Power systems.

Grounding systems. Control valves Interfaces

Control Valves IC3.7.1 Control valve basics. IC3.7.2 Principle of operation. IC3.7.3 Constructional features of control valve. IC3.7.4 Details of valve body types. IC3.7.5 Flo c!aracteristics. IC3.7." #aterials IC3.7.7 $i%in& of Valves IC3.7.' (ctuators IC3.7.) $i%in& of actuators. IC3.7.1* Positioners IC3.7.11 +oosters IC3.7.12 ,ransducers

Control Valves +asics

- #ost co..only used final control ele.ent . - Po ered up by !ydraulic/ pneu.atic 0 electric action. - It is e1pected to .odulate continuously in response to si&nal to 2eep variable steady. Functions of control valve3 - ,o stop 4allo flo in pipeline. - ,o act as safety device.5e.&.P6V/$6V7 - ,o prevent bac2 flo of fluids.5e.&. 86V/c!ec2 valve7

Control Valve Principles

Flow rate in a process is expressed as volume per unit time. If mass flow rate is required then ,it can be calculated from particular fluid density. If fluid is delivered from pipe then volumetric flow rate is: Q = velocity of fluid x area of pipe A control valve re ulates flow in fluid flow system. In eneral a close relation exists pressure alon pipe ! flow rate ,so that if pressure is chan ed then flow rate also chan es. A control valve places a constriction in delivery system so as to produce a pressure drop. Q = " x #L $%&s " = $roportionality constant L $= $ressure difference between inlet ! outlet.

+ody Desi&n
$lidin& ste. valves 9lobe valve (n&led &lobe valve 6otary s!aft control valves +utterfly valve +all valve conventional butterfly valve lined butterfly valve !i&! perfor.ance butterfly valve conventional ball valve V notc! ball valve ;ccentric plu& ball valve $in&le port &lobe valve Double port &lobe valve 33:ay double port valve

$pecial control valves <i&! pressure control valves. <i&! te.perature control valves. $.all flo control valve. =ar&e flo control valve. Cryo&enic service control valve.

9lobe valves
F;(,>6;$

,i&!t s!ut off capability/=ea2a&e less t!an *.*5? for sin&le port 0 upto *.*1? for double port valve of rated Cv.#ost co..on/si.ple .
(PP=IC(,I@8A

,!rottlin& purposes/&eneral purpose valve /applicable over ide te.perature ran&e.

,BP;$ A $in&le seat valve. Double seat valve. ,!ree ay valve for .i1in&4.divertin& service.
VI;: D6(:I89

(DV(8,(9;$ A Is fast to open or close. ,!rottlin& to control any desired de&ree of flo . <as positive s!ut off. DI$(DV(8,(9;$ A ,!ese are Cuite !eavy as co.pared to butterfly 0 ball valves. Difficult to .anufacture in s.all si%es.

9lobe Valve $c!e.atics

$in&le port split valve

Double ported &lobe valve $in&leport top &uided

Fi&ure 1

$in&le seat &lobe valve

$in&le seated &lobe valve are usually top &uided /suc! top &uidin& .ini.i%es t!e effect of t!e ei&!t effect on valve 0 increases resistance to tri. vibration. #ost sin&le seated valves are of unbalanced desi&n tou&! balanced desi&n are .ade.,!ey are used !ere ti&!t s!ut3off is needed .,!eir use in s.all body si%es /2D 0 belo / !ere ti&!t s!ut off is needed.t!eir use in s.all body si%es is due to si.ple desi&n 0 because /for lo flo unbalanced forces are not enou&! lar&e to reCuire lar&e actuator si%es.
(dvanta&es -<i&! ran&eability -Provides ti&!t s!ut off -6eversible plu& available ->sed under application less t!an 2D. Disadvanta&es -6eCuires lar&e actuator since it is unbalanced -=o pressure recovery c!aracteristics. Fi&ure 1 $in&le port top &uided

Double seated &lobe valve

,!ese are &enerally top 0 botto. &uided .!ere practical lea2a&e fi&ure approac!es *.5? of t!e rated Cv /because it is nearly i.possible to close bot! ports si.ultaneously/ particularly !en t!er.al e1pansion. :it! t!e top 0 botto. &uided construction / t!e stro2e direction can be reversed by si.ply invertin& valve body.,!ese are popular because of t!eir balanced desi&n. ,!e forces tendin& to close t!e valve are only available it! reverse plu&s 3constructed so t!at increasin& loadin& pressure .oves t!e plu&s into or out of t!e port .
(dvanta&es -<i&! flo capacity co.pared to sin&le port valves. -<i&! ran&eability. -+alanced desi&n reCuire s.all actuator. ->sed for si%es &reater t!an 2D. Disadvanta&es -<i&! lea2a&e rate. -=o pressure recovery c!aracteristics. -=i2ely to erode by !i&! pressure drop. -8ot &ood for !i&! flo /lo pressure drop application
Fi&ure 2

33:ay double ported valve

,!ese 3 3 ay valve are e1tension of typical double ported &lobe valve .t!ese are available in t o desi&nsA (7 Divertin& service +7 #i1in& service (7Divertin& service valve A It !as a .odified double ported body / it! lo er plu& seat opposite to t!e nor.al s!ut off position.eit!er direct or reverse actin& actuator is used dependin& on fail safe condition. ,!e body !as a internal brid&e to separate t!e ri&!t !and 0 lo er outlet.( divertin& valve .ay be used for !eat e1c!an&er bypass !ere !eatin& .ediu. enters port ECD.Part of t!e fluid leaves port E>D to bypass t!e e1c!an&er.t!e re.ainin& portion of t!e fluid &oes to t!e !eat e1c!an&er t!rou&! port E =D/to !eat an independent process strea. 0 t!en reFoins t!e bypass fluid strea. fro. port E>D. +7#i1in& service A Fi&ure 3 illustrates 33 ay valve used for co.binin& service. <ere t o separate fluids enter t!rou&! E=D 0 E>DGrespectively /are co.bined in a desired ratio 0 leave t!rou&! co..on port ECD. ,!e ratio control is ac!ieved by proper plu& position. (n up ard .ove.ent of t!e plu& decreases t!e flo passin& t!rou&! port E>D0 at t!e sa.e ti.e increasin& flo t!rou&! E=D.,!e plu&s are placed bac2 to bac2 in order for t!e flo direction ill re.ain under its plu&.

33:ay double ported valve

Divertin& service
Fi&ure 3

#i1in& service

9lobe valve desi&n

,ri. desi&n ,ri. is t!e !eart of control valve. Its pri.ary function is to proportion t!e valve orifice area in suc! a .anner t!at prescribed relations!ip e1ists bet een Pac2in& flo capacity 0 plu& lift.( secondary function is to ensure ti&!t s!ut off.( valve tri. consists of re.ovable internal parts na.ely plu&/ seats/ste./ste. plu& &uide /bus!in& 0 ca&es.stuffin& bo1 co.ponents considered as tri. are t!e pac2in& follo er/ sprin& / pac2in& retainin& rin&.secondary tri. parts are ste. to plu& attac!.ents/ seat retainin& rin&s /seat to body seals /spacers etc. Plu&
Fi&ure 4

$te.

bonnet

$eat rin&

Factor affectin& tri. desi&n

- ,e.perature - Pressure - Flas!in& Fluids - Cavitation - Fluid Viscosity - $olid Contents in Fluid

;ac! valve is &iven flo c!aracteristicA i.e. for a &iven percenta&e of total plu& off t!e seat /flo is &iven percent of t!e full open flo . ,!is is true only !en pressure drop across valve is constant.t!is is 2no n in!erent flo c!aracteristics t!e installed flo c!aracteristics .ay differ considerably at .uc! !i&!er pressure drop . $election of valve tri. is based upon 17 Hno led&e of service pressure 0 flo conditions. 27 #anufacturers in!erent flo c!aracteristics for different tri. s!apes. 37 <o in!erent flo c!aracteristics is altered by varyin& flo . #a1i.u. flo capacity depends upon seat port si%in&/ body desi&n /0plu& lift 0 type . $!utoff 0 openin& capability are deter.ined by dia.eter of t!e .ean seat to plu& seal contact /pressure differential 0 available actuator force/provided t!e ste. desi&n is adeCuate 0 allo ance is .ade for seatin& force 0pac2in& friction

,ri. desi&n for #a1i.u. flo

Iuic2 openin& plu& flo area

#a1i.u. flo capacity in &lobe valve desi&n is ac!ieved by usin& t!e lar&est possible flo orifice co.bined it! a Cuic2 openin& plu& for..,!e orifice s!ould not be so lar&e t!at valve body beco.es a part of t!e total valve pressure drop 0 c!an&es flo c!aracteristics.disc!ar&e flo area is eCual to t!e orifice area at lifts of 1443seat dia.eter.,urnin& fluid past t!e plu& nose causes flo resistance 0 an additional 1* 3 15? lift is reCuired to obtain .a1i.u. flo . ,!us total dia.eter is about 35? of orifice dia.eter to clear t!e plu& out of t!e flo capacity t!an &lobe type it! eCual seat orifice dia.eter.

=inear 0 eCual percenta&e

=inear 0 eCual percenta&e c!aracteristics reCuires a plu& plu& nose e1tendin& into t!e seat orifice and t!is .ust also be it!dra n to &et full flo .In case of contoured 0 v3port s!ape aids in turnin& flo &radually 0 lifts for .a1i.u. are si.ilar or sli&!tly &reater t!an for Cuic2 openin& plu&s G usually /about 45? of orifice dia.eter for top &uided plu&s.

Factors affectin& .a1i.u. flo

,!e brea2 point in a flo curve / !ere increasin& lift of plu& of t!e seat orifice does not increase flo /is due to G 17 Plu& is co.pletely lifted out 0 orifice is pri.ary flo restrictionG 27 +ody flo resistance is beco.in& a appreciable part of t!e total valve resistance
Fi&ure 5

=ift ;ffect of orifice 0 body on flo c!aracteristics

=ift Flas!in& effect flo sta&nation

,!e brea2 point in t!e curve / !ere increasin& pressure drop does not increase flo .y be due toG 17 critical flo at sonic velocity after pressure drop beco.es one !alf of upstrea. for &as service. 27 flas!in& flo c!o2es t!e body do nstrea. of t!e seat Foint it! t!e vapor bubbles in liCuid service . In cavitation no furt!er reduction in pressure can be obtained at vena contracta to increase flo .

$election of ,ri. #aterial Property Consideration

-P!ysical Properties ,ensile / Co.pressive / $!ear /Bield / Ductility/ <ardness/ Density. -,!er.al Properties Creep/rupture /$calin&5o1idation 7/<ot <ardness/ Cold I.pact. -;nviron.ent ;rosion 6esistance. -Corrosion C!e.ical 6esistance /;lectrolytic Potential :it! +ody. -Fabrication Castability/.ac!inability/finis!in& $urfaces/ #et!od for <ard Facin&.

(pplication of Co..on ,ri. #aterials

Application -#ild $ervice -9eneral $ervice -$evere $ervice Materials +ron%e ,ype 31" $$ 1734 P< $$ ,ype 41* $$ $tellite / Col.onoy ,ype 44*3c $$ <ardened ,ool $teel ,un&sten Carbide 8ic2el #onel Inconel <astelloy (4+ Duri.et ,itaniu.

- Very ;rosive $ervice

-Very Corrosive $ervice

AVAILABLE BODY MATERIALS

MATERIAL STANDARD METALS CAST IRON DUCTILE IRON GENERAL USE GENERAL SERVICE MILD CORROSION TO 650 F TO 1000 PSI COST REDUCTION BRONZE(AL BRONZE) MILD SERVICE CRYOGENIC SERVICE O YGEN ALUMINIUM LIG!T "EIG!T CRYOGENIC SERVICE STEEL GENERAL USE ALLOY STEEL !IG! TEMPERATURE 600F#1050F STAINLESS STEEL CRYOGENIC SERVICE 1050#1200F CORROSIVE SERVICE GLOBE A A A A A A A A # # A A A A A A BUTTERFLY A A A A A VANES 12" VANES 12" VANES 12" # # A # # TO 12" TO 12" TO 12" BALL PLUG UPTO 12" A UPTO 12" A UPTO 12" A UPTO 12" A UPTO 12" A TO 4" TO 2" TO 4" TO 2" TO 4" TO 2" TO 4" TO 2" TO 4" TO 2" A A # # # # TO 16" TO 12" TO 16" TO 12" TO 16" TO 12" DIAPHRAGM A A A A A A A A A A A # # A A A

LINING ELASTOMER PLASTIC TFE GLASS

AVAILABLE LINING MATERIAL EROSIVE # A TIG!T S!UT OFF # A CORROSIVE # # SEVERELY CORROSIVE 1#2" 4#12" # # CORROSION RESISTANT BODY ALLLOYS C!EMICAL SERVICE 1#4" # C!EMICAL SERVICE 1#4" # C!EMICAL SERVICE 1#4" # C!EMICAL SERVICE 1#4" # C!EMICAL SERVICE 1#4" # C!EMICAL SERVICE # #

# # # 2#$" #

A A A 2#12" #

A A A A A

INCONEL MONEL !SATELLOY ALLOY 20 TITANIUM GLASS

# # # # # TO 4"

# # # # # #

# # # # # #

( J(V(I=(+=; I8 (== $IK;$

<i&! te.perature tri. desi&n

,!e .aterial properties considered for !i&! te.perature application are tensile /yield /creep 0 rupture .@t!er factors are scalin& /&allin&. ,!e desi&n considerations include Gclearances of .ovin& parts 0 fitted parts as related to differential rate of t!er.al e1pansion of t!eir respective parts . ,!e yield/creep/co.pressive stren&t! are lo ered by !i&! te.perature . <ot !ardness is necessary to prevent &allin& 0 da.a&e of seat. ,!e follo in& desi&n c!an&es are considered for correspondin& te.peratures (bove 45*LF 3 ,!e bonnet e1tension reCuires a lon&er ste. to 2eep t!e pac2in& cool. (bove "** LF 3 Clearances .ust be increased .,!e plu& 0 seat sealin& areas .ust be !ard faced . (bove 75* LF 3 (ll t!readed seat rin& .ust be seal elded to prevent loosenin& !ic! ill cause lea2a&e 0 undercuttin&. (bove )**LF 3 (ll &uided bus!in& /plu& &uides 0 posts .ust be !ard faced tac2 elded . (bove 1*5* LF3 !ard faced /inte&ral seat Foints .ust be used .

=o

te.perature tri. desi&n

,!e tri. desi&n for cold 0 cryo&enic services is based on follo in& reCuire.ents 17 +ubble ti&!t sealin& at lo te.perature . 27 #ini.u. !eat lea2. 37 #ini.u. cool do n .ass. 47 Iuic2 c!an&e desi&n. 57 $i.ple desi&n. "7 Differential t!er.al contraction of .aterials +ubble ti&!t desi&n /is a .ust for in cryo&enic service /is obtained by usin& ,F; or H;=3F on t!e plu& seal.bot! .aterials .ay also be used for t!e &uide bus!in& 0 seat Foint &as2ets. ,!e ste.s are passed t!rou&! e1tended bonnets to prevent free%in& of at.osp!ere .oisture. <ollo plu& are used to prevent rapid !eat transfer /yet allo a lar&e dia.eter plu& plu& for &uidin& 0 t!rottlin& stability.,!e void in t!e plu& .ay be evacuated or filled it! insulatin& .aterial to reduce radiant or convective !eat transfer. Valves are eit!er installed vertically or at 45L fro. vertical to .aintain lo convective vapor loc2 in e1tended bonnet . ,!e ei&!t of parts s!ould be 2ept .ini.u. to reduce cool do n of .ass 0 boil3off loss of t!e liCuefied &ases enterin& t!e pipin& syste..t!e plu&s are !ollo 0 seats are inte&ral it! body.

=o

te.perature tri. desi&n5continued7

,!e stuffin& bo1es are 2ept deep enou&! to acco..odate a second or partial set of pac2in& /installed bac2 to bac2 /to prevent lea2a&e ion cool do n if a vacuu. s!ould occur in line.

Fi&ure "

=o

te.perature tri. desi&n5continued7

$u..ary Low Temperature Ranges Trim design requirements Cold valve service 5* L to 35* LF7 3 ;1tension bonnet it! lon& ste./addition of et!ylene &lycol in pac2in& follo er . Cold valve service535* to 315* LF73 ;1tension bonnet it! lon& ste. to prevent free%in& . 6efri&eration service 3,!e &uide bus!in& .ay be tac2 elded to prevent loosenin& fro. t!e differential t!er.al contraction of bus!in& 0 bonnet. $eat rin& /of scre ed desi&n are seal elded to prevent loosenin& 0 lea2a&e. Cryo&enic service5315*L to4"*LF7 3a double e1tension bonnet it! len&t! 12D for 32*LF nitro&en service/0 lon&er for 345* LF !ydro&en service. =iCuefied &ases service 3 ,!e &uide bus!in& .ay be eit!er elded or 5325) to 345*LF7 t!e operatin& clearances for .ovin& parts .ay be increased by 5*? to prevent bindin& fro. differential t!er.al contraction. <ollo plu& e1tension is used .seatrin& are of scre ed desi&n 0 are seal elded to prevent loosenin& 0 lea2a&e.

Plu& desi&n
Plu& is .ovin& co.ponent of t!e valve !ic! t!rottles t!e flo by positionin& itself it!in t!e seat orifice 0 s!uts off flo by contactin& t!e seat. Plu& is .oved a&ainst t!e dyna.ic fluid forces by ste. force trans.itted fro. t!e actuator.t!rottlin& .ay be done by V3port plu& or contoured plu&. ,!e plu&s are s!aped to t!rottle t!e flo it! a &iven c!aracteristics suc! as Cuic2 openin&/linear / eCual percenta&e .

Fi&ure 7

=o Flo Plu& Desi&ns

Fi&ure '

6e&ular Flo Plu& Desi&ns

Fi&ure )

6e&ular Flo Plu& Desi&ns

Fi&ure 1*

Desi&nin& a plu& to a selected flo c!aracteristics

,!eoretically Cv of a perfect orifice !avin& one sCuare inc! are is 3'.1 t!is .eans t!at an orifice it! a efficiency of 1**? ould pass 3'.1 &p. it! pressure of 1 psi. 8o orifice !as suc! efficiency /0 addition of valve plu& furt!er reduces t!e efficiency. :!en desi&nin& a flo c!aracteristic for a plu&/ desi&ner .ust attain a specific flo /correspondin& to specific lift . ,o do so / e need to 2no t!e efficiency of t!e annular seat plu& orifice area .,!e efficiency varies it! t!e flo rate 0 t!e len&t! of t!e restricted flo pat! .(lso/ t!e body 3flo resistance is a factor accounted for !i&! lifts 0 eac! type of body !as different affect on resistance. @ne .et!od of plu& desi&n to .a2e a preli.inary flo test usin& a rou&! s!aped plu& is desi&ned to deter.ined t!e flo efficiency curve fro. Cv .ini.u. to Cv .a1i.u. for t!at body. ,!e plu& is desi&ned to &iven flo c!aracteristics usin& t!is data /t!en it is flo tested 0 if necessary res!aped sli&!tly to follo flo curve.

Valve ste.s

,!e ste. carries t!e load fro. t!e actuator to plu&/ so in effect it is colu.n loaded at bot! ends /it ill t!erefor bo if overloaded . ,!e desi&ners c!oice of ste. dia.eter is a co.pro.ise bet een stiffness to prevent bo in&/ !ic! causes MstrictionN 0 results in s!ortened pac2in& life /0 faster bearin& Vs t!e effect of line pressure t!rustin& on t!e cross3sectional area of t!e ste./is directly related to a.ount of pac2in& friction.>sually friction prevails t!e later consideration are counteracted by additional actuator force reCuire.ent. $o.e close coupled /oil field desi&ns !ave s!ort ste.s !ic! run very true 0 increase pac2in& life . Ca&e &uided / balanced tri. reduces ste. t!rust sufficiently in t!e t!e !i&! pressure service to &ive a noticeable increase in pac2in& life/ because of reduction of even .inor bo in& 0 vibration.t!e ste. si%e is reduced by usin& suc! tri.. (ttac!.ent to plu&A ste.s are usually t!readed 0 t!en pinned to prevent loosenin& .,!e ste. .ay botto. in i.perfect t!read run out in plu& to .a2e a ri&id connection 0 t!e pin is usually an upset desi&n to anc!or ti&!tly.t!is desi&n present a .aintenance proble. in replacin& t!e plu& . @t!er desi&ns use an elastic nut to !old t!e plu& a&ainst a s!oulder on t!e ste. . $o.e desi&n are pinned it! sprin& pins allo in& repeated replace.ent. ,!e ste. s!oulder ta2e care of t!e load /0 satisfactory life .ay be obtained by .onel pins stainless pins .ay brea2 fro. stress corrosion .Pins are seal elded for !i&! 0 lo te.perature application

(n&le 9lobe Valve

F;(,>6;$ $in&le seated valves it! special body confi&uration to suit specific pipin& 0 flo reCuire.ents.specifically desi&ned for co2in& !ydrocarbons/posses a strea.lined passa&e to prevent accu.ulation of solids on body all. (PP=IC(,I@8 <ydrocarbon application /lo pressure application/ .ay be used for abrasive catalyst application./self drainin& desi&n of radioactive .aterials/>sed !ere turbulence /cavitation effects are to be .ini.i%ed. (DV(8,(9;$ <ydrocarbon application. Can !andle erosive .aterial. <andles abrasive catalyst >sed !ere self drainin& is reCuired. <i&! ran&eability/!i&! te.perature ratin&. DI$(DV(8,(9;$ Cannot be used for !i&! noise application . (voided for t!rottlin& application.

VI;: D6(:I89

(n&led 9lobe Valve $c!e.atic

Fi&ure 11

+all Valve
F;(,>6;$ @ldest of all valves/applied for ide ran&e of application. (PP=IC(,I@8 Pressure control / flo control 0 s!ut off application . Can be used for corrosive fluids/cryo&enic fluids. >sed for !i&! te.p application/ =P9 application. (DV(8,(9;$ =o pressure drop ,i&!t s!ut off. Iuarter turn application. $.all in si%e 0 li&!ter in ei&!t. DI$(DV(8,(9;$ Cannot be used for t!rottlin& application. (voided in Cuic2 openin& application since it cause ater !a..er. Fluid trapped in ball .ay cause corrosion.

VI;: D6(:I89

+all Valve $c!e.atic

Fi&ure 12

Conventional +utterfly Valve

F;(,>6;$ Described as da.per4t!rottle valve.@peration carried out by pneu.atic/!ydraulic/electric/.anual operation. (PP=IC(,I@8 =o Pressure application !ere lea2a&e is relatively uni.portant. (DV(8,(9;$ $i.ple . Co.pact 0 Cuic2 openin& . 9ood controllability. =o pressure drop. =o ei&!ts 0 lo cost. DI$(DV(8,(9;$ $eals .ay be da.a&ed if velocity is used 6eCuire !i&! actuatin& force. =i.ited to lo pressure application. ;lasto.ers li.its te.perature.

VI;: D6(:I89

+utterfly Valve $c!e.aticO

Fi&ure 13

=ined +utterfly Valve

;lasto.er liner desi&n 5+ubble ,i&!t Closure 7 $i1 liner desi&n types are utili%ed 17 Liner !onded to !odyA ,!is type of liner is not replaceable in t!e field.It is &enerally used in s.all si%e valves 0 on so.e lar&e valves only !en application is critical. 2) Liner Anc ored to !ody ,!is type of valve is anc!ored by a .etal or rubber retainin& rin& t!at proFects into &roove in t!e valve body.

Fi&ure 14

37 Liner "rapped Around #aces ,!e liner is rapped around t!e flan&e faces of body in order to anc!or it in place 0 to fro. a &as2et.controlled co.pression is obtained by e1tension of rubber liner past t!e body flan&e face. ,!e &rooves allo displace.ent of rubber liner on .a2eup of t!e valve in t!e pipin& it!out causin& distortion 0 disc bindin&.t!e desi&n securely anc!ors t!e liner / only bein& surpassed by t!e bonded type. $) Pus in Liner ,!is type of liner is .ade fro. an elasto.er rin& t!at is bonded to a .etal insert. ,!is type of construction ill provide stiffness for vacuu. service 0 ill prevent e1trusion by differential pressure across t!e disc .t!e liner is readily replaceable in field .
Fi&ure 15

Liner "rapped Around #aces%

Pus in Liner

=ined +utterfly Valve 5continued7

57 Clamped liner & for t!is type of liner a split cla.p !olds bot! liner 0 pipe ends to&et!er .$eat ti&!tness .ay be adFusted by varyin& t!e split cla.p boltin& torCue. Pipin& .ust be .oved aside to install 0 re.ove t!e liner . ,!is type of liner is used in food industries special pipe !ubs are elded to t!e pipeline !ic! are serrated to fit raised concentric ends of t!e t!ic2er liner /t!us &ivin& positive a1ial ali&n.ent of valve 0 pipin&.t!ic2er linin& allo s deep penetration of t!e vane. ( lo er torCue is needed to seat t!e valve t!an it! conventional liners. (not!er type of desi&n includes involves cla.pin& a t!in section liner by .eans of an e1tension flan&e .,!e relief on t!e outside of t!e liner allo s for s ellin& .,!is desi&n is operatin& satisfactorily it! 3.55 slurry it! '5 psi s!utoff pressure differential at 7*LF.t!e liner .ay be replaced it!out re.ovin& t!e ste. 0 disc. ") 'pecial liners ,!e offset ste. desi&n of t!is valve allo s t o seatin& surfaces !ic! are interc!an&eable !en t!e valve ste. is centered on pipe a1is. ,o c!an&e seatin& surface/si.ply disconnect t!e disc fro. actuator 0 rotate it 1'*L

Fi&ure 1"

Clamped liner&

@ rin& $te. $eal =iner

Fi&ure 17

<i&! Perfor.ance +utterfly Valve

,!e !i&! perfor.ance butterfly valve are valves it! double eccentric seatin& &eo.etry .t!ese valves are e1tre.ely versatile as t!ey could be used to !andle fluids for 345LC to 45*LC .usin& variety of sealin& syste. varyin& fro. synt!etic rubber3to3,eflon to .etal3to3.etal seatin& . +y virtue of its double eccentricity t!e valve disc allo s friction free contact bet een t!e disc 0 seat rin& 0 as soon as t!e valve opens t!e disc .oves a ay fro. seat rin& it!out any furt!er frictional contact it! t!e seat. ,!is en!ances t!e life of t!e seal 0 reduces t!e valve torCue considerably.ne desi&n it! fis!3tail disc profile !ave been developed to especially encounter !i&! pressure drop application. ,!e fis! tail disc c!an&es t!e pressure distribution curve across it co.pared to conventional disc 0 .ove t!e resultant force closer to t!e valve t!ereby reducin& t!e dyna.ic torCue. ,!is desi&n is !ybrid bet een ball valve 0 butterfly valve. ,!e fis! tail desi&n valves are specifically used for t!rottlin& application t!rou&! )*L of rotation /unli2e conventional valves !ic! are restricted to "*L openin& . ,!is results in &reater capacity per valve si%e.

<i&! Perfor.ance +utterfly Valve

Fi&ure 1'

6otary ;ccentric Plu& Valve

F;(,>6;$ - 6otates t!rou&! 5*L an&le it! full open position 0 ca.s into t!e seat. - Plu& is free to rotate a1ially alon& its s!aft to ali&n it! seat. - (vailable fro. 1324D in si%e. - (pplicable for te.perature fro. 332* to 75* LC. - Provides ti&!t s!ut off. - 6eCuires lo actuatin& force. - Plu&s are .ade up of !ard stellite .aterial - +ecause of seals te.perature 0 pressure ran&es are restricted. - <ave !i&! flo capacities 0 lo pressure drops. - ,!e disc valve seals are !i&!ly reliable. - <i&! pressure recovery .a2es valve susceptible for cavation - #ore e1pensive t!an butterfly valve.

VI;: D6(:I89

6otary ;ccentric Plu& valve $c!e.atic

Fi&ure 1)

<i&! pressure control valves

#odern process e.ploy or2in& pressure above "*** psi& 5414bar7.Pressure upto 5**** psi& are not unusual.at t!ese !i&! pressure t!e tec!niCues 0 .et!ods used to seal valve bodies are very i.portant.>sually t!e valve is of t o piece an&le desi&n it! seat rin& cla.ped bet een t!e t o body !alves .t!e seat rin& to body seal is .ade it! retained/ .etallic /!ollo @rin& .(s pressure builds @ 3rin& tends to allo line pressure to enter t!e !ollo correction of t!e @3rin& .(s pressure builds @rin& tends to inflate creatin& a ti&!t seal bet een body seat 0 seat rin&.t!e e1terior surface of t!e seat is plated it! soft silver to assist in for.in& t!e seal. $te. pac2in& .aterialA Valve ste. pac2in& tolerances beco.e .ore critical for !i&! pressure units.(t !i&! pressure elasto.er pac2in& can be e1truded t!rou&! very s.all clearances.Pac2in& co.pound is usually ,F; co.pound i.pre&nated it! &lass to .a2e it .ore resistant to e1trusion. $te. .aterialA ,!e ste. of t!ese control valves are also .ade of !i&! stren&t! .aterial suc! as 414* steel.,!e ste. is s!ort / ell &uided 0 plated it! c!ro.e to prevent &allin& by !i&! pressure . Valve bodies For&ed diecast bodies are used as !i&! pressure bodies . ,!e .aterial is usually !eat treated type 434* steel for pressure upto 5**** psi&/ 0 annealed steel $$31" for pressures upto 1*/*** psi&. For&in& process provides bodies free of voids 0 can be !eat treated to !i&! stren&t! Valve plu& A ,!e valve plu& tip is .ade up of furnis!ed tun&sten carbide for resistance a&ainst corrosion 0 abrasion. (ctuation done by piston 0 diap!ra&. actuators.

<i&! pressure control valves

<i&! pressure lo noise an&le valve Fi&ure 2*

<i&! te.perature control valve

Control valves for service above 45*LF .ust be desi&ned 0 specified it! te.perature conditions in .ind . (t elevated te.peratures standard .aterials .ay be inadeCuate plastics/elasto.ers 0 standard &as2ets are insuitable 0 are to be replaced by .ore durable ones ..etal to .etal seatin& .aterials are al ays used. Pac2in& .aterialA $e.i .etallic or la.inated &rap!ite pac2in& spiral ound $$ and asbestos &as2ets are used. Valve body .aterialA C!ro.e 3#oly steels are used for te.peratures above 1***LF. ($,# 4217 &rade :C) is used !ere t!ere are c!ances of o1idation 0 scalin&. ($,# 4217 &rade C5 used for s!ortco.in& above 11**LF. ($,# (351 &rade CF '# is applied for te.perature 15**LF. ,ri. .aterials C!ro.eplated $$31" Cobalt based alloy " <i&! vanadiu. <i&! c!ro.iu. steels for additional resistance to !i&! te.peratures.

$.all flo control valves

(pplied in s.all pilot laboratories /pilot plant /co..ercial process plants . ,!ese e.ploy special tri.s for e1tre.ely s.all flo rates is necessary .,!e special tri. parts used are nor.ally only t o parts 3 a reduced port seat rin& 0 a valve plu& it! a tapered flat .illed on one side . ,!ese parts are .ac!ined to very lo tolerances and are usually .ade of a !ardened stainless steel or !ard faced it! alloy " to .ini.i%e erosion.>sin& a 341" inc! dia.eter port .

$eat rin&

Fi&ure 21

(n&le flat E(D deter.ines control of s.all flo rates

$.all flo control valves

=o flo valves are t!ose it! Cv less t!an *.*5.,!ere are .any application callin& for s.all /accurate control .In lo flo c!aracteristics t!e selection criteria is Cuite different since t!ere is absolutely ne&li&ible no frictional loss in valve 0 t!ere is no unfavorable pu.p !ead c!aracteristics . ,!ere is no need of eCual percenta&e c!aracteristics.Fro. desi&n stand point /p!ysical p!ysical di.ension of t!e reCuired are very s.all indeed /t!e proble. incurred is !i&! pressure drop it! erosion proble.s .For suc! lo flo rates a actuator it! a s!ort stro2e is reCuired .,!e actuator !as a s.oot! t!rottlin& action for !i&! pressure service .For less e1actin& services needles or pistons it! .illed notc!es or slots are &enerally used in orifices ran&in& fro. 14' E to 144 E.,!e valve stro2e is of order of 142 E .,!e Cv reCuired is calculated by conventional for.ulas 0 t!en ne1t lar&est si%e tri. is c!osen. If t!e tri. is too s.all t!en a capacity increase is possible si.ply by increase in valve stro2e or sli&!tly .odifyin& valve plu&.

$.all flo control valves

=o flo valve it! variable stro2e

Co.pact valve suitable for pilot plant Fi&ure 22

=ar&e flo control valves

,!e &lobe style valve lar&er t!an 12D /ball valves lar&er t!an 24D /eccentric plu& valve lar&er t!an 24 E /butterfly valve 72 E fall in special valve cate&ory as valve si%e increases arit!.etically t!e s!utoff pressure increases &eo.etrically . ConseCuently t!en s!aft stren&t! /bearin& loads unbalance forces 0 actuator forces beco.e of &reater si&nificance. 8or.ally .a1i.u. allo able pressure drop is reduced on lar&er valves to 2eep desi&n 0 actuator reCuire.ent it!in li.its even it! lo er pressure of t!e flo reCuire.ents are a eso.e /so naturally t!e actuator reCuire.ents are severe 0 lon& stro2e / double actin& pneu.atic piston or electric actuators are specified for lar&e flo application. Installation 0 .aintenance procedures are co.plicated . For t!ese type of valves t!e noise levels are carefully considered since noise level increases indirect proportion it! flo volu.es .For 2eepin& noise under control t!e valve bodies ca&e type / it! usually lon& valve plu& travel it! lar&e nu.ber of flo openin&.,!e fabricated valve body is desi&ned for for !i&! pressure . @ver protection eCuip.ent .ust be included in do nstrea. syste. to ensure t!at t!e body s!ell 0 outlet connection are not subFected to pressure in e1cess of rated capability.

Cryo&enic 0 cold service control valves

:!en control valves are applied to operate at te.perature belo free%in& point / special precaution are ta2en .In certain cases special desi&ns are reCuired .t!e principle proble. is selection of proper .aterials of construction / particularly on .oderately cold services 5to 315* LF7. Cryo&enics is t!e ter. applied for process operatin& in te.perature ran&e belo 5315*LF7. In te.perature ran&e 532* to 15*LF 7 special i.pact resistant carbon steels are used for pressure containin& parts/t!e co..only used parts are of carbon steel 5&rade =C+7. In te.perature ran&e 532* to 5* LF73.5? nic2el steel 5&rade =C37 is used . Valves are &enerally eCuipped it! plain e1tension bonnet .In t!ese te.perature ran&e t!e pri.ary obFective is to reduce influ1 of !eat syste. to reasonably lo value /0 to prevent pac2in& bo1 .,!e si.ple e1tension bo1 is installed in upri&!t position to .ini.i%e !eat transfer in operatin& fluid . (t cryo&enic te.peratures / .aterial of construction no e1clude carbon steel 0 include austentic stainless steel .bron%e/ .onel. ( special attention is paid to desi&n bonnet.Care is ta2en t!at no liCuefied &as is trapped in bonnet space / !ere vapori%ation could &enerate dan&erously !i&! pressures.in all cases t!e valve is co.pletely insulated t!e process pipin& 0 valves in cold section are often installed in Ecold bo1D.t!e valve in t!is case .ay !ave e1ceptionally lon& /plain e1tension bonnet .

Cryo&enic 0 cold service control valves 5continued7

( lar&e dia.eter bonnet selection is fabricated fro. stainless steel 0 brou&!t out t!rou&! t!e cold bo1.,!is per.its re.oval of tri./ it! seat rin& 0 plu&/ it!out disturbin& valve body.

Fi&ure 23 Ecold bo1 E valve plu& 0 seat arran&e.ent

Cryo&enic 0 cold service control valves 5continued7

,!e fi&ure belo illustrates special cryo&enic valve t!at !as vacuu. insulatin& Fac2et enclosin& t!e entire body 0 e1tension body .$$ e1pansion bello s are provided on Fac2et to eli.inate pipin& strain caused by differential e1pansion. 6adiation losses are .ini.i%ed by electropolis!ed e1terior 0 alu.iniu. foil barrier.In t!is type of valve ei&!t is 2ept .ini.u. .

Fi&ure 24

Vacuu. Fac2eted cryo&enic valve for service on liCuid <e/!ydro&en etc

Cryo&enic 0 cold service control valves 5continued7

6otary valve /also are eCuipped it! a e1tension bonnet / are often specified for cryo&enic service !ere ti&!t s!ut off is reCuired .fi&ure belo s!o s special desi&n / it! an offset vane 0 sp!erical seatin& arran&e.ent.

Fi&ure 25

@ffset vane cryo&enic butterfly valve it! elasto.er lip seal for ti&!t s!ut off

Control valve flow characteristics:

,!e valve plu&s for control valves described in earlier c!apters are available in a variety of &eo.etric s!apes/ eac! it! a c!aracteristic relations!ip bet een fractional valve lift 0 t!e relative flo t!rou&! t!e valve. ,!is relations!ip is denoted as t!e flo c!aracteristics.,!e proper selection of t!e flo c!aracteristics is an i.portant part of control valve application. If t!e valve &ain or sensitivity is defined as HcJ C!an&e in flo 4C!an&e in lift/ t!en it is evident t!at slope of flo c!aracteristic curve is t!e valve &ain.56ef. Fi&.17 In a control syste. valve &ain 5Hc7 0 process &ain 5Hp7 are sin&ular variables !ic! .ust co.pensate eac! ot!er if control loop !as to re.ain stable. ,!e basic concept of c!oosin& a c!aracteristics lies in &ain .atc!in& of t!e valve 0 t!e process. ,!e Cuic2 openin& c!aracteristics provides lar&e c!an&es in flo for s.all c!an&es in lift/ t!erefore it usually !as too !i&! a valve &ain for use in .odulatin& control. It is li.ited to on3off service suc! as seCuential operation in eit!er batc! or se.i3 continues processes. ,!e bul2 of control applications use valves it! linear/ eCual ?/or .odified flo c!aracteristics. ,!e .odified c!aracteristics &enerally fall bet een t!e linear 0 eCual? c!aracteristics s!o n in fi&1.

'he linear characteristics provides a c!an&e in flo !ic! is linear it! valve lift 0 t!us :it! si&nal to t!e valve. ,!e linear c!aracteristics ould see. intuitively to be .ost desirable c!aracteristic for control/ since it provides constant valve &ain t!rou&!out t!e stro2e at constant pressure drop. <o ever inclusion of t!e valve into a syste. / it! associated pipin& eCuip.ent/ 0 control loop/ leads to considerations !ic! &enerally .a2e eCual ? t!e .ost idely applied c!aracteristic. ,!e eCual ? c!aracteristics produces a c!an&e in flo / it! c!an&e in lift/ t!at is a constant ? of t!e flo before t!e c!an&e as .ade. Puttin& in si.ple ter.s/ Assi n equal ( characteristics to a control valve if, 17Process is fast 27<i&! ran&eability is desired 37:!en syste. dyna.ics are not ell 2no n. 47Control valve is reCuired in an application li2e !eat e1c!an&ers !ere an increase in product rate reCuires .uc! &reater increase in !eatin& 4coolin& .ediu.. 57,!e .aFor portion of control syste. pressure drop is not available t!rou&! t!e control valve. Assi n )inear valve characteristic to a control valve if, 17Process is slo 27:!ere .ore t!an 4* ? of t!e syste. pressure drop occurs across t!e valve 37:!en .aFor process c!an&es are a result of load c!an&es

Flo c!aracteristics

Fi&ure 25

Control valve lea2a&e classification

#aterial Co.patibility Data

MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY DATA SHEET C S C I SS BRONZEMON !ASTE# !ASTEL# DURIMET TITAN#C%&'() SS SS SS 1*#4P! +04,+02 EL LLOY A LLOY C 20 -./ A0 416 440C S"EET NATURAL GAS 1 OIL A A A A A A A A A A A A A SOUR NATURAL GAS 1 OIL CARBONDIO IDE 2"ET C C A A B A A A A A A A A CARBONDIO IDE 2 DRY A A A A A A A A A A A A A PRODUCED "ATER A A A A A A A A A A B B IL SEA "ATER B B B B A A A A A A C C A SODIUM !YPO C!LORIDE C C C C B#C B#C C A B A IL C IL "ELL STREAMS 1 SAND !IG! LI3UID PRESSURE A 4 RECOMMENDED 2 B4 MINOR # MODERATE EFFECT 2 C 4 UNSATISFACTORY 2 I L 4 INFORMATION LAC5ING FLUIDS

Control valve si%in&A

Factors to be considered
-Flo application dataA #a1i.u. 0 .ini.u. flo rates/upstrea. 0 do nstrea. pressure. $trea. te.perature. -Fluid dataA 8a.e 0 properties of fluid/ P!ase of fluid /density of fluid /viscosity of fluid/vapor pressure. -Pipin& influencesA Presence of reducers or ot!er disturbances at valve . -$yste. influences A Control dyna.ics/ ;cono.ic factors . $afety. -$tyle of valveA Capacity / 6an&eability Corrosion or erosion. $pecial reCuire.ents. -$i%in&A #anufacturers si%in& coefficient.

$i%in& basics
$i%in& e.ploys principle of conservation of ener&y. Daniel +ernoulli discovered t!at as t!e liCuid flo s t!rou&! t!e orifice /t!e sCuare if fluid velocity is directly proportional to pressure difference across t!e orifice 0 inversely proportional to specific &ravity of t!e fluid /t!erefore &reater t!e pressure differential pressure &reater t!e velocity.&reater t!e density lo er t!e velocity.lo&ically t!e liCuid flo rate is calculated by .ultiplyin& t!e fluid velocity by area of flo .,!ere e1ists ener&y losses due to friction 0 turbulence . 8o t!e basic liCuid si%in& eCuation can be ritten as follo sA I J Cv 5LP497 !ere I J capacity of &allons per .inute. Cv J valve si%in& coefficient . LPJpressure differential in psi. 9 Jspecific &ravity of fluid. Cv is eCual to nu.ber of >$ &allons of ater flo in& at "*LF t!rou&! t!e valve in one .inute !en t!e pressure difference of one pound per sCuare inc!. Cv provides bot! style 0 si%e /also provides an inde1 for co.parin& liCuid capacities of valves under standard test of condition.

*+,'-+) .A)./ 0I1I,2: ,o be a &ood aircraft pilot it is necessary to !ave t!e seat of t!e pants feel of t!e s!ip. It is also i.portant to 2no w y t!e s!ip responds t!e ay it does. For t!e sa.e reasons/ t!e art of valve si%in& &oes !and in !and it! t!e science of fluid .ec!anics. Incompressible fluids& (LIQUIDS) ( fluid flo in& t!rou&! control valves follo s t!e sa.e la s of conservation of .ass 0 ener&y as e1pressed in t!e eCuations of fluid .ec!anics. First conCuered t!e flo of liCuids/ !ic! essentially are inco.pressible fluids. :!en any fluid flo in& inside a pipe/ passes t!rou&! a narro passa&e or restriction/ it .ust accelerate. ,!e ener&y for t!is acceleration .ust be ta2en fro. t!e pressure of t!e fluid/ or t!e static !ead. (fter passin& t!e restriction/ t!e fluid slo s do n a&ain 0 part of t!is !ead is recovered. 8e&lectin& friction 0 ot!er non3ideal influences for a .o.ent/ +ernoulliNs t!eore. &ives us t!e eCuation/ :!ere I is flo t!rou&! control valve/ (2 is area at vena contracta/ p1 is upstrea. pressure/ and p2 is do nstrea. pressure 0 is density at operatin& conditions. (fter furt!er si.plification it or2s out to be/ I J Cv 5LP497 !ere I is flo of liCuid t!rou&! pipeline/ 9 is operatin& density 0 LP is differential pressure across control valve.

:e ill !ave to consider t o i.portant factors/ !ic! affect calculations of Cv for liCuids 17Piping geometry factor (#p)& Ideally e !ad considered sa.e si%e of pipin& as t!at of a control valve/ but in practice t!ere are al ays reducers4e1panders upstrea.4do nstrea. of control valves 0 you !ave to correct for t!is c!an&e fro. ideal condition. 27 )iscosity factor (# )& :!en flo is turbulent t!ere is no proble. 0 correction factor is not reCuired. +ut t!e .o.ent t!e viscosity beco.es lo 0 flo starts &ettin& la.inar/ e ill !ave to apply correction to t!e Cv usin& viscosity correction factor. ,!e calculation s!eet enclosed &ives details of t!ese factors 0 also elaborates .et!ods of calculations for t!ese factors 0 t!eir use in calculatin& corrected Cv. (bove e !ave seen t!e funda.entals of control valve si%in& for liCuids/ !ic! are non3cavitatin& 0 non3flas!in&. :e ill no turn our attention to t o i.portant p!eno.ena/ na.ely Cavitation 0 Flas!in&. ,!ese p!eno.ena are of si&nificant interest in any co.pre!ensive discussion of control valves since t!eir occurrence ill affect t!e valve si%in& procedures/ .ay introduce noise 0 vibration 0 also .ay li.it t!e life e1pectancy of t!e valve co.ponents 0 i..ediate do nstrea. pipin&.

What is cavitation:
Cavitation is a t o3sta&e p!eno.enon/ t!e first step of !ic! is t!e for.ation of voids or cavities it!in t!e liCuid syste.. ,!e second sta&e is t!e collapse or i.plosion of t!ese cavities bac2 into an all3liCuid state.

ow cavitation ta!es place:

For cavitation to ta2e place/ reCuire.ent in t!e for. of nucleatin& a&ents is .andatory. ,!ese tiny nuclei !ic! !ic! ill contain eit!er dissolved &ases or vapors ill enlar&e into finite cavities it!in t!e liCuid. In s!ort !en pressure of liCuid at t!e outlet of control valve &oes belo critical pressure t!e nuclei discussed above tend to for. cavities 0 !en it is recovered bac2/ t!ese cavities try to i.plode bac2 into liCuid 0 te.porary &aseous p!ase is eli.inated.

What is "lashin#:
Flas!in& is si.ilar to cavitation/ only difference bein& t!at in cavitation t!e pressure recovery is full but in flas!in& outlet pressure re.ains belo critical pressure of t!e fluid. Fi&.1 s!o s t!e process of cavitation 0 flas!in& &rap!ically. In s!ort if cavitation !as to ta2e place follo in& criteria to be fulfilled/ 17 ,!e fluid at bot! inlet 0 outlet to be in an all liquid state 27 ,!e liCuid .ust be in subcooled state at the inlet. 37 ,!e valve outlet pressure .ust be eit er at or above the vapor pressure of the li$uid% If flas!in& !as to ta2e place/ follo in& criteria to be fulfilled/ 17,!e fluid at inlet .ust be in all liCuid condition /while some vapor must be present at the valve outlet% 27,!e fluid at t!e inlet ma& be in either a saturated or a subcooled condition 37,!e valve outlet pressure .ust be eit er at or below the vapor pressure of the li$uid

Cavitation evidences:
17 8oiseA In a control valve t!e evidence of cavitation is usually a !issin& sound .(s cavitation intensity increases due to increasin& pressure differentials/ t!e sound level also increases. 27VibrationA .ore noise due to cavitation/ .ore vibrations e.anatin& fro. control valve. 37 #aterial da.a&eA due to cavitation/ t!ere is serious da.a&e to t!e valve internals

Cavitation control:
179enerally control valves it! !i&! recovery of pressure drop are .ore prone to cavitation t!an lo recovery valves. <ence &lobe valves are less prone to cavitation t!an butterfly4 ball valves. 27 >se !ard tri. to avoid .aterial da.a&e to t!e control valve tri.. $tellitin& of tri. is a standard procedure to delay effects of cavitation. 37 Pressure balancin& of tri. is to be done to i.prove t!rottlin& stability. 47 )* de&ree bends in flo pat! create a series of velocity !ead losses reducin& pressure &radually. 57 Pressure drop .ay be divided across a series of orifices. "7 ( co.bination of 47 0 57 above !avin& .ultiple s.all differential pressures rat!er t!an one lar&er differential pressure to 2eep t!e liCuid above its vapor pressure so t!at cavitation does not occur. 77 Flo .ay be Fetted a&ainst flo 0 s irled to create a .assive turbulence 0 internal friction to dissipate t!e ener&y as !eat.

Cavitation 0 flas!in& p!eno.enon t!e control valve si%in& also &ets affected 0 t!e deviations fro. standard for.ula for control valve si%in& for liCuids is discussed belo /Cavitation 0 Flas!in& bot! produce a decrease in ability of t!e valve to convert pressure drop across it into a .ass flo rate. 6eferrin& to basic eCuation for liCuid si%in&/ it can be observed t!at t!e flo rate is proportional to t!e sCuare root of pressure drop 0 t!at t!e constant of t!is proportionality is liCuid flo coefficient Cv. It !as been observed t!at if pressure drops of above 5P1* psi are considered !ile carryin& out t!e valve capacity e1peri.ent/ t!en it is observed t!at above 5P1* psi ran&e/ t!e flo of fluid t!rou&! control valve tends to decrease rat!er t!an follo in& standard flo 0 sCuare rooted L P relations!ip. ,!is indicates incipient cavitation of t!e .ain flo strea..

Cavitation inde':
( di.ensionless ratio/ e1peri.entally deter.ined fro. plot of C versus sCuareroot of LP at fi1ed values of inlet pressure 0 valve openin& is used to describe t!e point of initial departure fro. a proportional relations!ip..,!is ratio is called cavitation inde1 0 is &iven as belo / HcJ P13P24 P13Pv J LP4P13Pv (fter cavitation !as !as be&un/ furt!er decrease in in valve outlet pressure 5increased pressure drops7 results in increased vapori%ation/ increased cavitation intensity 0 furt!er decreases in t!e apparent liCuid flo coefficient. It is observed t!at it! sufficient pressure drop t!e flo beco.es F>==B C<@H;D./ so t!at increasin& pressure drop results in no increase in flo rate. Increasin& t!e pressure drop after c!o2ed flo !as been reac!ed ill result in increased a.ounts of cavitation da.a&e until t!e valve outlet pressure is decreased to to t!e value t!at ill per.it flas!in&.

.alve recovery coefficient:

(n additional e1peri.ental coefficient is deter.ined by flo test to appro1i.ate t!e point above !ic! no increase in flo rate is ac!ieved for an increase in pressure drop. ,!is coefficient is called valve recovery coefficient H.J LP. 4P 13Pvc Fro. t!e definition/ it is clear t!at H. represents t!e fraction of t!e difference bet een inlet pressure 0 c!o2ed flo vena contracta pressure t!at .ay be ta2en as pressure drop across t!e valve/ before c!o2ed flo occurs. ,!e procedure for si%in& for c!o2ed flo condition is &iven in acco.panyin& procedure for Cv calculations.

$i%in& for turbulent 0 noncavitatin& liCuids

For.ulae to be usedA

I J 83FpCv 5LP49 f7
IJ volu.etric flo rate 81J1.** 5>$7 J*.**'"55$I7 FpJ pipin& correction factor CvJcontrol valve coefficient LPJ differential pressure 9f Jspecific &ravity

:f J 8" F=P Cv 5LP7

8" J"3.3 5>$7J2.735$I7 F=PJco.bined pressure 0 pipin& loss CvJcontrol valve coefficient LP Jdifferential pressure Jspecific ei&!t

Calculation for pipin& correction factor 5Fp7 0 Calculation for correction factor 5F=P7
Fp J Q H482 5Cd72 R 3142 F=P J Q 14 5F= 72 Hi482 5Cd72 R 3142 -82J ')* 5>$7 J*.**2145$I7 HJsu. of coefficient !eads JH1 SH2SH+1SH+2 -H1J*.5Q135d4D72 R2 -H2 J 1.*Q135d4D72 R2 -H+1 J H+2 J 135d4D7 -HiJ H1 S H+1

Control valve si%in& for c!o2ed flo

For.ulae for Cv calculationA

I J 83F=PCv 5P3Pvc749 f :fJ84F=PCv 5P3Pvc749 f !ere A PvcJ FfTPv Ff Jcritical liCuid pressure ratio factor. J*.)))"3*.2' 5Pv4Pc7 PvJvapor pressure of liCuid. PcJt!er.odyna.ic critical pressure. F=P Jco.bined pressure 0 pipin& factor.

$i%in& of &as application

For.ulae

:J8"FpCvB 51p11 7 IJ87FpCvp1B 149&,1K ;1pansion Factor BJ 13143F2Ut $p.!t.ratio factor F2 J 241.4* #anufacturers factor 1, J 5C17241"**

$i%in& of stea.5dry 0 saturated7 application

For.ulae for UV U,P :J8FpCvp1533U4U,P 75U7 8J1 5>$7J*.1525I$7 for UW U,P 5c!o2ed flo 7 :J8FpCvp15U,P 7 8J2 5>$7J*.3*45I$7 FpJ Pipin& correction factor UJ6atio of differential pressure to absolute pressure . UtJ>lti.ate value of U used ti establis! e1pansion factor/B.

(ctuators
-Pneu.atic4Diap!ra&. actuators -Piston actuators -;lectric actuators

Positioners +oosters

Pneu.atic (ctuators
Probably )*? of t!e actuators in t!e process are pneu.atic.,!e reason for t!eir ide application is use of co.pressed air !ic! is very &ood source of po er for actuators .,!e ener&y stored in co.pressed air provides a lar&e reservoir of readily available po er to .eet t!e needs of t!e actuators. ,!e reservoir for.ed by t!e air receiver 0 t!e distribution syste. ill supply po er durin& s!ort periods of po er interruptions.>pto a point !i&! pressure air is .ore effective t!an lo pressure air as far as actuators are concerned . ,a2in& econo.ic factors into consideration /t!e opti.u. syste. pressure is bet een "* to 12* psi&.If cylinder actuated valves are used in plants econo.y dictates t!at t!e pressure be at least '* psi&. ,!e Cuality of co.pressed is a i.portant factor to be considered for safety / reliability 0 .aintenance cost .$uitable air Cuality standard s!ould be adopted for t!e purpose.,!e air s!ould be dried to a de point at least 1*LF belo t!e a.bient te.perature.,!e co.pressor s!ould be non lubricated so t!ere is no oil present .=iCuid rin& avoid bot! oil 0 particulate proble.s.#any plants are e1pected to run 1**? of t!e ti.e it!out failure Gyet .any pu.ps in less critical service are spared. @t!er co.pressed &ases .ay be used in place of air / for instance / natural &as is often used on outdoor installation.ot!er &as !ic! is used is dry nitro&en !ic! is to be used s!ould be oil free.9reat care is to be ta2en to avoid t!e !a%ard if pilots are located in closed areas !ere air can be displaced by nitro&en.;ven control roo.s can be !a%ardous if ventilation fails.

(lso called diap!ra&. actuators.usually e.ploy a fle1ible diap!ra&./ placed bet een t o sta.pin&s or cast Dcasin&D0 at least one section is .ade pressure ti&!t .t!e actuator &enerally !as a Eran&e E sprin& opposin& t!e force &enerated it!in actuator.,!e control air si&nal is connected to pressure air ti&!t c!a.ber 0 an increase or decrease in pressure result in force !ic! is used to overco.e t!e pressure 3drop forces it!in valve body/ forces of actuator sprin& /0 !ysterisis forces in valve body.t!e sole purpose of actuator is to .ove t!e valve in response to error correctin& si&nal.,!e si%e of t!e actuator depends on t!e pressure drop in t!e valve. ,ypes of pneu.atic actuatorsA Direct actin& 3 (ir ti&!t c!a.ber is above diap!ra&.. 6everse actin& 3 (ir ti&!t c!a.ber is belo c!a.ber. Diap!ra&. .aterialsA 8eoprene diap!ra&. it! fiber&lass. Cotton 4nylon3for a.bient conditions. $ilicones/viton/polyacrylics it! Dacron for !i&! te.peratures. Fiber &lass fabric. (pplication :idely used for proportional control. (dvanta&esA 9ood adaptability.available in ide no.of si%es/least e1pensive in .ar2et. Disadvanta&esA ;.ploy lar&e diap!ra&./lar&e castin&/i.poses stresses on valve/not fast.

Pneu.atic (ctuators

Pneu.atic 4 Diap!ra&. (ctuators

Fi&ure 2"

Piston (ctuators4 ;lectro <ydraulic (ctuators

,!e usual for. of of a !ydraulic actuator is a double actin& cylinder . <ydraulic fluid fro. a e1ternal source is ad.itted to one side of t!e piston 0 e1!austed fro. t!e ot!er side of t!e 4 ay pilot valve 4Fet type arran&e.ent. ,!is pilot valve is &overned by a control si&nal 0 a position feedbac2 fro. ste..(n actuator of t!is type !as t!e potential to e1ert enor.ous forces 0 to drive t!e valve at !i&! speed / since t!e re.ote .otor 0 pu.p furnis!in& t!e po er can be as lar&e as is necessary to .atc! perfor.ance needs . <ydraulic fluid is virtually inco.pressible so t!e actuator is e1tre.ely stiff .It can be .ade fail safe by by installin& a trip valve 0 an accu.ulator on t!e !ydraulic fluid line to store ener&y for use !en t!e supply source fails .alternatively an accessory loc2 up relay ill !old t!e valve in last position. <ydraulic actuators for. an e1pensive syste..,!ere .ust be an unusual reCuire.ent for !i&! perfor.ance valve actuation to Fustify t!is e1penditure. ,!e !ydraulic actuators are li2ely to be found !ere t!ere are a nu.ber of lar&e 0 !eavy da.pers/ lar&e ball valves /lar&e butterfly valve it! !i&! torCue. If t!ese devices are to be .oved at !i&! speed /or are used in control syste. loop reCuirin& superior perfor.ance / t!ere is &reater incentive to consider !ydraulic po er . ,!e selection of ri&!t !ydraulic fluid is an i.portant point to be considered for !i&! te.perature application.,!e syste. also reCuires filters/relief valves 0 ot!er accessories.

Piston actuators
,!ese are available fro. .ost .anufacturers.,!ese are used alon& it! positioners .t!e piston cylinder used is .ade of cast4 rou&!t iron it!standin& !i&! pressure t!an sta.ped or cast casin&.Due to !i&! pressure ratin& t!e actuators are able to provide .ore force for s.aller dia.eters.It is considered as effective .eans of copin& pressure drops/ !en used alon& it! actuators. (pplication Proportionin& or positionin& control valves. (dvanta&esA Provide !i&! t!rust. 9ood freCuency response. <i&! reliability ;1act positionin& relative to control si&nal. 6elatively fast response $afe in electrically !a%ardous location. Disadvanta&esA 6eCuires !i&! pressure air supply. #ore e1pensive t!an sprin& 0 diap!ra&. type. Cu.berso.e to ac!ieve fail safe condition

Piston (ctuator

Fi&ure 27

;lectric (ctuator
(ctuator operation ,!e co..and si&nal for an electronic positioner is often 43 2* .( DC /but could be no of ot!er values . It tells actuator !ere t!e actuator s!ould be positioned . ,!e actuator is usually desi&ned to &o fully closed at 4.(.0 fully open at 2* .( si&nal for direct actin& .:!en actuator is closed at 2*.( 0 fully open at 4.( t!e actuator id reverse actin& . ,!e actuator si&nal co.es fro. a potentio.eter ot!er resistive ele.ent .it is an electrical ter.inal t!at tells t!e servo !ere t!e actuator is positioned . ,!e co.parator circuit co.pares t!e si&nal 0 actuator feedbac2 si&nal. 17 If t!e si&nals are different t!en t!e co.parator activates eit!er t!e EopenD or EcloseD to .ini.i%e t!e difference . 27 For identical si&nal /t!e co.parator activates neit!er circuit . 37 ,!e co.parator s!ould never activate bot! circuits at a ti.e. ,!e output circuit features so.e for. of s itc!in& ele.ent to connect t!e po er supply to .otor leads.t!e s itc!in& ele.ents are relays or ,6I(CNs.

$upply
Input si&nal co.parator =o&ic c2t

open close

#otor open indin& #otor open indin&

Valve position

Fi&ure 2'

;lectric (ctuator
-(dvanta&esA ;1tre.ely fast response. Develops .a1i.u. po er for actuation. ;nsures accurate positionin& of valve. -Disadvanta&es ;1pensive #ore difficult to .aintain

Fi&ure 2)

$election of (ctuators
$election criteria A 17 (vailability of po erin& source vi%. <ydraulic/ pneu.atic/electric .ec!anical. 27 ,!rust reCuire.ent for t!e .a1i.u. pressure operation 0 ti&!tness of s!utoff reCuired to overco.e friction versus t!e si%e available for eac! type of actuator. 37 ,!e availability of t!e actuator to !old t!e plu& in a fi1ed position5stiffness7 t!rou&! sur&es of line pressure .t!is is ac!ieved by a !i&! rate .ec!anical sprin& /lo case air volu.e/!ydraulic fluid loadin& .t!e rate of force c!an&e of t!e actuator it! stro2e s!ould be at least t ice t!e rate of c!an&e of line pressure unbalances in it!in t!e valve actin& on t!e plu& 0 ste.. 47 ,!e reCuired actuatin& action upon failure of po erin& .ediu. G valve fails openG valve fail closeG closeG !old position. 57 (deCuate freCuency response to satisfy process dyna.ic and 4or safe e.er&ency full open or closin& ti.es . "7 ,e.perature li.its of elasto.er diap!ra&. .aterial. 8eoprene532* to 1'*LF7G silicone533* to 3**LF7G Viton531* to 35* LF7 .etal bello s 5W 35*LF7 77 (ctuator cost escaltin& in t!is order (ir diap!ra&. type/air piston/ air rotary/ electric 0 electro!ydraulic type.

(ctuator $i%in&
:!en one selects an actuator follo in& points s!ould be ei&!ed carefully -,orCue reCuired . -$peed of response reCuired . -duty cycle li.its. -;ner&y Costs. -(dFustibility for travel /split ran&in& /or ot!er loops needs. -Price of installation cost. -#aintenance cost. -6eliability . -$pace reCuire.ent 0 ei&!t.

(ctuator $i%in&

$tatic Forces ,!e static forces are t!ose forces t!at e1ist it! t!e valve under pressure but it! no fluid flo .(n ideal actuator s!ould be able to overco.e all t!e forces associated it! t!e valve .It s!ould be able to .ove t!e valve .ec!anis. to specified position it! specified tolerance /despite t!e varyin& forces e1erted b t!e flo in& fluid .In ot!er ords it s!ould !ave po er / stiffness 0 &ood freCuency response Cualities suitable for application. ,!e static i.balance is a .aFor force .@n sin&le ported /unbalanced &lobe valves t!is force is .easured by t!e area of t!e seat .ultiplied by t!e differential pressure.;ven on balanced valve t!ere is difference in t!e opposin& areas.,!e double port valve !as uneCual seat areas .,o account for t!ese forces t!e areas of t!e seat 0 pistons .ust be 2no n.,!e direction of force depends on direction of flo in& fluid .(not!er static forces is t!e ste. force .It is .easured b t!e area of t!e ste. .ultiplied by t!e pressure in t!e valve body. ,o .eet t!e lea2a&e tolerance t!e plu& valve .ust be seated it! appropriate force.,!is force varies fro. about 2* lb per lineal inc! of seat circu.ference for class II lea2a&e rate to about '* lbs per lineal inc! for t!e lar&er si%e valves Class V valves reCuire a seatin& force t!at increases it! s!ut off pressure differential across seat. $oft seated valves reCuire fairly !i&! seat loads to &et ti&!t s!ut off. ,F; reCuires a forces of 3* lbs plus a force of 22lb4in for eac! 1** psi differential pressure drop across it..a1 drop of ,F; is 4** psi.

(ctuator $i%in&
$tatic forces of rotary .otion valves .anifest t!e.selves in a entirely different .anner .First @ff /t!e forces are .easured in torCue units . +all 0 ot!er sy..etric valves !ave no unbalanced forces .+all valve plu&s are often desi&ned so t!at closure .e.ber is al ays in contact it! t!e seat.,!ese valves !ave e1tre.ely !i&! seat frictional forces at all openin& .,!e ot!er rotary valve incur sealin& forces only at s.all an&les of openin& .,!e torCue reCuired to cope up t!ese forces are Ebrea2a ay Eor Ebrea2out EtorCue.

(ctuator $i%in&
*ynamic forces
Dyna.ic forces are t!ose forces created by fluid by t!e fluid flo t!rou&! t!e valve.For so.e valves t!ese forces are very co.ple1 . In flo to close direction /t!e ste. force on t!is valve increases sli&!tly as t!e plu& .oves off t!e seat / up to about 2.5 ? of seat dia.eter.t!en t!e force decreases linearly to about 25? of its closed value.,!e double ported / Iuic2 openin& / it! one port flo to open 0 one port flo to close /!as a fluid force it fairly balanced .

Fi&ure 3* Fluid force 3Iuic2 openin& valve / flo to open

Fi&ure 31

Fluid force 3Iuic2 openin& Flo to close

Fi&ure 32

Fluid force 3Iuic2 openin& Double port valve

Fi&ure 32 Fluid force countered plu& F,@ 0 F,C

#or !utterfly )al+e, ,!e fluid forces actin& on butterfly valves differ idely in desi&n of t!e dis2 0 orientation of t!e ste. .Consider first ali&ned dis2 it! centered ste.. :!en t!e valve is closed t!ere is no torCue due to differential pressure .+ut t!e t!rust caused by t!e differential pressure on dis2 creates a substantial friction on bearin&s. ,!is adds to friction caused by pac2in& 0 seal .(s t!e valve opens t!e vane /t!e actuator .ust oppose t!e torCue t!at tend to close t!e valve t!e torCue reac!es t!e .a1i.u. value !en valve is "*L to '* L open.(s dyna.ic torCue increases / t!rust on t!e bearin&s is affected by liftin& forces on t!e dis2/c!an&in& torCue reCuire.ent of t!e actuator.,!e torCue is proportional to pressure drop 0 cube of dia.eter of dis2. ,!e ot!er factors affectin& t!e torCue curve for t!is type of valve are A -,!e Cuality of bearin&s -=ubricity of fluid -Fittin& adFacent to valve -Free disc!ar&e -C!o2ed flo -Co.pressible fluids

Fi&ure 33 ,orCue curve for a butterfly valve

-egati+e fluid force gradient

It is reCuired for an actuator is to !ave enou&! po er to overco.e t!e forces +ot! valve 0 actuator !ave distinctive dyna.ic properties .+esides t!e steady state forces caused by fluid turbulence.,!ese are 2no n as buffetin& forces 0 constitute a disturbance to t!e position .If t!e valve is to re.ain steady under t!is condition /t!e actuator .ust be stiff enou&! to to resist .otion. ( second factor affectin& stability is ne&ative fluid force &radient . ,o understand force &radients/ consider first t!e sin&le ported &lobe valve / it! a turned plu& /flo tendin& too open it! open it! t!e pac2in& on do nstrea. side.,!e plu& force is a proportional to t!e effective plu& area 5(p7 0 t!e effective pressure drop5LP7.,!e proportionality factor 5H!7is t!e fluid force coefficient .It varies it! t!e fractional valve travel 5!7.,!e ste. force is produ of t!e ste. area5(s7 0 P25psi&7 FJH! LP (p 3 P2 (s 0 H! J 5F S P2 (s74 5LP (p 7

:!en t!e valve is in .otion t!ere are certain factors t!at assu.e i.portance relative to valve stability .@n balanced ca&e &uided valves balancin& piston is connected to t!e body pressure by !oles t!rou&! t!e plu& leadin& to balancin& c!a.ber. :!en plu& .oves .oves /fluid .ust flo t!rou&! t!ese passa&es .,!is pressure .If t!e plu& .oves fast 0 !oles are s.all /t!ere are ill be substantial pressure drop across t!e passa&es .t!is pressure difference in effect c!an&es t!e s!ape of t!e force curve 0 can create e1cessive ne&ative fluid force 0 instability. @n t!e ot!er !and / rapid valve .ove.ent caused by fluid forces on actuator in a .anner to increase t!e effective sprin& rate /t!us increasin& stability . #ove.ent of diap!ra&. or piston in t!e actuator causes air to flo in or out of actuator case t!rou&! s.all openin& .,!is is a snubber 0 acts as an additional sprin& force .If t!e valve ti.e constant is /at freCuencies &reater t!an 5 % 53 radians4sec .,!e effective air sprin& rate is Hp J 2 p 5(d72 4 V :!ere 2 J ratio of specific !eats 5sirJ1/4*7 p J avera&e air pressure /psia (dJ (rea of diap!ra&./sC.inc!es V JVolu.e /cu.inc!es

Friction is do.inant at natural freCuency . (bove natural freCuency inertia serves to increase t!e stiffness still furt!er .(t t!ese freCuencies less t!en natural freCuencies t!e air sprin& effect di.inis!es rapidly unless t!e valve is eCuipped it! positioner.+ecause of its !i&! &ain t!e positioner enables an actuator to resist fluid forces t!at act at lo er freCuencies. (s t!e freCuencies approac!es 5 % 53 radians4sec stiffenin& effect di.inis!es to t!at of a valve it!out positioner. For c!o2ed flo t!ere .ay be little or no pressure recovery.In t!at case t!e LP used in eCuation H! J 5F S P2 (s74 5LP (p 7 Is to be replaced by LP e LP eJ F=5P13FFPV7 For &as or vapor t!e effective pressure drop LP is LP eJB1 P1 (nd for c!o2ed flo LP eJ*.44 F2 U, P1 In order to cope up it! t!e proble. caused by ne&ative fluid &radient / t!e valve .anufacturer adopts certain desi&n procedures to overco.e t!e lac2 of co.plete infor.ation. @ne .et!od is to list for eac! valve style 0 ste. travel a factor to define t!e slope of t!e ne&ative &radient t!e factor is called Hn Hn J 5dF 4 d<745psi7 3inc!es ,!e sprin& rate .ust be &reater t!an 5LP Hn7. ,!e operatin& pressure is ta2en as LP .

$u..ary of actuator si%in&

,o be able to properly si%e a control actuator /one .ust !ave access to all t!e necessary para.eters G -Valve +ody Force or ,orCue C!aracteristics . -Pac2in& 0 $eal Friction Factors. -(ctuator Force C!aracteristics. -$prin& 6ates (vailable. It is also necessary to 2no t!e li.its of t!e various co.ponents li2e -$eat Force -$prin& =oad -$prin& (dFuster ,ravel -(ctuator Casin& Pressure =i.its..

Positioner
It is a device !ic! precisely positions /by use of air /t!e .ovin& part or parts of a pneu.atically operated valve in accordance it! a pneu.atic si&nal. Principle of operation ( typical controller output varies fro. a .ini.u. * psi& to .a1i.u. 2* psi&. ,!e .ost co..on valve sprin& operates at 3315 psi&.t!e air pressure above 15 psi& is used to close valve a&ainst upstrea. pressure . ,!e fi&ure belo s!o s a valve it! a positioner in addition to controller. ,!e si&nal fro. controller in t!is case &oes to positioner instead of directly to control valve. ,!e positioner co.pares si&nal it! t!e ste. position .if t!e position is not proper t!e positioner adds or e1!austs air fro. t!e valve actuator until desired position is obtained. (pplicationA ,o overco.e friction. ,o increase s!ut3off ratin& of sin&le seated valves. ,o increase speed of response of control valve. $plit ran&e operation. ,o c!an&e flo c!aracteristics. ,o &et ide proportional band. =i.itationA -<a.pers Cuality in fast process.so/boosters are used in .odern day application

+oosters
Volu.e boostersA ( volu.e booster can be used to increase t!e speed of operation of diap!ra&. control valve .( volu.e booster bein& used in conFunction it! controller 0 pneu.atic valve.t!e controller applies its output si&nal to booster instead of to t!e control valve .@nly about 1 cubic inc! of air is reCuired to position t!e pilot in t!e booster / t!us t!e volu.e of air .oved t!rou&! t!e connectin& tubin& is s.all .,!e air t!at operates t!e valve co.es t!rou&! t!e pilot in booster .,!e pilot !as lar&e capacity t!e stro2in& ti.e is substantially reduced .
e1!aust 2* psi&

booster

controller

35 psi& Fi&ure 34 Volu.e booster in control valve loop

+oosters
Pressure boosters A ,!ey are also volu.e boosters /!o ever t!eir .ain function is to increase t!e pressure fro. controller to above 2* psi&. In certain valve application. ( booster .ay be preferred over positioner because of its lo er cost. (lso a booster does not close t!e loop around t!e valve. It also en!ances stability in fast response syste.s.

e1!aust

2* psi&

2A1
(3,3@ " 3 3* psi& 35 psi&

controller

Fi&ure 35 Pressure booster in control valve loop

,ransducers
@n 3off relay sA (pplicable !ere t!e .a1i.u. output of controller is insufficient to operate a diap!ra&. valve.
e1!aust 2* psi& @8X@FF controller (3,3C " 3 3* psi& 35 psi& Fi&ure 35 ,!rottlin&

,!e fi&ure s!o s on3off pneu.atic relay .t!e relay applies 35 or * psi& to diap!ra&. valve to open or close valve. ,!e 35 psi& allo s t!e sin&le seated valve to close a&ainst !i&! pressure line t!an ould be possible it! 2*psi& output fro. controller. ,!e pneu.atic relay is used a t!rottlin& controller !ere t!e relay is used in e.er&ency service/as s!o n above.in t!is application t!e relay is nor.ally positioned suc! t!at t!e e1!aust port is closed 0 pat! t!rou&! t!e relay 0 diap!ra&. valve is 2ept open. In e.er&ency si&nal is applied to relay to close controller si&nal 0 open e1!aust .

,ransducers

$olenoid valves @n3@ff control >sed in co.bination it! diap!ra&. valve. It is used to supply or e1!aust air fro. diap!ra&. control valve to ac!ieve on3off control.Dependin& on si%e t!e arran&e.ent .ay be considered less e1pensive 0 faster response. ,!rottlin& control ,!e solenoid valve is used it! t!rottlin& control valve in e.er&ency service . ,!e solenoid valve is positioned suc! t!at e1!aust port is closed 0 pat! bet een controller 0 diap!ra&. is open .In e.er&ency t!e solenoid coil is activated 0 controlled is bloc2ed 0 e1!aust port is opened 0 valve is closed .
e1!aust e1!aust $@V $@V (3,3C " 3 3* psi& Fi&ure 3" @n off service 2* psi&

35 psi&

35 psi&
(3,3C " 3 3* psi& Fi&ure 37 ,!rottlin& service

,!rottlin&