, Proximity Switch, Flow Detector,
Thermocouple, Transducer,
Zone 1
Division 2
Transmitter, Proximity Switch, Flow Detector,
Flameproof
Intrinsically Safe

D
Ia
Level Sensor
Intrinsically Safe
Ib
Level Sensor
Purge or
Pressurization
Increased Safety
Immersed in Oil
Filled with Poder
E
O
Q
/ Sand
Encapsulated /
Molding
Zone 1
Division 1
, ,
Zone 1
Division 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Solenoid Valve,
Zone 1
Division 2
Division 2
Division 2
Rapid Starter, Resistor, Capacitor, Optoisolator 2

Diode
9-13
(Biogas)
9.5 ()
Non-Sparking /
Nonincendive
nA = non-sparking apparatus
IEC
NEC
Zone 2
Division 2
nC = sparking apparatus in which contacts are

protected conveniently
nL = energy-limited apparatus
nR = purged / pressurized apparatus
nZ = purged pressurized apparatus, n
( ; Cooper Crouse-Hinds Ex Digest, 2006)
9.1.5.3 (Gas Grouping Explosion Group)

2
1) Minimum Ignition Current (MIC)
MIC

MIC

2) Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG)
MESG
(Explosion proof)
(Flameproof) MESG
9-14
(Biogas)
9.6
Typical Gas
Acetylene
Hydrogen
Ethylene
Propane
Methane
MESG
NEC
(mm.)
0.25
0.28
0.65
0.97
1.14
MIC
IEC
(mm.)
< 0.5
< 0.5
0.5 0.9
>0.9
>0.9
NEC
(mA)
60
75
108
146
195
GROUP
IEC*
(ratio)
<0.45
<0.45
0.45-0.8
>0.8
1
NEC
IEC
A
B
C
D
D
IIC
IIC
IIB
IIA
IIA
* MIC IEC
< 1.0
NEC (Gas) (Vapor)

Group A: Acetylene
Group B: MESG 0.45 . MIC Ratio
0.4
Group C: MESG 0.45 . 0.75 .
MIC Ratio 0.4 0.8
Group D: MESG 0.75 .
MIC Ratio 0.8
IEC (Gas) (Vapor)
Group IIC: MESG 0.50 . MIC Ratio
0.45
Group IIB: MESG 0.50 . 0.90 .
MIC Ratio 0.45 0.8
Group IIA: MESG 0.90 . MIC Ratio
0.8
( ;
2548, Jurgen Kuhlmei, 2003 Cooper Crouse-Hinds Ex Digest)
9-15
(Biogas)
(NEC)
D (IEC) IIA
9.1.5.4 (Temperature Classes) (1,2,6)

(Auto Ignition Temperature)
Classes)
(Temperature

9.7 (Temperature Classes)
Temperature class
of electrical equipment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Maximum surface temperature

of electrical equipment
<450C
300 C
200 C
135 C
100 C
<85 C
Ignition temperature
of gas or vapor
>450 C
>300 C
>200 C
>135 C
>100 C
>85 C
(Maximum operating Temperature of Device)

9-16
(Biogas)
Class T1

450C
Class T2

300C
Class T2A
280C
Class T2B
260C
Class T2C
230C
Class T2D
215C
Class T3

200C
Class T3A
180C
Class T3B
165C
Class T3C
160C
Class T4

135C
Class T4A
120C
Class T5

100C
Class T6

85C
9-17
(Biogas)

(IEC)
9-18
(Biogas)
:
Notified body

EU
EC-type-examination certificate Notified
body ATEX Serial number
9-19
(Biogas)
9.1.6
0
1
2
9.1.6.1
2 1 .
0
0
2 1 .
9.3
2 80 mbarg
0.1 350 mbarg 2
9-20
(Biogas)
0.2 0.25 mm.2

( , )
6
2 1
9.1.6.2
.
2
0 1.2
3 mm.
9.4 ( ; ESA ICoP 2,2005)

3 .

2 0
9-21
(Biogas)
1.2
350 mbarg 3 .
0.25 LEL
:
(Hazardous Area)

. (Hand Held Gas Detector)

1 1
3 mm
Hand Held
Gas Detector
9.5 Hand Held Gas Detector
manual 3 .

1
9-22
(Biogas)
3 . 350 mbarg 1
9.1.6.2
. / (Fixed Roof)
9.6 / (Fixed Roof)

/ 80
mbar
1
1.5 2 1 1.5
1 2 3.1 7.7
9-23
(Biogas)
. /
/
80 mbar 9.7
1
1
Blower
Blower
9.7 /
. / Cover lagoon (

)
9.8 / Cover lagoon

9-24
(Biogas)
Cover Lagoon 5

1 1
2 1
1.5 1 .x
50 . 50 1
( 1) 50% LEL 1.5 ( 2)
25% LEL
9.1.6.3
.
Ventilation 12 (Air change
rate per hour)

12

1 1.5 3.1 2
1 9.9
9-25
(Biogas)
2 1.5 .
3.1 .
Supply fan 12 air charge per

1.5 .
1.5 .
hour
9.9
Ventilation 12
(Air change rate per hour)
.
Ventilation 12
(Air change rate per hour)

12 9.10
9-26
(Biogas)
2 1.5 .
1.5 .
Supply fan 12 air change

1.5 .
per hour
1.5 .
1.5 .
1.5 .
9.10
Ventilation
.
Ventilation 12

12

9.11
9-27
(Biogas)
9.11
Ventilation 12

.
3.1 .
1.5 .
1.5 .
9.12

9-28
(Biogas)

1 1.5
3.1
.

9.13
1.5 .
1.5 .
9.13

9.1.6.4 Flame Arrester
2 1 .
2 1 .
Flame Arrester
9.14 Flame Arrester
9-29
(Biogas)
9.1.6.5
.
manual
2 1 .
Gas out
1 1 .
Gas in
9.15
manual

manual
0
1 1
9.15
9-30
(Biogas)
.

2 1 .
2 1 .
2 1 .
9.16

2 1
9-31
(Biogas)
. /
manual
Gas out
2 1 .
Gas in
0
2 1 .
1 1 .
condensate
9.17 /
manual
9-32
(Biogas)
. /

2 1 .
0
2 1 .
2 1 .
9.18 /

9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2

5
9-33
(Biogas)
9.2.3

9.2.4
93

16 (5/8 )
9.2.5 (Surge Arrester)

..2545
1
(Purge and Pressurized)
9.2.6
..2545
9.2.7
..2545
9.3
( ; ... 2004-45 , 2545)

(Bonding and Grounding)
2

Potential Equalization

9-34
(Biogas)

(Potential Equalization)

1 x 106

9.19 9.20 9.21
9.19
( ; Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications)
9.20
( ; Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications)
9-35
(Biogas)
9.21 Potential Equalization

9.4

IEC
D1
D2 , ,
D3

IEC 62305-3
class II
IEC 62305-2
IEC 62305-2

IEC 62305-3

9-36
(Biogas)
9.4.1 (LPZ)

9.4.1.1
LPZ 0
(Surge)
0
LPZ 0A
LPZ 0B

9.4.1.2 ( )
LPZ 1
LPZ 2

LPZ n
n

9.4.2

class II
9-37
(Biogas)
9.4.3

9.22
9.22 ( ; www.dehn.de)
7.7
2 2
2 (
/ ) IEC 62305-3
2
(Rolling Sphere Radius)
IEC 62305-3
Class II
30 9.22
21
9.23
9-38
(Biogas)
9.23 ( ; www.dehn.de)
1)
12.5
8.5 () 9.24
9.24 1 ( ; www.dehn.de)
2) ( 9.25)
16
8.5
9-39
(Biogas)
9.25 2 ( ; www.dehn.de)
9.5

9-40
(Biogas)
9.6
9.6.1
STEL (Short-term Exposure Limit)
( 4 15 1 )

TWA (Time-Weight Average)
8 1 40
(Exposure)
Peak ()
LEL (Lowe-Exposure Limit)
TLW (Threshold limit Values)
Ceiling

Ceiling
/
ppm. (Part per million)
ANSI American National Safety Institute
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
ACGIH A committee of American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists
IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations

30
9-41
(Biogas)
9.6.2

(CH4) 50-70
(CO2) 30-50 (H2S) (NH3)

9.6.2.1 (Hydrogen sulphide) H2S

9-42
PEL/TWA
10 ppm
STEL
15 ppm
IDLH
300 ppm
(Biogas)
9.6.2.2 (Methane) CH4

(Asphyxiant)

(Frostbite)
9.6.2.3 (Carbon dioxide) CO2

(Asphyxiant)

(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health value : IDLH)
40,000 ppm Threshold limit 5,000 ppm
9.6.2.4 (Carbon monoxide) CO

PEL/TWA 35 ppm
STEL
N/A
IDLH
1,200 ppm
9-43
(Biogas)
9.6.2.5 (Nitrous oxide) N2O

denitrification

PEL/TWA 50 ppm
STEL
N/A
IDLH
N/A
9.6.2.6 (Ammonia) NH3

9-44
(Biogas)
PEL/TWA 25 ppm
STEL
35
IDLH
300 ppm
9.6.3
( ; )
9.6.3.1
(Confined Spaces)

Sump ()

1)

2)
3) -
9-45
(Biogas)
9.26
9.6.3.2

1)

(
)
2) (Combustible Gas)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
9-46
(Biogas)
9.6.3.3
1)

.
. Remote control
2)

.
.
. , , (Isolation)
.
.
.
. (, )
.
.
9.6.3.4

.

%O2,
%CH4, %CO2 % H2S
.
9-47
(Biogas)

.
.
.

.
.
.
Lock Out/Tag Out

. ()

.

.

.
9-48
(Biogas)
.

9.6.4

9.6.4.1
.
.
.
9.6.4.2

4
. (O2) /
. (H2S) ppm
. (CO) ppm.
. (Combustible gas) % LEL
9.6.4.3
.

18 % (V/ V)
50 ppm. 10
9-49
(Biogas)
20% LEL
LEL (CH4) 5% 20% LEL 1%

(Occupational Safety and Health Administration :
OSHA ) PEL (Permissible Exposure
Limits)
(O2)
Low
19.5%
High
23.5%
(CO)
Ceiling
200 ppm
TWA
35 ppm
STEL
N/A
(H2S)
Ceiling
N/A
TWA
10 ppm
STEL
15 ppm
(SO2)
Ceiling
N/A
TWA
2 ppm
STEL
5 ppm
LEL (CH4)
LEL
5%
( ; http://www.safety-stou.com/)
9-50
(Biogas)
9.7
( ; www.npc-se.co.th/)
9.7.1 (First Aid)

:

: 15

: 15
15
9.7.2

( )

9.7.3
.

9.27
9-51
(Biogas)
(
)

( )

4 12
( 5 )
9.28
()
1 (60 )
5 1 2
5 1 ( )
.

9-52
(Biogas)
(recovery position)

(5% D/NSS)

.

50 % 50 . 15
- 30
( ; www.npc-se.co.th/)
9-53
(Biogas)
9.8
9.8.1
( ; http://www.shawpat.or.th/safety_form/a1.pdf)
______________________
___ /___ /___ ___ /___ /___
( 14 )

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________
()
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9-54
(Biogas)
______________________________
(Isolation)
(Isolation List)
- () _______________________________________
____________________________________

___________________________
___________________________
____ / ____ / ____
____________________

(Process Manager)
(General Foreman)
(Senior Process Supervisor)
(Process Shift Supervisor)
9-55
(Biogas)
(Isolation)

___ /___ /___
______________
______________ ______________
9-56
___ /___ /___
______________
______________ ______________
(Biogas)
___ /___ /___
______________
______________ ______________
___ /___ /___
______________
______________ ______________
9-57
(Biogas)
9.8.2
( ; ., http://www.safety-stou.com/)
9-58
(Biogas)
9.8.3 / /
( ; ., http://www.safety-stou.com/)
9-59
(Biogas)
9.8.4 ( , , , ,
)
9-60
(Biogas)
9.9

9-61
(Biogas)
1.
2548
2. Jurgen Kuhlmei, Explosion Protection in Europe, Electrical Equipment Fundamentals,
Guidelines and Standards, 2003
3. Deutsche Montan, Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Non-binding guide of good practice for
implementing Directive 1999/92/EC, Produced for the European Commission, Revise Draft
2002
4. EN 1127-1: 1997 "Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection- Part 1:
Basic concepts and methodology
5. AREA CLASSIFICATION FOR LANDFILL GAS EXTRACTION, UTILISATION AND
COMBUSTION, INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE, ESA ICoP 2, edition 1: Nov. 2005
6. Cooper Crouse-Hinds Ex Digest, A Comprehensive global guide to hazardous locations.
9-62
(Biogas)
7. Cooper Crouse-Hinds Ex Digest, Hazardous Location Guide to the 2006 Canadian Electrical
Code, 2006
8. PhoeNix CoNtaCt Gmbh & Co. KG, Explosion Protection Theory and Practice, Blomberg,
Germany, 2007, www.phoenixcontact.com
9. IEC 60079-14, Explosive atmospheres Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and
erection, 2007
10. ...( E.I.T. Standard 2004-45)
2545
11. Daniel A. Crowl and Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Pro cess Safety Fundamentals with
Applications, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall international series in the physical and chemical
engineering sciences, Prentice Hall PTR, NJ 07458, 2002
12. Lightning and surge protection for biogas plants, LIGHTNING PROTECTION GUIDE,
www.dehn.de
13.

14.
http://www.safety-stou.com/
15. , http://www.shawpat.or.th/safety_form/a1.pdf
16. 2550, www.npc-se.co.th/
9-63
()

()
.
ECOWaste
..

Standard Biogas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Standard Biogas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Biogas)

2.2 (Anaerobic Digestion)

3.2.2 (Compressibility factor, Z)

3.2.5 (Flame velocity)

3.2.6 (Flammability limit)

3.2.7 (Auto ignition)

3.2.8 (Flame temperature)

3.2.9 (Heating value and Combustion)

4.1.1 (Suspended growth)

4.1.2 (Attached growth)

5.1.4 (Hydraulic Retention Time: HRT)

5.2.2 (Alkalinity: Alk)

5.2.3 (Volatile Fatty Acids: VFA)

6.2.4 (Pressure drop/Head loss)

6.5.2 Back Pressure Check Valve

6.5.5 (Flame Arrester)

6.6 (Flare system)

7.3.2 (Wet Process)

7.4.1 Water Scrubber Technology

7.4.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology

7.4.3 Chemical Absorption Technology

7.4.4 Membrane Separation Technology

7.5.1 Adsorption Technology

7.5.2 Refrigeration Technology

7.5.3 Liquid Absorption Technology

8.1.2 Equivalence Ratio

8.2 (Gas Train)

8.4 (Gas Flare)

9.1.1 (Hazardous Area)

9.1.3 (Ignition Source)

9.7.1 (First Aid)

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR

(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)

(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) 4-12

(Baffle) Anaerobic Baffle Reactor

(Anaerobic Fixed Film)

(Anaerobic fluidized bed)

Dual Hot Wedge seam

Expansion joint Blower

Over pressure relief device Water seal

Knock out Drum

Knock out Drum

Water Scrubber Technology

Pressure Swing Adsorption

Chemical Absorption Technology

SiO2 Gas Engine

Temperature Swing Adsorption

(Manual shut off valve)

Double solenoid valve

(Electro magnetic clutch)

(Rotary cup Combination burner)

(Rotary cup combination burner)

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

(Micro gas turbine)

Double Solenoid Valve Valve Proving Systems

Valve Proving Systems

Double Solenoid Valve

Double Solenoid Valve

Double Solenoid Valve

Valve Proving Systems

Double Solenoid Valve

Valve Proving Systems (VPS)

HDPE PE100 PE80

Minor Loss Coefficient ()