Hydraulics 2 (CIVL 0018)-spring-20-Assignment

Module Code: CIVL 0018

Module Name: Hydraulics2

Submitted by:

16F15817
Class # 37

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Contents
Hydraulics 2 (CIVL 0018)-spring-20-Assignment..........................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1:.............................................................................................................................................4
Solution:...........................................................................................................................................5
Part a:...............................................................................................................................................5
Part b:...............................................................................................................................................6
Part 3:...............................................................................................................................................7
Task 2:.............................................................................................................................................8
Solution:...........................................................................................................................................9
Part a)...............................................................................................................................................9
Part b:.............................................................................................................................................10
Discussion......................................................................................................................................13
Conclusions....................................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................14

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Introduction
This report contains real world problems related to hydraulic and fluid mechanics. Task 1 is
about design of the weir height and sluice gate spacing. Task 2 about branching piping network
in which we are required to find the position of reservoir B and % change in discharge while
changing diameter of the pipe. Task 3 is about obstruction in open channel flow. Fluid power is
one of the prominent forces which is used in fluid mechanics to run turbine, generators, and
machines and with the help of that power is produced. During this process we need to design
hydraulic structures which can simulate these forces and it works on the principle of fluid
mechanics [CITATION NAV90 \l 1033 ]. The open channel is a free surface atmospheric flow
which is designed for specific bed slope and cross section. If there is no change in the depth,
velocity and flow rate of the flow with respect to time, the flow can be referred as steady flow
while if the velocity and depth is constant for certain length of the flow, it is said to be a uniform
flow[ CITATION The \l 1033 ]. Design of urban drainages is a complex phenomenon which
involves consideration of many important factors. Length of pipeline, location of reservoir,
height of the tank, volume of the tank and so many other factors. It is also necessary to ensure
the quality of water while designing a branching pipeline system[ CITATION sus \l 1033 ].

In civil engineering the importance of the hydraulic structures under fluid mechanics principle
can not be ignored. If it is water retaining structure, water storing, diversion or pumping system,
all of them have a vide range of application and uses in our daily life. For example, weir which is
built to increase the head and alternatively take off the water to the off canal. Dam which is built
to store water is also used for irrigation, power generation and flood controlling[ CITATION
Aro19 \l 1033 ].

A case study was performed in Cantabaria on weir project whose catchment area 429 km2 and
maximum altitude was 45m. It is important to note that while designing any hydraulic structure
the site study plays an important role. The soil conditions, accessibility to facilities and
availability of proper water resources is necessary[ CITATION Nan \l 1033 ]. The purpose of
this study is to gain an insight of the hydraulic design, open channel flows especially non steady
flows and understanding of urban drainage design and proper position of reservoir with respect
to the locality and pipeline system.

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Task 1:
Consider the rectangular section of the wadi that you designed in assignment 1. To control the
flow a Sluice gate is installed in the wadi. After some distance, a broad crested weir
is also constructed as shown in figure 1. Determine the following:

a) Draw the specific energy diagram for the flow. [10 marks]
b) Minimum height of the Sluice gate (yg) that does not interrupt the flow. [10 marks]
c) Maximum height of the broad crested weir (P) which does not interrupt the flow in the
mainstream (Wadi).

[10 marks]

Solution:

Q=0.1146m3/sec
S=0.076
B=75mm
Cd=0.66
L=3511
D=y1=0.1436
V=0.46×10−6 m/sec

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Part a:

As we know that specific energy is estimated by:

q2 q2 13
E=y+ while yc=( ) is critical depth.
2 g y2 g

y Q b q2 E
1 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 19.94589
2 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 6.736473
3 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 5.105099
4 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 5.184118
5 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 5.757836
6 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 6.526275
7 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 7.386651
8 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 8.29603
9 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 9.2339
10 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 10.18946
11 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 11.15658
12 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 12.13157
13 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 13.11211
14 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 14.09666
15 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 15.0842
16 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 16.07401
17 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 17.06556
18 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 18.05847
19 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 19.05248
20 0.1446 0.0075 19.28 20.04736

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 E vs Y
25

20

15
E

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Y

Part b:

yg=?
By energy equation:

v 12 v 22
y 1+ = y2+
2g 2g

v 12
If y 2= yg and =0 because it is negligible.
2g
So, the equation becomes,

Q2
y 1= yg+
2 g b2 yg 2

0.1146 2
0.1436=yg+
0.00752 yg 2 2 ×9.81

By error and trial. We get,

Yg=13 mm

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Part 3:

As we know,
3
2 2g
Q= ×cd
3 3√L(H + ha) 2

V2
Here ha=
2g
Putting all the values,
2 2 × 9.81 (0.46 × 10−6 )2 32
0.1146= ×0.66×
3 √ 3
×3511×( H +
2 ×9.81
)

By error and trial, we get,

H=0.001m
So, P=D-H
P=0.1436-0.001
P=0.1426m
Which is our required answer.

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Task 2:
For the three reservoirs shown in figure -2, water surface elevations for reservoir A and C are ZA
and ZC respectively. Reservoirs A and B are feeding reservoir C. The physical characteristics of
the pipes are given in the attached excel sheet. Make the following design calculations of the
water distribution system:
a) Calculate the water surface level of the reservoir B if QA = QB. [15 marks]
b) If the pipeline DC of the same material is replaced by another pipe of diameter DN, evaluate
the change in percentage of discharge. [15 marks]

Given data:
Pipe Length(m) Dia(mm) f
AD 50 120 0.0023
BD 1500 100 0.0018
DC 750 100 0.0019

Solution:

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Part a)

ZB=? If QA=QB
Energy equation for reservoir A,

PA v 2
EA= + + ZA
γ 2g
PA
=0 no atmospheric pressure
γ

v2
=0 static
2g
EA=ZA=250m
Similarly
EB=ZB=?
EC=ZC=220m
QDC=QAD+QDB
As already mentioned,
QAD=QDB
So
QDC=2QAD
Apply energy equation on A&D,
EA=ED+hfAD

fl v 2
250=ED+
2 gd

0.0023× 50× QAD2

2
250=ED+ 3.14 ---------(1)
2× 9.81× 0.12( × 0.122)
4
Applying energy equation on B&D:
EB=ED+hfBD

0.0023× 1500× QAD2

2
ZB=ED+ 3.14 ---------(2)
2× 9.81× 0.1( × 0.12)
4

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 Applying energy equation on D & C:
ED=EC+hfDC

0.0023 ×750 ×QDC 2

2
ED=EC+ 3.14
2× 9.81× 0.1( × 0.12)
4
Here EC=220m
And QDC=2QAD

0.0023 ×750 ×2 QAD2

2
ED=220+ 3.14 --------(3)
2× 9.81× 0.1( × 0.12)
4
Putting equation 3 in 1:

0.0023× 50× QAD2 0.0023 ×750 ×2 QAD2

2 2
250 - 3.14 =220+ 3.14
2× 9.81× 0.12( × 0.122) 2× 9.81× 0.1( × 0.12)
4 4

Solving for QAD, we get,

QAD=0.0251m3
Putting QAD in equation 3, we get,
ED==220.23m
Putting ED in equation 2, we get,
ZB=234.28m

Part b:

Dn= 400mm=0.004m
As we know,
QDC1=2QAD
= 2×0.025
= 0.0502m3/sec

Now for Dn=0.004m,

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 The equation 3 becomes,

0.0023 ×750 × 2QAD 2

2
ED=220+ 3.14
2× 9.81× 0.4( ×0.4 2)
4

0.0023× 50× QAD2 0.0023 ×750 × 2QAD 2

2 2
250 - 3.14 2 =220+ 3.14 2
2× 9.81× 0.12( × 0.12 ) 2× 9.81× 0.4( ×0.4 )
4 4

We get, QAD= 0.264m3/sec

QDC2= 0.5296m3/sec
QDC 2−QDC 1
%QDC= ×100
QDC 2
0.5296−0.0502
%QDC= ×100
0.0502
%QDC=954%

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Task3
Water is flowing at the normal depth in a rectangular concrete channel that is 'b’ wide encounters
an obstruction as shown in figure 3, causing the water level to rise above the normal depth at the
obstruction and for some distance upstream. The discharge in the channel is ‘Q’ and the channel
bottom slope is S0. The depth of water just upstream from the obstruction is (y0). Find the
distance upstream (L) to the point where the surface is at the normal depth. For accuracy, solve
the problem by minimum five steps

b=11.8m
Q=1450m3/sec
S=0.0089
Y⸰=4.2m
Solution:
AS we know,
2 1
1
Q= × A × R 3 × S 2 --------(1)
n
A=bYn=11.8Yn
A 11.8 Yn
R= =
P 11.8+2 Yn

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 S==0.00089
Let n=0.013
Putting all values in equation 1:
1
1 11.8 Yn 23
1450 = ×(11.8 Yn)×( ) ×(0.00089) 2
0.013 11.8+2 Yn

Solving by error and trial, we get,

Yn=19.5m
Yn˃Y⸰
Y ⸰−Yn
Here Slope =
L

19.5−4.2
L=
0.00089
L=17191m

Discussion
In Task 1 the specific energy flow diagram is plotted which is showing that with increasing depth
the energy is increasing. The Yg is so estimated that it is not interrupting the flow and so as in
the case of weir height. In Task 2 the position of reservoir B is lower than position of reservoir
A. The percent change in the discharge is quite large by increasing the diameter of the pipe. In
Task 3 the estimated length is also very large and quite surprising but depend on the available
data.

The high percentage change in discharge and larger length between obstruction and upstream
flow is quite surprising. Similarly, it is understood now that by change a little diameter of the
pipe will results into huge changes. It also important to note that the location of sluice gate with
respect to weir is not ignorable.

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The Yg is calculated based on energy equations. The height of the weir is estimated from weir
experimental discharge formula. Similarly, ZB is also estimated based on energy equations while
the length in the last task was estimated from slope formula.

It is possible that there might be difference in the theoretical and real situations based on the
equation’s assumptions.

Conclusions
The following conclusions has been made based on this study:

 Change diameter of the pipe has a significant effect on the discharge.

 Position of reservoir is important aspect in the branching piping system.
 The size the of sluice gate is to be so selected that it does not interrupt the flow and it
must be in correlation with height of the weir.
 The height of the weir should be such that it should not affect the flow.
 Any hydraulic jump in the flow should have energy dissipation mechanism so it does not
cause erosion.

The study is limited only to position of reservoirs, height of the weir, sluice gate spacing and
position of obstruction from upstream flow. The length can be estimated by another method too
but here I assumed and restrict to only slope method.

References
constructor, T., n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://theconstructor.org/fluid-mechanics/open-channel-flow-types-flow/37501/
Nansa, n.d. Case study:Weir demolition in river Nansa, Cantabria. [Online]
Available at: https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study
%3AWeir_demolition_in_river_Nansa,_Cantabria
NAVEDTRA, 1990. FLUID POWER. Edition Prepared by MWC Albert Beasley, Jr.
Sharma, A., 2019. hydraulic structures. Enginneering.

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susdrain, n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://www.susdrain.org/delivering-suds/using-suds/background/urban-
drainage.html

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