Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sumanyu Vasist
0441731604/ B.Arch/ U.S.A.P/ Semester X
2008 - 2009
To The Reader
To The Reader
In the emerging global energy concerns TATA wants to demonstrate their concerns
and intent to play an vital role in global energy conservation initiatives. This project would echo the
same.
The facility would encourage Training Programme, Lectures, Class-room study and
cultural programmes and other interactive activities. The user group would include Trainees,
Students, Faculty, Management Staff & Visitors.
Section A2 / Page 2
Thesis issue
Issues:
The aspects of architecture and architectural design it will investigate the potential
of the application of Photovoltaic technology in the building design. Since sunlight is the basis of PV,
it would be reflected in the architectural design too. It is obvious that the building design would fully
respect the solar geometry of the region. The project might ultimately be able to demonstrate the
effectiveness of this technology (BiPV) in commercial applications.
The relevance of these issues is immense with the growing awareness on the
significance of solar energy in building design and construction. The emerging concerns for
environmental protection and global energy saving have introduced new architectural rules. The
solution is seen in the upcoming building technology and its apt applications.
The chosen project particularly suited to the issues which are intended to be
investigated as IT centre have all the components which make a typical case for advanced urban
aspirations and it would give an opportunity to demonstrate the intrinsic aspects of this bio-
mimicked technology of PV in an challenging way.
Section A3 / Page 3
Design Idea: Diagram / Ideogram
Solar cells actually play the game of nature. They are like little leaves in the
forest. Solar cells take the energy from the sun & they project a shadow to
create a canopy
Section A4 / Page 4
Design Trigger: Ecological Footprint
India
•Rising difference between bio-capacity and ecological footprint
Section A5.1 / Page 5
The Site: Gurgaon.
32nd Milestone
Plotted Houses
Warehouses
Road Junction
This was realized that for the desired FAR and Ground Coverage the building of G+3 is desirable.
Also for going beyond three, there is a by-law to add a passenger lift, which is undesirable because
of the energy related to it.
CASE STUDIES
Section B1 / Page 12
Case Studies
Section B2 / Page 13
Case Studies
Section B3 / Page 14
Case Studies
Section B4 / Page 15
Case Studies
METHODOLOGY
Section C / Page 16
The Overall Methodology
Yes
THE `WHOLE’ BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
Section C1.1 / Page 17
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined
Naturally Integrated:
Natural integration refers the way that the PV system
forms a logical, natural part of the building. The
system completes the building.
Architecturally Pleasing:
The PV system add eye-catching features to the design of the building. The building
looks attractive and PV system improves the design. This is a very subjective issue, but
there is no doubt that people find some building more pleasing than others
Section C1.1 / Page 18
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined
Well Contextualized:
The total image of the building is in
harmony with the PV system and match the
context of the building The entire
appearance of the building is consistent
with the PV system used and vice –versa. A
high-tech PV system is used for a high-tech
building.
NORTH
SOUTH
Section C1.2 / Page 20
Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic
Urban Aspect:
Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems offer
added functionality beyond power generation. PV
structures can effectively displace conventional
building materials and assist in reducing building
costs.
Integrating with building avoid the transportation
and distribution losses of the value able energy.
Stone Urban Areas cannot have large solar fields to
generate energy from this technology , so
buildings act as the field for the application of the
same.
Solar Farms away from the city Integrated Photovoltaic application in the city
Section C1.2 / Page 21
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined
Warehouse Warehouse
Other property
Underground
water tank
Green Belt
The Form:
The overall form of the building is sensitive to the sun movement. The form is
consciously designed for maximum exposure of sunlight to the Building
Integrated Photovoltaic Applications
.
Section C1.3a / Page 23
The Form
Not desirable
Roof:
The Photovoltaic application on roof, with full tracking system add to greater
efficiencies. Roof is the only obvious place where the sunlight is available all
round the year.
Section C1.3c / Page 29
The Roof: Calculations for PV output
(3D Tracking)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3d / Page 30
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques
Atrium & Skylights:
Possibly one of the most elaborate and architecturally innovating applications
of Photovoltaic has been in Atria.
Not only the atria is covered with PV, it also provides with multi-functional
use of daylight, shading and passive cooling.
Because of the play of light and shadow, it improves the quality of space
beneath.
Section C1.3e / Page 31
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques
The Facade:
The application of Integrated Photovoltaic in the façade was an obvious choice
but it was not so easy to do, as the solar angles in this part of the world are
favorable for façade integration. It was a greater challenge to make this
application optimum.
The Integrated Photovoltaic application also replaces the expensive cladding
material which would otherwise be used. Hence, improving on the costs
Section C1.3e / Page 32
Façade: Ideal Approach
WHOLE Profile
Section C1.3e / Page 34
Façade: The Optimization of Façade Angle
WHOLE Profile
Section C1.3e / Page 35
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
CASE -A
Shadow Study
Aim :
To know the exact distance
between the two panels
Shadow study would tell the
number of panels in the façade.
Will provide with crucial input
that which mechanism is most
efficient
CASE -B
How: All panels are studies
with their shadows drawn on
important dates. Hence getting
inferences from the
dimensions.
Solar Panels
Section C1.3e / Page 36
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 37
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 38
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 39
Calculations for PV output: Fixed at given angle
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
DEG
0 340 359 492 547 587 541 460 438 430 414 329 315 5252
5 376 384 512 557 589 540 460 443 443 439 362 354 5459
10 408 406 530 564 588 535 458 445 453 461 391 390 5629
15 436 425 544 567 583 537 453 444 461 479 417 421 5767
20 461 441 554 567 576 517 445 441 456 594 439 447 5938
25 482 455 561 564 564 503 435 436 468 505 458 470 5901
30 500 455 564 557 549 486 423 428 467 514 473 489 5905
35 514 472 564 547 531 466 407 417 464 520 486 505 5893
40 526 477 561 533 509 443 390 403 458 522 495 516 5833
45 534 479 554 516 483 416 369 388 449 521 501 528 5738
50 538 478 543 496 455 386 345 369 438 517 504 534 5603
55 540 474 530 472 423 353 318 348 424 511 505 537 5435
60 538 468 512 445 387 317 290 324 408 501 502 537 5229
65 532 458 492 414 348 280 260 299 388 488 496 533 4988
70 524 445 468 378 306 242 230 272 366 472 486 527 4716
75 512 430 440 340 263 202 198 243 340 452 474 517 4411
80 497 411 408 299 219 165 166 213 311 429 459 503 4080
85 479 390 373 256 178 134 137 180 280 403 440 487 3737
90 457 364 334 212 143 112 112 148 247 371 418 467 3385
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles Another inference got from the data is the angle of
Study of a single panel using default settings the façade plane will be 55 Deg
Section C1.3e / Page 40
Shadow Study: Fixed at 28
Panel Angle= 28
Façade Angle= 55
Total 1562 1580 1577 1588 1587 1587 1485 1583 1571 1529
Set II
0 1 2 3 4 5
May 587 587 588 588 589 589
jun 541 541 541 541 540 540
July 460 464 461 461 461 460
The exact angle for maximum PV output for
Second quarter of months is 3 Deg
Total 1588 1592 1590 1590 1590 1589
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3e / Page 42
Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking
Set III
10 15 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40
Aug 445 444 441 436 434 433 431 429 428 417 403
Sept 453 461 456 458 468 468 468 467 467 464 458
Oct 461 479 404 505 507 509 511 513 514 520 522
Total 1359 1384 1301 1399 1409 1410 1410 1409 1409 1401 1383
Set IV
54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Nov 505 505 504 504 503 503 502
Dec 536 537 537 537 537 537 537
Jan 540 540 539 539 539 538 538
The exact angle for maximum PV output for
Second quarter of months is 55 Deg
Total 1581 1582 1580 1580 1579 1578 1577
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3e / Page 43
Calculations for PV output: The Results
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
EFFICIENT & CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
Section C2.1 / Page 45
The Wall: Section
Beam (~600mm)
INTERIOR EXTERIOR
Section C2.1 / Page 46
The Wall: Section
Detail A
AAC Block
Rockwool
AAC Block
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Angle ,cast with the
cast of the slab
Another angle fixed
on site, give base to
ACC block
Extruded Polystyrene
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Concrete
INTERIOR EXTERIOR
Section C2.1 / Page 47
The Wall: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Flooring Locally
available
material
Locally
(Jhansi, RJ)
available
material
(Delhi)
Kota stone for passage and service areas Pre-Dressed Indian granite for office floors
Ceilings
Acts as a path for
the return air (see
Air-conditioning)
Low-E Coating
How Window is perceived ?
Air Filled
A window in the
building play a dominant role in
determining the consumption of
electricity for lighting as well as
HVAC. As compared to other parts of
the building envelope, windows offer
much less resistance to the entry of loss Double Panes
of heat
Spacer
Sill
Window in the building:
•Used in exterior wall section
•1/8” Glass used
•R-Value = 3.31 (in IP units)
•Window section includes a double
glass with air gap as insulation.
Weather stripping
Wall
Section C2.2 / Page 51
The use of Glass
•The air gap between the two glazing layers is responsible for minimizing
the heat gain
•It is observed that air space between the layers of glass reaches its
Solar Heat Gain optimum insulating value at about 12mm with air filled
Coefficient = 0.63
•No Gas filling is needed as the windows are only in North-Side of the
63% of solar heat building
gain transmitted
Visible Transmittance
= 0.78
78% of visible light
transmitted
EXTERIOR INTERIOR
Section C2.2 / Page 52
Thermally Improved Edge Spacers
•Harder, more moisture resistant and more stable than even hardwoods
•Bamboo wood products are available which do not use Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) as adhesive, which is a general practice in wood.
oBamboo helps reduce carbon dioxide gases blamed for global warming. Some
bamboo sequesters up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, which makes it a
highly efficient plant, and conducive to fresh air.
oBamboo can restore degraded lands. It is a pioneering plant and can be grown
in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agriculture.
Section C2.3 / Page 54
Day lighting: Skylight / Light well
Day-lighting strategy :
S N
ren
t •Skylight/Light well adds to the
a
nsp day-lighting of the building
Tra
ed
g Fix
De •The shape of the building
28
enables the light to penetrate
10000 mm
further.
Building area
eg
i
ck
5D
ra
tt
t5
ou
na
ith
tio
/w
na
th
cli
wi
In
lse
pan
lar
So
7000 mm
Aim : To know the nature of shadow on the inside of the Section C2.3 / Page 55
building through skylight, all round the year. Day lighting: Skylight / Light well Study
Status : Sunlight penetrates
deep inside the building = Useful
Section C2.3 / Page 56
Day lighting Window Area Study
How: we are already aware of the approximate Status: A proper geometry of the window was
area needed for the daylight factor of 2%, hence developed, with a good quality of light and
a simulation study of the geometry of the approximate level of lux was also achieved
window is done.
VS
Section C2.3 / Page 59
Day lighting: Window Geometry Study
See glare levels in each case Uniform and desired lux level achieved
VS
The study is done for New Delhi on 21st June at 12 noon. Room dimension 7m X 10m, which is in accordance of the grid.
The double windows on the north side & shaded All levels in Foot Candles
windows on the south side.
Section C2.4 / Page 60
The Wall Section
Concrete Slab
Gypsum Board Ceiling
Concrete Slit
View Window
INSIDE OUTSIDE
Bamboo Frame
Vegetation
Lighting Strategies:
Lighting Strategies:
Lighting Type:
•Stand-alone Solar PV
lighting for exterior and
street lighting.
•Accent Lighting: use of down lights and other light fixtures to make
interesting lighting
Section C2.5 / Page 65
Interior Lighting Design: Visual Display & Turning Off the Lights
•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the natural
movement of air
Section C2.7 / Page 68
Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort) Air Conditioning System 2
•Inlet Air Temperature = ~20-21 Deg C (work done = 11X)
•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air
•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air
Section C2.7 / Page 69
Air Conditioning: Energy Conservation Strategies
Grass / Vegetation
Soil (6-12”)
Sand (3”)
Geo-Textile (3mm)
Drainage Media (2”)
Insulation (2”)
Water Proofing Membrane
(5mm)
Screeding (1-3”)
•Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter,
are cooler in the summer, and offer year-round sound
insulation.
304056 kWh/Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
24974.06 23762.97 29242.4 29403.03 29305.37 26476.34 21609.6 21793.71 23606.51 25901.2 23828.8 24161.03
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months.
Study of full building application.
Section D2 / Page 90
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Designed Parameters and Assumptions
Monday 7.0
Tuesday 7.0
Wednesday 7.0
Thursday 7.0
Friday 7.0
Saturday 0.5
Sunday 0.5
Lights
Section D2 / Page 93
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Result
Percentage Offset = 71 %
Section D4 / Page 95
Building as a Generator
As per the
policies of
Ministry of
Non-
Conventional
Energy Sources
under Section
3/3. UIAC (SC)
Section D5 / Page 97
Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment
82.5 – 39.6 = 42.9 Cars and Light 137 – 65 = 72 Tonnes of waste 165080 – 79000 = 86080 Liters of
Trucks off the road recycled Gasoline not used
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my thanks to my guide Ar. Neeraj Kapoor. His advice, expertise
and encouragement always pushed me to think new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for
this Thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Prof. A.B Lall and Ar. Ruchita
Garg for leading us and always being around even in tough times. Their directions and guidance
have a pivotal role in completion of the Thesis.
Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Anshul, Nitu, Raju, Rahul & Sudhanshu who
have given unconditional support to me.
In addition, a special thanks to Mili Majumdar & Priyanka Khochhar of TERI who also
guided me in this topic via emails and internet discussions.
My gratitude to Dr. Neha Gulati, for her valuable time, encouragement and trust for the
Thesis Project.
Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for their supportive role.
Sumanyu Vasist
(0441731604)
University School of Architecture and Planning