BFC21103 Hydraulics

Assignment No. 2

Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 2 Session 2008/2009]

(a) What is conveyance factor K? (1 mark)
Conveyance K of a channel section is a measure of the carrying capacity of the
channel section per unit longitudinal slope.
1
Q
Chezy formula K = 1
= CAR 2
So
2

2
Q 1
Manning formula K = 1
= AR 3 (1)
n
So
2

(b) Figure below shows a trapezoidal channel and its dimensions. The channel
also has bottom slope of 0.0036 and side slope of 1.5 (H): 0.75 (V). Determine
the value of Chezy resistance coefficient C and velocity of flow if flowrate is 10
m3/s. (5 marks)

2 3

1.5 m 1

0.2 m

0.5 m
1.5
Given trapezoid section, longitudinal slope So = 0.0036, side slope z = =
0.75
2, and flow rate Q = 10 m3/s.

Flow area A = A1 + A2 + A3
since A2 = A3 ,
1
A = B1 y1 + 2 zy 2
2
(
A = (0.5 1.5 ) + 2 1.3 2 )
A = 4.13 m2 (1)

Wetted perimeter P = P1 + P2 + P3

P = (B1 + 2 y1 ) + 2 y2 1 + z 22

P = (0.5 + 2 0.2 ) + 2 1.3 1 + 2 2

P = 6.714 m (1)

1
 A
Hydraulic radius R =
P
4.13
R=
6.714
R = 0.6151 m (1)

1 1
Chezy flow resistance equation Q = ACR S o
2 2

Q
Rearranging C = 1 1
AR 2 S o2
10
C= 1 1
4.13 0.6151 2 0.0036 2

C = 51.45 (1)

Q
Velocity of flow V=
A
10
V=
4.13
V = 2.421 m/s (1)

(c) A very wide rectangular channel has a slope of 0.0004 and Manning n = 0.02.
If 2.54 m3/s/m flow is to be conveyed in this channel, estimate the normal
depth. (4 marks)

Given q = 2.54 m3/s/m, So = 0.0004, and n = 0.02.

2 1
1
Manning flow resistance equation Q = AR 3 S o2 (1)
n
For rectangular section, A = By, and for wide channel R y (1)
2 1
1
Thus, Q= ( 3 2
By o y o S o )
n
5 1
1
Q= By o3 S o2
n
5 1
Q 1 1
Dividing both sides by B: = By o3 S o2
B Bn
5 1
1 3 2
q= yo S o (1)
n
5
qn
Rearranging: 3
yo = 1
S o2
5
2.54 0.02
Substituting all the known values: y o3 = 1
0.0004 2

y o = 1.749 m (1)

2
(d) The trapezoidal channel is to carry 18 m3/s of flowrate with a bottom slope of
0.0009. Given that Mannings n is 0.026 and the sides of channel are inclined
63.4 to the vertical, determine the bottom width, depth and velocity for the
best hydraulic section. (5 marks)

Given Q = 18 m3/s, So = 0.0009, n = 0.026, z = tan 63.4 2

yo

63.4
B

For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,

A = 2 1 + z 2 z y 2 (1)

y
and R= (1)
2

Thus, A = 2 1 + 2 2 2 y 2

2
A = 2.4721 y

2 1
1
Manning resistance flow equation Q = AR 3 S o2
n
2
Qn
AR = 3
1
So
2

2

yo 3 18 0.026
2.4721 y o2 = 1
2
0.0009 2
8

y o3 = 10.017

y o = 2.3729 m (1)

Therefore, A = 2.4721 y 2

A = 13.9196 m2

Q
Flow velocity V =
A
18
V=
13.9196

V = 1.2931 m/s (1)

3
 For a trapezoidal section,
A = By + zy 2
A zy 2
B=
y
A
B = zy
y
13.9196
B= (2 2.3729)
2.3729
B = 1.1203 m (1)

Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2010/2011]

(a) Based on figure below and using section factor equation, prove that:
2
4.58 y 2 + 10 y 3
(
Z = 4.58 y 2 + 10 y ) 8.12 y
= 15.94


when the discharge of the uniform flow is 33.6 m3/s, with the same bed slope
So = 0.001 and Manning coefficient n = 0.015. (4 marks)

yo yo
10 m 2 60

yo
45
2yo

2 3
1 60

45

Flow area A = A1 + A2 + A3

[( ) ] 1
A = By + zy 2 + By + 2 By + zy 2( )
2
y o2
[( ) ]
A = 2 yo y o + (1 )yo2 + 10 y o + y o y o +
3
A = 4.577 y o2 + 10 y o (1)

4
 Wetted perimeter P = P1 + P2 + P3

P = B + 2 y o 1 + z 2 + B + 2 y o 1 + z 2

2
1
2
P = 2yo + 2yo 1 + 1 + yo + 2yo 1 +
3


4
P = 2yo + 2 2 yo + yo + yo
3
P = 8.138y o (1)

Given Q = 34 m3/s, So = 0.001 and n = 0.015,

Manning resistance flow equation

2 1
1
Q= AR 3 S o2
n

2
Qn
Section factor Z= 1
= AR 3

S o2
2
Qn
AR = 3
1
(1)
S o2
2
4.577 y o2 + 10 y o 3 33.6 0.015
(4.577 y o2 )
+ 10 y o
8.138 y o
=
1

0.001 2
2
4.577 y o2 + 10 y o 3
(4.577 y o2 + 10 y o

) 8.138 y o
= 15.94

(1)

(b) Determine the depth of flow yo of the channel if the best hydraulic section is
needed for a composite section as in figure below to convey 6.5 m3/s of water.
Manning coefficient n and bed slope are 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively.
(5 marks)
4.5 m

y2

yo

y1

5
 Given Q = 6.5 m3/s, n = 0.015 and So = 0.0015
Best hydraulic section for triangular section is when z = 1. (1)
4.5
Thus, y1 = = 2.25 m
2

Flow will fill up the triangular section first, A = zy12

If the flow filled up the entire triangular section y1 = 2.25 m

A = 2.25 2
A = 5.0625 m2

Wetted perimeter P = 2 y1 1 + z 2
P = 4.5 2
P = 6.3640 m (1)

The flow rate within the triangular section for full flow,
2 1
1
Q = AR 3 S o2
n
2
1
1 5.0625 3
Q= 5.0625 0.0015
2
0.015 6.3640

Q = 11.2222 m3/s > 6.5 m3/s (1)

Thus, for the channel to convey 6.5 m3/s, the flow will only be in the triangular
section.
2
Qn
AR = 3
1
(1)
So
2

2
y o2 3 6.5 0.015
y o2 =
2 2y 1
o 0.0015 2

0.5 y o3 = 2.5174

y o = 1.8334 m (1)

Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]

(a) Water flows at a depth of 2.5 m in a rectangular concrete channel (n = 0.013)
with width 12 m and channel slope 0.0028. Find the velocity and flow rate.
(3 marks)

n = 0.013
y = 2.5 m
So = 0.0028

B = 12 m

6
 Flow area A = By = 12 2.5 = 30 m2
Wetted perimenter P = B + 2 y = 12 + 2 2.5 = 17 m
A 30
Hydraulic radius R = = = 1.7647 m (1)
P 17

Manning flow resistance equation

2 1
1
V = R 3 S o2
n
2 1
1
V= 1.7647 3 0.0028 2
0.013

V = 5.9441 m/s (1)

Flow rate Q = AV
Q = 30 5.9441
Q = 178.32 m3/s (1)

(b) A housing area needs a channel to convey 9.8 m3/s of rainfall. A trapezoidal
channel is proposed with 3 width and located on the side slope of 3
(horizontal) : 4 (vertical). If the channel is concrete lined (n = 0.013) and
bottom slope So is 1:2000, determine the normal depth using graphical
method. (5 marks)

Q = 9.8 m3/s
n = 0.013 4
So = 0.0005 3
3 z= = 0.75
4
B=3m

Flow area A = By + zy 2
A = 3 y + 0.75 y 2 (1)

Wetted perimeter P = B + 2 y 1 + z 2
P = 3 + 2 y 1 + 0.75 2
P = 3 + 2.5 y (1)

2 1
1
Manning flow resistance equation Q = AR 3 S o2
n
2
Qn
AR =3
1
(1)
So
2

2
3 y + 0.75y o2 3 9.8 0.013
( )
3y o + 0.75 y o2 o
3 + 2.5 y
=
1
o
0.0005 2

7
 2
3y + 0.75 y o2 3
( )
3y o + 0.75 y o2 o
3 + 2.5 y
= 5.6975

o

2
yo 3
AR
1 2.9050
1.2 3.9656
1.5 5.8388

(1)
From the data above,
2/3
1.6 y o - AR relationship

1.5 yo = 1.475

1.4
yo

1.3

1.2

1.1

5.6975
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
2/3
AR
From the graph, yo = 1.475 m (1)

Q4. [Final Exam Sem. 1 Session 2007/2008]

(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangle is half of square
channel. (4 marks)

y 1
z

Flow area A = zy 2
A
z= 2 (1)
y

Wetted perimeter P = 2y 1 + z 2 (1)

A2
P = 2y 1 +
y4

8
 1
A2 2
P = 2 y 1 + 4
y
1
y2 A2 2
P = 2 y 2 + 4

y y
1
1 2 A2 2
P = 2y 2 y +
y2
y
1
A2 2
P = 2 y 2 + 2

y
dP
For efficient section, with A constant, =0 (1)
dy
1

1 A2 2 A2
2 y 2 + 2 2 y 2 3 = 0
2 y y
A2
2y 2 =0
y 3

A2
=y
y3
y2 = A
Since for triangular A = zy 2
Therefore, z = 1
Or apex angle = 90, which is half of square channel. (1)

(b) A concrete lined irrigation channel with Mannings n = 0.020 is needed to

convey 12.5 m3/s of water. The channel has a trapezoidal section with bottom
slope So = 0.0015. Determine the effective size of the channel if the side slope
is restricted to 3 (horizontal) : 1 (vertical). (5 marks)

Given Q = 12.5 m3/s, n = 0.020, So = 0.0015 dan z = 3

For best hydraulic trapezoidal section with constant side slopes,

A = 2 1 + z 2 z y 2 (1)

y
and R=
2

Thus, A = 2 1 + 3 2 3 y 2

2
A = 3.3246 y

Manning resistance flow equation

2
Qn
AR 3 = 1
(1)
So
2

2 12.5 0.02
3.3246y o2 (0.5 y o ) 3 = 1
0.0015 2

9
 8

2.0943y o3 = 6.4550

y o3 = 3.0821

y o = 1.5252 m (1)

Thus, A = 3.3246 y 2

A = 3.3246 1.5252 2

A = 7.7334 m2 (1)

Flow area is also given as A = By + zy 2

A
B = zy
y
7.7334
B= (3 1.5252 )
1.5252

B = 0.4950 m (1)

n = 0.02
1
So = 0.0015
3
B = 0.495 m

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