Solutions to BFC21103 Assignment No. 2

Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 2 Session 2008/2009]

(a) What is conveyance factor K ?
Conveyance K  of
 of a channel section is a measure of the carrying capacity of the
channel section per unit longitudinal slope.
1
Q
Chezy formula K  = 1
=
  CAR 2  
2
S  o
2
Q 1
Manning formula K  = 1
=  AR 3   (1) 
n
S o2

(b) Figure below shows a trapezoidal channel and its dimensions. The channel also
has bottom slope of 0.0036 and side slope of 1.5 (H): 0.75 (V). Determine the
value of Chezy resistance coefficient C  and
  and velocity of flow if flowrate is 10
3
m /s.

2 3

1.5 m 1
0.2 m

0.5 m
1.5
Given trapezoid section, longitudinal slope S o = 0.0036, side slope z =  =
0.75
2, and flow rate Q = 10 m3/s.

Flow area  A =  A1  +  A 2 + A3  

since  A2  =  A3 ,
⎛ 1 2 ⎞
 A =  B1 y1 + 2⎜   zy ⎟  
⎝ 2  ⎠ 2
 (
 A = (0.5 × 1.5  ) + 2 × 1.3   )
2
 A = 4.13  m   (1) 

Wetted perimeter P = P1  + P 2 + P3  

P = ( B1 + 2 y 1′ ) + 2  y
  2 1 + z2  
2

P = (0.5 + 2 × 0.2 ) + 2 1.3 1 + 2

2
 

P = 6.7138  m (1) 

 A
Hydraulic radius  R =  
P

 R = 4.13  
6.7138
 R = 0.6152  m (1) 

  1
 

1 1

  Chezy flow resistance equation Q =  ACR S o2   2

Q
Rearranging C   =
= 1 1
 
 AR 2 S o2
10
C  = 1 1
 
4.13 × 0.6152 2 × 0.0036 2

C  = 51.45   (1) 
Q
Velocity of flow V   =  
 A
10
V  =  
4.13
V  = 2.421 m/s (1) 

(c) A wide rectangular channel has a slope of 0.0004 and Manning n = 0.02. If
2.54 m3/s/m flow is to be conveyed in this channel, estimate the normal depth.

Given q = 2.54 m3/s/m, S o = 0.0004, and n = 0.02.

2 1
1
Manning flow resistance equation Q =  AR S o2   3
(1) 
n
For rectangular section, A = By, and for wide channel R ≈  yy  (1) 
2 1
1
Thus, Q = ( By o ) y o3 S o2  
n
5 1
1
Q =  By S o2   3
o
n
5 1
Q 1 1
Dividing both sides by B: =  By S o2   3
o
 B  B n
5 1
1
q = 3
 y S o2  
o (1) 
n
5
qn
Rearranging:  y o3  = 1
 
S o2
5
  × 0.02
2.54
Substituting all the known values:  y o3 = 1
 
0.0004 2
 y o   = 1.749  m (1) 

  2
 

  (d) The trapezoidal channel is to carry 18 m3/s of flowrate with a bottom slope of
0.0009. Given that Manning’s n is 0.026 and the sides of channel are inclined
63.4° to the vertical, determine the bottom width, depth and velocity for the
 best hydraulic section.

Given Q = 18 m3/s, S o = 0.0009, n = 0.026, z = tan 63.4° ≈ 2

 yo 

63.4° 
 B

For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,

 A = 2 1
  + z  − z y   2 2
(1) 
 y
and  R =   (1) 
2
Thus,
 A = 2 1
  + 2 2 − 2 y 2  

 A = 2.4721
2
  y  

Manning resistance flow equation

2 1
1
Q = 3
 AR S o2  
n
2
Qn
 AR 3  = 1
 
S o2
2
 y  o  ⎞ 3 18 × 0.026
⎛  y
2.4721 y o2 ⎜ ⎟ = 1
 
⎝  2  ⎠ 2
0.0009
8

 y o3   = 10.017  

 y o   = 2.3729 m (1) 

Therefore,
 A = 2.4721
2
  y  
2
 A = 13.9196  m  

Q
Flow velocity V   =  
 A

V  = 18  
13.9196
V  = 1.2931  m/s (1) 

  3
 

  For a trapezoidal section,

 A =  By
  + zy 2  
 A − zy
2
 B =  
 y
 A
 B =   − zy  
 y
13.9196
 B = − (2 × 2.3729 )  
2.3729
 B = 1.1203  m (1) 

Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2010/2011]

(a) Based on figure below and using section factor equation, prove that:
2

)⎛ 4.58   y+ 10 y ⎞ 3

2

(
 Z  = 4.58 y + 10 y ⎜⎜
2
⎟⎟ = 15.94  
⎝  8.12 y  ⎠
when the discharge of the uniform flow is 34 m3/s, with the same bed slope S o 
= 0.001 and Manning coefficient n = 0.015.

 yo   y o
 
10 m 2 60° 

 yo 
45° 
2 yo 

2 3
1 60° 

45°

  4
 

  Flow area  A =  A1  +  A 2 + A3  

 A =  By + zy[( 2
) + By ]+ 2 ⎡⎢ 1 ( By ⎤
  + zy )⎥  
2

⎣2 ⎦
⎡⎛   y o  ⎞⎤
2

 A = [(2 y o y o + (1) y ) + 10 y o ] + ⎢⎜⎜ y o y o + ⎟⎟⎥  

2
o
⎢⎣⎝  3 ⎠⎥⎦
 A = 4.577
   y o2 + 10 yo   (1) 

Wetted perimeter P = P1  + P 2 + P3  

P =  B + 2 y o 1 + z  +   B + 2 y o 1 + z 2  

2

⎛  ⎛   ⎞
2  ⎞

(
P = 2 y o + 2 y o   )⎜
1 + 12 +  y o + 2 y o 1 + ⎜⎜
⎜⎜
1
⎟⎟ ⎟⎟  
⎝  ⎝  3 ⎠  ⎠⎟
4
P = 2 y o + 2   2 y o  +  y o + yo  
3
P = 8.138
  yo   (1) 

Given Q = 34 m3/s, S o = 0.001 and n = 0.015,

Manning resistance flow equation

2 1
1
Q =  AR 3 S o2  
n
Section factor
2
Qn
 Z  =   1
=  AR 3  
S o2
2
Qn
 AR 3  = 1
  (1) 
S o2
2

   y + 10 y o  ⎞ 3 34 × 0.015
⎛ 4.577 2

4.577 y o2 + 10 y o ⎜⎜ o
⎟⎟ = 1
 
⎝  8 . 138 y o  ⎠ 0.0012
2
⎛ 4.577
   y + 10 y o  ⎞ 3 2
⎜
4.577 y + 10 y o ⎜
2
o   ⎟⎟ = 16.128   o
(1) 
⎝  8.138 y o  ⎠

  5
 

  (b) Determine the depth of flow  yo of the channel if the best hydraulic section is
needed for a composite section as in figure below to convey 6.5 m 3/s of water.
Manning coefficient n and bed slope are 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively.

4.5 m

 y2 

 yo 

 y1 

Given Q = 6.5 m3/s, n = 0.015 and S o = 0.0015

Best hydraulic section for triangular section is when  z = 1. (1) 

Thus,  y1 = 4
  .5 = 2.25 m
2

Flow will fill up the triangular section first,

 A =  zy1  
2

If the flow filled up the entire triangular section  y1  = 2.25  m

 A = 2.25  
2

2
 A = 5.0625  m  

Wetted perimeter P = 2 y  1  1 + z 2  

P = 4.5 2  
P = 6.3640  m (1) 

The flow rate within the triangular section for full flow,
2 1
1
Q = 3
 AR S o2  
n
2
1
1 ⎛ 5.0625 ⎞ 3
Q= × 5.0625 × ⎜ ⎟ × 0.0015 2  
0.015 ⎝ 6.3640 ⎠

Q = 11.2222 m /s > 6.5 m /s

3 3
(1) 

Thus, for the channel to convey 6.5 m3/s, the flow will only be in the triangular
section.

  6
 

2
Qn
   AR 3  = 1
  (1) 
S o2
2
⎛   y  ⎞ 3 6.5 × 0.015
2

 y ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 2 y ⎟ =
2 1
1 1
 
⎝  1 ⎠
0.0015 2
8

0.5 y 3  = 2.5174  
1

 y1  = 1.8334  m (1) 

Therefore, yo =  y1  = 1.8334  m

Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]

(a) Water flows at a depth of 2.5 m in a rectangular concrete channel (n = 0.013)
with width 12 m and channel slope 0.0028. Find the velocity and flow rate.

n = 0.013
 y = 2.5 m
S o = 0.0028

 B = 12 m

Flow area  A = By = 12 × 2  .5 = 30 m2 

Wetted perimenter P = B +   2 y = 12 +  2 × 2.5 = 17 m
 A 30
Hydraulic radius  R = = = 1.7647 m (1) 
P 17

Manning flow resistance equation

2 1
1 3 2
V   =  R S o  
n
2 1
1
V  = × 1.7647 × 0.0028 2  
3

0.013

V  = 5.9441  m/s (1) 

Flow rate Q =  AV   

Q = 30 × 5.9441  
Q = 178.32  m /s
3
(1) 

  7
 

  (b) A housing area needs a channel to convey 9.8 m3/s of rainfall. A trapezoidal
channel is proposed with 3 width and located on the side slope of 3
(horizontal) : 4 (vertical). If the channel is concrete lined ( n  = 0.013) and
 bottom slope S o is 1:2000, determine the normal depth using graphical method.

3
Q = 9.8 m /s
n = 0.013 4
S o = 0.0005 3 3
 z = = 0.75  
4
 B = 3 m

Flow area  A =  By

  + zy 2  
 A =  3 y + 0
2
  .75 y   (1) 

Wetted perimeter P =  B +  2 y  1 + z 2  

2
P = 3 +  2  y 1 + 0.75  
P = 3 + 2.5 y   (1) 

Manning flow resistance equation

2 1
1
Q = 3
 AR S o2  
n
2
Qn
 AR 3  = 1
  (1) 
S o2
2

(3 yo + 0.75 y )⎛ ⎜⎜ 3 yo  + 0.75 y  ⎞ 3 9.8 × 0.013

2
2
o
o
⎟⎟ =  
⎝  3 + 2.5 y o
1
 ⎠ 0.0005 2
2
2 ⎛ 3 y o + 0.75 y o  ⎞
2 3

(3 yo + 0.75 yo )⎜⎜   ⎟⎟ = 5.6975  

⎝  3 + 2.5 y o  ⎠

2
 yo 
 AR 3  
1 2.9050
1.2 3.9656
1.5 5.8388

(1) 

  8
 

 
From the data above,
2/3
1.6  y o -  AR  relationship

1.5  yo = 1.475

1.4

      o

     y 1.3

1.2

1.1

5.6975
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
2/3
 AR

From the graph, yo = 1.475 m (1) 

Q4. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]

(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangle is half of square channel.

 y 1
 z

Flow area  A =  zy 2  

 A
 z  = 2   (1) 
 y

Wetted perimeter P = 2 y

   1 + z 2   (1) 

2
 A
P = 2 y
  1+ 4
 
 y
1
⎛   A  ⎞ 2
2

P = 2 y⎜1 + ⎟  
4
 y  ⎠⎟
⎝ 
⎜

  9
 

1
⎛  y  A  ⎞ 22 2
  P = 2 y ⎜⎜ 2 + 4 ⎟⎟  
⎝  y  y  ⎠
1
⎡1 ⎛  2  A  ⎞⎤ 2 2

P = 2 y ⎢ 2 ⎜⎜ y  + 2 ⎟⎟⎥  

⎣ y ⎝   y  ⎠⎦
1
⎛  2  A  ⎞ 2 2

= ⎜ + 2⎟
P 2⎝ 
⎜ y  y  ⎠⎟  
d P
For efficient section, with A constant, = 0  (1) 
d 
 y
1
−
1 ⎛   A  ⎞
2 2 ⎛   A  ⎞
2
2 ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ y 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 y − 2 3 ⎟⎟ = 0  
2 ⎝   y  ⎠ ⎝   y  ⎠
⎛   A  ⎞
2
⎜⎜ 2 y − 2 3 ⎟⎟ = 0  
⎝   y  ⎠
2
 A
3
=  y  
 y
 y   =  A  
2

 y  =  A 2  

Therefore, z = 1 or apex angle = 90 °, which is half of square channel. (1) 

(b) A concrete lined irrigation channel with Manning’s n  = 0.020 is needed to

convey 12.5 m3/s of water. The channel has a trapezoidal section with bottom
slope S o = 0.0015. Determine the effective size of the channel if the side slope
is restricted to 3 (horizontal) : 1 (vertical).

Given Q = 12.5 m3/s, n = 0.020, S o = 0.0015 dan z = 3

For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,

 A = 2 1  + z 2 − z y 2   (1) 
 y
and  R =  
2
Thus,  A = 2  1 + 3 2 − 3 y 2  

 A = 3.3246
2
  y  

Manning resistance flow equation

2
Qn
 AR 3  = 1
  (1) 
S o2
2
3.3246 y o2 (0.5 y
  o ) 3 = 12.5 × 0.02
1
 
0.0015 2

  10
 

  2.0943 y o3  = 6.4550  

 y o3   = 3.0821  

 y o   = 1.5252 m (1) 

Thus,  A = 3.3246

  y  
 A = 3.3246
  × 1.5252 2  
2
 A = 7.7334 m (1) 

Flow area is also given as  A =  By

  + zy 2  
 A
 B =   − zy  
 y
7.7334
 B = − (3 × 1.5252)  
1.5252
 B = 0.4950  m (1) 

n = 0.02
1
S o = 0.0015
3
 B = 0.495 m

  11