Questionnaire

Soil density is highly important in-situ. The in-situ soil density is used as a metric for
determining soil compaction, as well as soil quality. The in-situ density is known as the soil's bulk
density measured at its actual depth affects penetration, rooting depth or limitations, the available
water capacity, soil porosity, supply of plant nutrients and activity of soil microorganisms. Through
conducting this test the field density of the soil can be determined. The amount of moisture is likely to
vary from time and hence also the density of soil.

 https://www.quora.com/Why-is-determination-of-dry-density-of-soil-as-important-as-in-situ-
density
 https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/in-situ-dry-density-sand-replacement-method/2687/
Field engineers are also found discussing about optimum moisture content (OMC)
when building sub-grade roads. First, sub-grade is classified as a material in-situ on which the
pavement structure is placed. Sub-grades are very important in deciding pavement efficiency,
since they play a major role. OMC conditions are conditions under which a maximum dry
density is obtained in soils. The OMC values are for the precise amount of compaction that is
added to the soil. The relation between sub-grades and OMCs go hand in hand to result in
adequate and sufficient structural support for roads. In order to do so, a sub-grade soil should
be compacted into its most adequate density to prevent the sub-grade to compress, deform or
erode after construction, resulting in cracked roads or pavements. Adequate density is actually
said to be the relative density for the top 150mm of sub-grade, with a percentage of not less
than 95% of maximum density. To achieve this, OMC comes into place. Basically, as the
value of OMC decreases or is of a lower value, the higher the stability of a sub-grade. A
higher value of OMC is detrimental to the stability of a road or pavement because it
jeopardizes its stability. An increase in moisture content is also affiliated with the degree of
saturation (DOS) factor. DOS indicates the ratio of volume of water to the combined volume
of air voids and water within a material. If the value of DOS is higher (also known as highly
saturated), it results in an extremely high pore pressure, leading to instability when a load is
subjected onto the material.

https://www.scribd.com/document/188948685/Sand-Replacement

In construction, this is a significant part of the building process. If performed improperly,

settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structure
failure. Almost all types of building sites and construction projects utilize mechanical
compaction techniques. There are five principle reasons to compact soil which are increases
load-bearing capacity, prevents soil settlement and frost damage, provides stability, reduces
water seepage, swelling and contraction and reduces settling of soil There are four types of
compaction effort on soil or asphalt which are vibration, impact, kneading and pressure. Soil
compaction is the pressing of surrounding soil particles by mechanical methods. Air is
removed from the void space within the soil mass during soil compaction and thus the mass
density is increased. Furthermore, some noteworthy factors are the methods of compaction
used for cohesive and cohesion-less soils. By definition, cohesive soils are sticky soils; known
as clay or silty clay. Cohesive soils have inter-particular attraction, which is a contributing
factor to the shear strength of the soil. Moreover, such soil types are not affected by friction
between particles. Hence, it can be said that the angle of friction will not play a role in
determining the shear strength of a cohesive soil. The most plausible method to compact
cohesive soil is by rolling using a roller. For cohesive soils of lower plasticity, pneumatic
rollers are utilized whereas sheepsfoot rollers are used for cohesive soils of moderate
plasticity. On the other hand, cohesion-less soils are defined as soils which do not possess
cohesive forces. These soils are comparatively coarser, with self-weight governing their
behaviour. Meaning that the particles have internal friction and their shear strength is
determined by the angle of friction between soil particles. An example of cohesion-less soils
is sand. Cohesion-less soils are compacted through imparting vibrations, by ramming or
tamping. They are also compacted via watering, in which the seepage of water into the sand
causes grains to occupy more stable positions.
https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/construction/site-preparation/subgrade-
preparation-for-new-pavements/

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, from test determination of field density of soils by the sand
replacement method is determine the in-situ density of natural or compacted soils using and
pouring cylinder. The relationship that can be established between the dry density with known
moisture content. After conducting process experiments, the data obtained are to determine
the dry soil density. The object of this experiment is to determine the density of natural soil or
compacted with a cylinder that pours sand. The probability of experimental error there is in
progress in the course of this experiment. Of them is in terms of the amount of sand taken is
less, the land taken as a sample is not enough, a hole dug with a slightly different depth and
soil also contain impurities which may cause different densities.

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