Hydraulics 2 (CIVL 0018)-spring-20-Assignment

Module Code: CIVL 0018

Module Name: Hydraulics2

Submitter by

16F15817
Class no 37
Introduction:
As we go through the subject of hydrology and hydraulic, we get knowledge of water hydrology,
cyclic process of water and the structure need to construct to hold the environment safe from the
negative impact of water flooding. Since with the development of technology the world is
changing, the rural population is decreasing while at the same time urbanization is taking place.
And with the development in this sector paved area increased, and after any rain fall event there
is chance of water flooding. The runoff generated is greater as compared to unpaved area in rural
areas. So, to get rid of the negative impact of rain fall proper civil structure is provided to safely
remove the water from urban area to outside safe location. The term drainage system in civil
engineering is used for this purpose. So, basically drainage means the process of removing
excess water from the locality of urban area to a safe side out from the city location. Based on
the locality of this system we can categorize them into different types. Some of them include
urban drainage system, roadway drainage system, airport drainage system and agricultural
drainage system.
And in this study my focus will be on urban drainage system. As in case of urban area the
locality is generally developed, so paved area is much as compare to unpaved area, hence a
system should be developed to properly discharge the quantity water safely away from the city
zone. The water contributing in this case are water from household, institute, marketplaces,
plazas etc.
So, the facility which is used for this purpose is known as drainage system. As mainly there are
two system available to cope this situation. The first one is separate system for storm water and
sanitation water. The second type will be combined system for both. Now it depends on the
condition available on site. Both systems can be provided based on feasibility of the system over
there in the locality. In both case maximum discharge is calculated, and the section of channel or
pipe are designed based on the available discharge. There is different method of calculating
discharge generated from a catchment area, but my focus will be on rational method of analysis
for a rain fall even and calculation of the runoff. The detail of rational method is as under.
The rational method, used for the first time in the United States by Kuichling in 1889, is still
very popular for estimating stormwater quantity. The basic equation in the rational method has
the form
Q = Cf CiA [L3T–1
Where
 Q = peak rate of flow
 Cf = frequency factor
 C = runoff (rational) coefficient
 i = intensity of precipitation for a duration equal to time of concentration, t, and a return
period, T
 A = drainage area

After calculating the above parameter for a locality, the required discharge can be calculated
easily using the above equation. Similarly, some example which are based on the above
discussed methodology have been solved and discussed in the coming sections.
Task 1
Required:
(1) Calculate peak runoff rate of the catchment area by rational method
(2) For the peak runoff design at least two best hydraulic sections
(3) Discuss about the feasibility of two alternative section and cost analysis
(4) Design consideration for maximum and minimum velocity that does not cause erosion
Solution
Part(1)
Catchment area (wadi Alhoqain, Oman)

Figure 1 showing catchment area selected for the given task

 Figure 2 showing catchment Path selected for the given task

GIVEN DATA:

A= 4059004 m 2 = 4.10 km 2
P= 8273 m
RL2= 649.69 m
RL1= 382.83 m
Solution:
(1) First let we determine the slope of the catchment path

RL2 =649.69 m

3511m

RL2 =382.83 m
For rational method we need the value of C, the value of C is taken from the given below table
 C= 0.15
n= 0.015

Rational Methode
Qmax= 0.278CAI
Where,
C= runoff coefficient (C can found from table)
A= drain area (cathment area) Km2
i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for a critical time period (need to google it)
From the catchment area slected above we have the values:
mm mm
i=16 =0.67
day h

Qmax= 0.278 x 0.15 x 4.10 x 0.67

Qmax= 0.1146 m3/sec
Part 2
For the peak runoff rate, design/propose at least two cost efficient sections of the canal. These
could be either of trapezoidal, triangular, circular or rectangular section. [20 marks]

GIVEN DATA:

A = 4059004m2=4.10 k m2
P = 8273m
1271
R L2=1271 ft= =382.83 m
3.32
2157
R L1=2157 ft = =649.69 m
3.32

Solution:
Trapezoidal Section
Q max =0.278 CAI

mm mm
i=16 =0.67
day h

C=0.15 , n=0.015

m3
Q=0.278× 0.15 ×4.10 × 0.67=0.1146
sec

RL2−RL1
S=
L

649.69−382.83
S= =0.076
3511

5
1
1 A3 2
Q= S
n 23
P

5
2 1
1 (1.75 D ) 3
Q= ( 0.076) 2
n 2
(3.5 D)3
 5
2 3 1
1 (1.75 D )
0.1146= (0.076)2
0.015 2
(3.5 D) 3

(1.75 D 2 )5
(0.006235)3=
(3.5 D)2

(1.75)5 10−2
0.0000002424= D
(3.5)2
D8=0.00000018095

D=0.1436 m

x x

Triangular Section
Q=0.1146 m3/sec
S= 0.076
Z=1¿ √ 2
Required Data
Design triangular section
(Z=1¿ √ 2)

Solution:
 1
A=2( zd×d)
2
A=ZD2
P=2 √ (ZD)2 + D 2
P=2 D √1+ Z 2
1
√
P=2D 1+(
√2
1
¿ ) ¿2

P=2 D 1+
√
P=2 D √ 15
2

P=2.449D
1
Q= R2/3 S 1/2
n
1 A 2/3 1/2
Q= ( ) S
n B
1 ZD 2/3 1/2
Q= ( ) S
n 2.499
1 D
Q= ( )2/3 S1/2
n 2

1 D 1
0.1146 = ( ) 2/3 (0.076) 2
0.015 2
Solving
D=0.112m

Part c
Discuss about the feasibility of alternate sections and cost analysis considering sustainability
considerations in design.
Ans
We have select two sections trapezoidal and triangular.
The Trapezoidal section will be feasible as it has lower depth value and trapezoidal has more
uniform flow than triangular section. The flow in trapezoidal section is best and will hence the
trapezoidal section will work for longer period.
It is clear that that the depth of trapezoidal section is lower so it cost will also be lower. The
trapezoidal section is frequently used and it required less labor and energy than triangular section
so in for sustainability consideration the trapezoidal section will be good.

Part d
Design consideration for maximum and minimum velocity that does not cause erosion
Ans
The erosion is caused by the maximum velocity. In the case we have Maximum Discharge
0.1146 m3/s so keeping this we will find the velocity which will be the threshold velocity.
So as
Q= AV
Q max
V=
A
0.1146
V=
4059004

V =0.46 ×10−6 m/s

So this is the maximum velocity. The velocity of flow should be with this limit. Above this value
it will cause erosion.

Task 2
Part 01:
One Sluice One Sluice gate is installed in the open channel of width 75 mm. With the individual data
given in the attached excel sheet, determine the following:

i. For the given Discharge Coefficient (Cd) determine y 0 and comment. [5 marks]
ii. Comment on the type of flow after the Sluice Gate. [5
marks]
GIVEN DATA:
V = 0.015m3
T=22.5 sec
y g= 12mm = 0.012m

t (cd) = 0.66
b=75mm = 0.075m

Required: i. for the given Discharge Coefficient (Cd) determines y 0 and comments.
ii. Comment on the type of flow after the Sluice Gate.

Solution:
Part (1)
Step 01 Determine Q

V
Q=
t
0.015
Q=
22.5
Q= 0.000667 m3/sec

Step 02 Determine y c

1
Q2
yc= 2 ( )
b g
3

Putting all the values

 1
(0.00667)2
yc=
(
(0.075)2∗9.81 )3

y c =0.020 m

Part (1), Step 03

Determine y 0
We know that
a=cd . b . y . g √ 2 g . y 0

V
= cd . b . y . g √ 2 g . y 0
t

0.015
= 0.66 × 0.075× 0.015 √ 2∗9.81 . y 0
22.5
0.8783=√ 2 × 9.81. y 0

( 0.8783)2
y 0=
2 ×9.81
y 0=0.03932m

y g < y c So the type of flow after the sluice gate is super critical flow

Part 02:
Water is flowing in the pipeline of diameter ‘D’ and length ‘L’. At two sections piezometers are
attached as shown in figure below. Referring the data given to you determine the following:
i. Evaluate pipe friction factor of the pipe [5 marks]
Comment on the flow type inside the pipe and variation of pressure from section (1) to section
(2).
GIVEN DATA:

V= 0.005m3
T= 15.5sec
L=912 mm= 0.912m
D= 13.6 mm= 0.0136m
h1= 385mm = 0.385m

h2 = 360mm = 0.36m

Required Data
Solution: (i)
Apply the Bernoulli’s Equation
P 1 v2 P 2 v2
+ +h1=¿ + +h +h
r 2g r 2g 2 e
h e=h1−hr

h e = 0.385 – 0.360

h e= 0.025m

Now from Doriy Equation

2 gD . he
f= (i)
LV 2

To determine velocity first we find discharge

Vd
Q=
time
0.005
Q=
22.5

Q=0.000322m3 /sec
 π d2
A=
4

π (0.0136)2
A=
4

A=0.000145 m2
Q 0.000322
V= =
A 0.000145
V =2.216 m/ sec

Now using Equation (i)

2× 9.81× 0.0136 ×0.0262
f= 2
0.912 ×(2.216)
f =0.00156

(ii) Comment on flow

ξDV 1000 ×0.0262 ×2.216
Re = =
μ 0.912 ×10−4
Re =636614

(a) Flow is turbulent

(b) Pressure is decreased from section 01 to section 02 because piezometric height decreased
from 01 to 02
(c) Kinetic energy is same from 01 to 02 because the velocity is same
Discussion:
The above section of the report describe the different analysis required to calculated discharge or
to measure discharge in an open channel flow or measuring discharge using Bernoulli equation
etc. but in this part of report my focus will be to discuss the procedure I have adopted to
complete the task-1. The other task which I have performed is simple numerical task which have
been performed using the method which we have been taught in this subject.
For the first task I have selected a catchment area in Oman. The catchment area is selected using
google earth. The other parameter involved in the equation mentioned above in introduction part
has been assumed based on some facts and figures. The rain intensity for the area has been
assumed and the type of soil has been selected and based on the soil type the value of coefficient
has been chosen from available table exist in literature. The slope of the area has been assumed.
Each and every data required has been estimated and the peak discharge for the area has been
calculated.
As my work is base on some assumption so, may be there will be some differnce in the actual
situation and the one which I have calculated using rationale method.

Conclusion:
By performing the above task, I have come to know about the importance of this subject and the
role off civil engineering in practical field. The importance of rational method to calculate runoff
for a catchment area has been identified. Since the first task is based on assumption and the
results are valid for the specific condition I have selected for the area. The content of this report
can be used further to calculated runoff for a catchment area using the stated procedure above.
The other tasks which have been performed are accurate and are valid and can be used for any
purpose if the condition for the respective case matched with the ones I have solved in this
report. the limitation of this report is that practical method of calculating the parameter will be
better as compared to the method I have used to calculate the parameter above in task-1 i.e.
catchment area, slope calculation, soil profile etc. So, after this report you will have a general
idea about calculation of peak discharge for any catchment area.
Refrences
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system
2. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------
0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-
00&a=d&cl=CL1.8&d=HASH3b4d99e5f9716ab628b9b2.5.fc
3. http://web.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20open-channel%201.pdf
4. http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/mypdf/fluid10.pdf
5. https://monde-geospatial.com/how-to-calculate-the-catchment-area-of-the-river-using-google-
earth-pro/
6. https://www.google.com/search?ei=WmNKX--
kBZCgUKuOuYAD&q=hydraluics+runoff&oq=hydraluics+runoff&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAz
IGCAAQFhAeMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjoECAAQRzoECAAQQzoCCAA6AgguOgUIA
BCxAzoECAAQCjoKCC4QxwEQrwEQCjoHCAAQsQMQQzoFCAAQkQI6BQguELEDOgQIL
hAKOgQIABANOgQILhANOggIABAWEAoQHlDbCFjlqgFggq0BaAhwAXgBgAHOGYgB8I
8BkgERMi01LjMuNC41LjIuMS4wLjOYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6wAEB&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwjvufWTzcDrAhUQEBQKHStHDjAQ4dUDCA0&uact=5
7. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-
9429%282007%29133%3A6%28695%29#:~:text=A%20channel%20section%20with
%20a,trapezoidal%20channels%20(Jain%202001).
8. https://www.google.com/search?ei=92NKX6WJM8nAgwe4vJPIAQ&q=design+
+of+sluices+gates+problesm&oq=design+
+of+sluices+gates+problesm&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIICCEQFhAdEB4yCAghEBYQHRAe
OgQIABBHOgYIABAWEB5QwQlYtRpglxxoAHABeACAAf8EiAGFFZIBBzMtMS4wLjSYA
QCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6wAEB&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwjl4JHfzcDrAhVJ4OAKHTjeBBkQ4dUDCA0&uact=5