Chapter 3: Electronic Devices and Transducers 3.1 Semiconductors 3.2 Diodes 3.

3.3 Bipolar and Field Effect Transistors 3.4 Thyristors and triacs 3.5 Transducers

CPE535ElectricalTechnology _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ASSIGNMENT 1 (3 PERSON PER GROUP) Explain the basics principles or operation by giving examples and applications of the following electronic devices:

ELECTRONIC DEVICE Bipolar Junction Transistor

OPERATION

CIRCUIT MODEL

APPLICATIONS

Field-Effect Transistor

Thyristors

Triacs

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SemesterMarchJuly2013

 Semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound that can conduct electricity Its conductance varies depending on current or voltage applied The conductance of semiconductor is intermediate between conductor and insulator Specific properties of semiconductor depend on the impurities, or dopants added to it

 An N-type semiconductor carries current mainly in the form of negatively-charged electrons, in a manner similar to the conduction of current in a wire

 A P-type semiconductor carries current predominantly as electron deficiencies called holes A hole has a positive electric charge, equal and opposite to the charge on an electron In a semiconductor material, the flow of holes occurs in a direction opposite to the flow of electrons

Material, such as germanium, gallium arsenide and silicon are some of the good semiconductor substances

Today, most semiconductor are created with silicon

Semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics, including radio, computers, telephones etc

 Carbon, silicon and germanium is semiconductor They have unique property in their electron structure-each has electrons in its outer orbital This allow them to form nice crystal The four electrons form perfect covalent bonds with four neighboring atoms creating a lattice

 In a silicon lattice, all silicon atoms bond perfectly to four neighbors, leaving no free electrons to conduct electric current. This makes a silicon crystal an insulator rather than a conductor

 A pure silicon crystal is nearly an insulator - very little electricity will flow through it But all this can be changed through a process called doping

Resistivity Values (m) for selected materials at 300K

Conductors Aluminium Carbon (amorphous) Copper Gold Nichrome Silver Tungsten 2.73 x 10-8 3.5 x 10-5 1.72 x 10-8 2.27 x 10-8 1.12 x 10-6 1.63 x 10-8 5.44 x 10-8

Semiconductors Silicon (device grade) 10-5 to 1 depends on impurity concentration Insulators Fused quartz Glass (typical) Teflon > 1021 1 x 1012 1 x 1019

 The behavior of silicon can be turned into a conductor by doping it In doping, a small amount of an impurity is mix into the silicon crystal

- In N-type doping, phosphorus or arsenic is added to the silicon in small quantities. Phosphorus and arsenic each have five outer electrons, so they're out of place when they get into the silicon lattice.

 The fifth electron has nothing to bond to, so . it's It takes only a very small quantity of the impurity to create enough free electrons to allow an electric current to flow through the silicon. N-type silicon is a good conductor. Electrons have a negative charge, hence the name N-type.

- In P-type doping, boron or gallium is the dopant. Boron and gallium each have only three outer electrons. When mixed into the silicon lattice, they form "holes" in the lattice .

 The absence of an electron creates the effect of a positive charge, hence the name P-type. Holes can conduct current. from a A hole neighbor, moving the hole over a space. P-type silicon is a good conductor

 A diode is the simplest possible semiconductor device In many application, diode is an electronic device that allows current to Has two terminals, the anode and the cathode
anode + VD iD cathode

 N-type and P-type silicon are not that amazing by themselves; but when two of them are put together, there will be some very interesting behavior at the junction. That's what happens in a diode.

 Even though N-type silicon by itself is a conductor, and P-type silicon by itself is also a conductor, the combination shown conduct any in the diagram electricity

 The negative electrons in the N-type silicon get attracted to the positive terminal of the battery. The positive holes in the Ptype silicon get attracted to the negative terminal of the battery

No current flows across the junction because the holes and the electrons are each moving in the wrong direction

 If the battery is flip around, the diode conducts electricity just fine. The free electrons in the N-type silicon are repelled by the negative terminal of the battery The holes in the P-type silicon are repelled by the positive terminal. At the junction between the N-type and P-type silicon, holes and free electrons meet

 The electrons fill the holes. Those holes and free electrons cease to exist, and new holes and electrons spring up to take their place. The effect is that current flows through the junction

 Small amount of voltage necessary to get the diode going. In silicon, this voltage is about 0.7 volts. This voltage is needed to start the holeelectron combination process at the junction

 Ideal diode would block all current. A real diode lets perhaps 10 A through not a lot, but still not perfect. And if you apply enough reverse voltage (V), the junction breaks down and lets current through. Usually, the breakdown voltage is a lot more voltage than the circuit will ever see, so it is irrelevant

In automobile, diode allow current from the alternator to charge the battery when the engine is running. However, when the engine stops, the diode prevent the battery from discharging through the alternator.

 A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, photovoltaic, or any other form of energy In electric circuit, transducer are used to produce a voltage ( or sometimes a current) that is proportional to physical quantity of interest, such as distance, pressure or temperature

 Example: microphones, loudspeaker Microphones Microphones are transducers which detect sound signals and produce an electrical image of the sound, i.e., they produce a voltage or a current which is proportional to the sound signal