FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GEOTECHNIC LABORATORY

(MAKMAL TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN GEOTEKNIK)

LABORATORY REPORT
COURSE CODE AND NAMA
BNP 20903 / SOIL MECHANIC AND FOUNDATION
KOD DAN NAMA KURSUS
EXPERIMENT NO.
4
NO. UJIKAJI
EXPERIMENT TITLE
Standard Proctor Compaction Test
TAJUK UJIKAJI
DATE OF EXPERIMENT
24 FEBRUARY 2020
TARIKH UJIKAJI
MATRIX
NAME NO.
NAMA NO.
MATRIK
GROUP NO. 1.MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS AZRAI BIN
NO. KUMPULAN CN180005
IDRIS

5 2. NUR LIYANA BINTI MAZLAN

3. SITI NUR NAJAH NAZIHAH BINTI
MOHAMAD JEFFERYDIN
AN180002

AN180036

4. MUHAMMAD LOQMAN HAKIM BIN

AN180238
ARIFFIN
5. CHAI MING YIN AN180257

LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR 1. DR. TUAN NOOR HASANAH BINTI TUAN ISMAIL

PENSYARAH / INSTRUKTOR 2. PROF. MADYA DR. CHAN CHEE MING

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
JUMLAH MARKAH (DARI
RUBRIK PENILAIAN)
 BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not

accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS AZRAI BIN IDRIS
Matrix No. : AN180005

2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

Name : NUR LIYANA BINTI MAZLAN
Matrix No : AM180002

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : SITI NUR NAJAH NAZIHAH BINTI MOHAMAD JEFFERYDIN
Matrix No. : AN180036

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Name : DEPARTMENT
MUHAMMAD LOQMAN HAKIM
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BIN ARIFFIN
TECHNOLOGY
Matrix No. : AN180238
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT
5) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)
Name : CHAI MING YIN 2
Matrix No. : AN180257
 BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

CLO 3 Organize geotechnical as well as geo-environmental laboratory and in-situ measurements

with practical considerations. (P4, PLO2)

Level of Achievement
Elements Very Week Weak Modest Good Excellent Level Weight Score
1 2 3 4 5
Introduction Background Background
Background
Content knowledge is Background information may information has the
Background information is
accurate, relevant and information is contain minor appropriate level of
information is accurate, but
provides appropriate overly narrow or omissions or specificity to
background for reader
missing or irrelevant or too
overly general inaccuracies that do provide concise and
P1 2 /10
contains major disjointed to
including defining (only partially not detract from the useful context to aid
inaccuracies. make relevance
critical terms. relevant). major point of the the reader’s
clear.
paper understanding.
Materials and Some materials All Materials are
No materials Most materials are
Methods Some materials are listed. listed.
are listed. listed.
Appropriate materials are listed. Procedure is Procedure is
and method are
Procedure
Poorly explained missing steps and
Procedure contains
complete and easy
P4 3 /15
section is most steps and is
present and explained / indecipherable difficult to to follow. All steps
missing. easy to follow.
follow. are present.
Measurement/ Data
Analysis
All data are Most data are Most data are All data are taken
Data are summarized All data are
missing or missing or correctly taken, but minor data are
in a logical format.
incorrect. incorrect. no missing data. incorrect.
correctly taken. P4 4 /20
Table or graph types Well-organized.
Unorganized. Unorganized. Unorganized. Organized
are appropriate. Data
are properly labelled
Discussion Discussion and
Alternative Discussion of analysis of
explanations are alternatives is alternatives is based
considered and clearly Alternative Discussion reasonably on data, complete
eliminated by data in a Alternative explanations are addresses some complete, uses data and persuasive with
persuasive discussion. explanations are mentioned but but not all of the where possible and a single clearly P4 4 /20
not provided not discussed or alternatives in a results in at least supported
eliminated. reasonable way. some alternatives explanation
being persuasively remaining by the
dismissed end of the
discussion.
Respond to Q&A Unable to Minimum ability Limited ability to
Able to respond and Able to respond and
Respond and answer respond and to answer and answer and
answer answer
to the question answer to the sometimes do not sometimes do not
constructively most constructively at all
P3 3 /15
accordingly. question match the match the
of the time. times.
accordingly. question. question.
Conclusion Conclusions have
Conclusion is clearly Conclusions are
some direct basis
and logically drawn Conclusions Conclusions have clearly and logically
in the data, but Conclusions are
from data provided have no basis in little basis in data drawn from and
data provided. provided.
may contain
bounded by the data
completely justified P2 2 /10
some gaps in by data
provided with no
logic or data or
gaps in logic.
are overly broad.
Report Quality The report is written The report is written
The report is not
Grammar, word usage, The report has in complete in complete
well written and
and organization Word usage is several grammar sentences and sentences (except
contains many
facilitate the reader’s frequently and spelling contains no materials section)
understanding of the confused or
errors in spelling,
mistakes, and personal pronouns. and contains no
P4 2 /10
grammar, and
paper. incorrect. many sentence Most of the personal pronouns.
sentence
fragments. grammar and Grammar and
structure.
spelling are correct. spelling are correct.
Total Marks /100 2

3
BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

Table of Contents
1.0 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 5
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD ............................................................................................. 6
3.1 MATERIAL EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................. 6
3.2 PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 7
4.0 DATA AND RESULT ....................................................................................................... 10
5.0 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 13
6.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 17
7.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 17
8.0 QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................................................................... 18
9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 19
10.0 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................... 20

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

1.0 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the test is used to determine the compaction characteristics of a soil.
The ability to compact a soil depends on the water content of the soil. Water acts as a
lubricant between the soil grains however as its content increases the water may occupy the
entire pores and since it’s relatively incompressible in comparison to the air it may restrict
compaction. The Standard Proctor Compaction test is used to determine the optimum water
content during compaction which gives the greatest soil density.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

For construction of highways, airports, and other structures, it is often necessary to

compact soil to improve its strength. Proctor (1933) developed a laboratory compaction test
procedure to determine the maximum dry density of compaction of soils, which can be used
for specification of field compaction. This test is referred to as the Standard Proctor
Compaction Test and is based on the compaction of the soil fracture passing No. 4 sieve.
(Yusoff, S. A. N. M., Bakar, I., Wijeyesekera, D. C., Zainorabidin, A., Azmi, M., & Ramli,
H., 2017)

Compaction is a type of mechanical stabilization where the soil mass is densified with
the application of mechanical energy also known as compactive effort. The mechanical
energy may be produced by the dynamic load, static load, vibration, or by tamping. During
compaction, the soil particles are relocated, and the air volume is reduced. It may also involve
a modification of the moisture content, and in the saturated coarse-grained soil, moisture
content may be pressed out during the process of compaction. Compaction should not be
confused with consolidation, where the density of saturated soils is increased due to a
reduction in the volume of voids brought about by the expulsion of water under the
application of static load. (CivilSeek. 2019)

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

The degree of compaction is measured by dry unit weight and depends on the water
content and compactive effort (weight of hammer, number of impacts, weight of roller,
number of passes. For a given compactive effort, the maximum dry unit weight occurs at
an optimum water content. (Dr. Leslie Davison, University of the West of England, Bristol,
May 2000)

Figure 1: Relationship between dry density (𝝆𝒅) against moisture content (w) for
difference types of soil (Dr. Leslie Davison, University of the West of England, Bristol,
May 2000)

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.1 MATERIAL EQUIPMENT

The materials that been used in this experiment were cylindrical metal mould, internal
dimensions 105mm diameter and 115.5mm high. (fitted with a detachable and removable
extension collar, standard proctor hammer with 50mm diameter face weighing 2.5kg, sliding
freely in a tube which controls the height of drop to 300mm, measuring cylinder; 200ml or
500ml (plastic), sieve no. 4 and receiver, large metal tray, balance sensitive up to 0.1g,
balance sensitive up to 0.01g, jacking apparatus for extracting compacted material from
mould, small tools: palette knife, steel-straight edge, 300mm long, steel rule, scoop or garden
trowel 10.Drying oven, 105°C and other equipment for moisture content determination and
distilled water.
6
BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

Figure 1 Proctor compaction

mould and hammer

3.2 PROCEDURE

Verify the mould, base plate, extension collar and hammer to be used are those that
conform to BS 1377. After we have all the equipment we need to determine the mass of the
cylindrical mould + base plate (not extension), m1 (kg). Measure its internal diameter (D)mm
and length (L)mm in several places and calculate the mean dimensions. Calculate the internal
volume of the mould (V)mm3. After we measure the mass, place the mould assembly on a
solid base, such as concrete floor. Apply with an oily cloth on the internal surface of mould to
ease the removal of soil later on. Then, measure the empty metal tray and ± 3kg of air dried
soil sample that the has passing through sieve no.4 (4.75mm). Add 5% of water to 3kg of soil
sample and mix well (as shown in FIGURE 2).

Pour the moist soil in three equal layers. Compact each layer uniformly by applying
27 blows of the hammer dropping from the controlled height of the 300mm. Ensure that the
hammer is properly in place before releasing, do not attempt to grab the lifting knob before
the hammer has come to rest and repeat for the second and third layers compaction, the soil
should not more than 6mm above the mould body (as shown in FIGURE 3). Remove the
extension from cylindrical mould carefully (as shown in FIGURE 4).

Using a straight edge, trim the excess soil above the mould. Any cavities resulting
from removal of stones at the surface should be filled with fine material. Determine the mass

7
BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

of the mould + base plate + compacted moist soil in the mould m2 (kg). Remove the base
plate from the mould. Extrude the compacted moist soil cylinder from the mould using a jack.
From the moist soil extruded measurement the moisture content (w), we need to take a
moisture can and determine its mass as m3 (g) (as shown in FIGURE 5). Then take up to
three representative samples in moisture content containers and determine the mass of can +
moist soil, m4 (g). This must be done immediately before the soil dry out. The average of
three measurements is wn (%). (Preferably one from each layer). After that place the moist
can with moist soil in the dry oven to dry to a constant weight (as shown in FIGURE 6).

Break the rest of the compacted material and mix it with the remainder of the
prepared sample in the tray. Add an increment of water, approximately, for sandy and
gravelly soils is 1 – 2% (50 – 100 ml of water to 5 kg of soil) while cohesive soils is 2 – 4 %
(100 – 200 ml of water to 5 kg of soil). Then repeat steps 5-12. In this process, the weight of
the mould + base plate + moist soil (m2) will first increase with the increase in moisture
content and then decrease. Continue the test until at least two successive decreased readings
are obtained. The next day, determine the mass of the moisture cans + soil samples, m5 (g).

Figure 2: Add 5% of water to 3kg of soil sample

8
BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

Figure 3: Pour the moist soil in three equal layers

Figure 4: Remove the extension from cylindrical mould

Figure 5: Determine its mass as m3 (g)

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

Figure 6: place the moist can with moist soil in the dry oven

4.0 DATA AND RESULT

A: Test criteria
The moist soil was divided into three layers. Each layer was compacted uniformly by 27
blows. The mass of the hammer was 2.5 kg. The soil that been used was brown sandy clay
with a little fine gravel. The sample was prepared by air dried and riffled.

B: Density calculation
Volume of cylinder= 995.79 cm3
Measurement No. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
20% 24% 28% 32% 34%
Mass of cylinder 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230
mould, m1 (g)
Mass of cylinder 5790 5970 6060 6190 6160
mould + moist soil, m2
(g)
Soil mass, m3 (g) 1590 1740 1830 1960 1930
Bulk density, 𝝆𝒃 1.5666 1.7474 1.8377 1.9683 1.9382
(g/cm3)

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

C: Moisture content
(% water= 20%)
Measurement No. 1 (1) (2) (3)
Mass of can, m3 (g) 14.23 25.32 14.10
Mass of can + moist
24.17 35.31 21.75
soil, m4 (g)
Mass of can + dry
22.75 33.43 20.25
soil, m5 (g)
Moisture content,
16.67 23.81 24.39
w (%)
Average moisture,
21.62
w (%)
Dry density, 𝝆𝒅
1.10
(g/cm3)

(% water= 24%)
Measurement No. 1 (4) (5) (6)
Mass of can, m3 (g) 25.45 14.41 23.82
Mass of can + moist
37.11 24.75 33.18
soil, m4 (g)
Mass of can + dry
35.10 22.40 31.45
soil, m5 (g)
Moisture content,
20.83 29.41 22.67
w (%)
AVERAGE
MOISTURE, w 24.30
(%)
Dry density, 𝝆𝒅
1.41
(g/cm3)

11
BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

(% water= 28%)
Measurement No. 1 (7) (8) (9)
Mass of can, m3 (g) 25.32 10.77 20.53
Mass of can + moist
42.35 28.05 39.59
soil, m4 (g)
Mass of can + dry
38.64 23.20 35.10
soil, m5 (g)
Moisture content,
27.85 28.07 30.82
w (%)
AVERAGE
MOISTURE, w 28.91
(%)
Dry density, 𝝆𝒅
1.53
(g/cm3)

(% water= 32%)
Measurement No. 1 (10) (11) (12)
Mass of can, m3 (g) 10.12 21.48 11.55
Mass of can + moist
31.41 44.52 31.20
soil, m4 (g)
Mass of can + dry
25.94 38.71 26.54
soil, m5 (g)
Moisture content,
34.58 33.72 31.05
w (%)
AVERAGE
MOISTURE, w 33.12
(%)
Dry density, 𝝆𝒅
1.48
(g/cm3)

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

(% water= 34%)
Measurement No. 1 (13) (14) (15)
Mass of can, m3 (g) 13.97 25.43 14.01
Mass of can + moist
21.38 34.04 19.70
soil, m4 (g)
Mass of can + dry
18.75 32.57 17.57
soil, m5 (g)
Moisture content,
55.02 20.59 59.83
w (%)
AVERAGE
MOISTURE, w 45.15
(%)
Dry density, 𝝆𝒅
1.38
(g/cm3)

D: Dry density calculation (use actual volume of cylinder)

Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
No.
Average
moisture, w 21.62 24.30 28.91 33.12 45.15
(%)
Dry density,
1.10 1.41 1.53 1.48 1.38
𝝆𝒅 (g/cm3)

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS

𝜋×𝐷 2 ×𝐿
1. Calculate the internal volume of the mould (V)𝑚𝑚3 using V = (check all
4000
conversion of unit)

𝑉 = 𝜋 × 𝑅2 × ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋 × 5.252 × 11.5
𝑉 = 995.79 𝑐𝑚3

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

2. Calculate the bulk density, 𝜌 of each compacted specimen from the equation

𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝜌=
𝑉
Where: m1 = mass of mould + base plate
m2 = mass of mould + base plate + compacted soil
V = volume of cylindrical mould

5790 − 4230
𝑎) 𝜌 =
995.79
= 1.5666 𝑔𝑐𝑚3
5970 − 4230
𝑏) 𝜌 =
995.79
= 1.7474 𝑔𝑐𝑚3
6060− 4230
c) 𝜌 = 995.79

= 1.8377𝑔𝑐𝑚3
6190− 4230
d) 𝜌 = 995.79

= 1.9683𝑔𝑐𝑚3
6160− 4230
e) 𝜌 = 995.79

= 1.9382𝑔𝑐𝑚3

3. Calculation average moisture content Wn (%) for each compacted specimen

𝑚4 − 𝑚5
𝑤𝑛 = × 100
𝑚5 − 𝑚3
Where: m3 = mass of empty can
m4 = mass of empty can + moist soil
m5 = mass of empty can + dry soil

21.38− 18.75
a) 𝑤𝑛 = 18.75− 13.97 × 100

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

𝑤𝑛 = 55.02%

34.04− 32.57
b) 𝑤𝑛 = 32.57− 25.43 × 100

𝑤𝑛 = 20.59%

19.70− 17.57
c) 𝑤𝑛 = 17.57− 14.01 × 100

𝑤𝑛 = 59.83%

4. Calculation corresponding dry density, 𝜌

𝜌
𝜌𝘥 =
𝑤%
1 + 100

1.5666
𝜌𝘥 =
55.02
1 + 100

𝜌𝘥 = 1.01

5. Calculation of determination zero air void unit weight

The maximum theoretical dry unit weight of a compacted soil at a given moisture content
will occur when there is no air left in the void spaces of the compacted soil. This can be given
by

20%
𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
20% 1
100 + 𝐺𝑠
9.81
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
20% 1
100 + 2.65

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 = 25.85

24%
𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
24% 1
100 + 𝐺𝑠
9.81
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
24% 1
100 + 2.65

𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 = 25.83

28%
𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
28% 1
100 + 𝐺𝑠
9.81
𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 =
28% 1
100 + 2.65

𝛾𝘥 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑣 = 25.81

6. Plot of graph dry density, ρd against moisture content, wn. Draw a smooth curve
through the points.

Graph
1.6 of dry density, ρd against moisture content, wn

1.5
dry density (ρd)

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1
21.62 24.3 28.91 33.12 45.15
moisture content (wn)

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

From the graph, the maximum dry unit weight compaction, (𝑚𝑎𝑥) is 1.53. The
optimum moisture content (OMC) corresponding to maximum dry density, (𝑚𝑎𝑥) is 28.91.

6.0 DISCUSSION

Compaction of soil brings stability and strength with it. Foundations fail most
commonly because of improper compaction methods or poorly compacted soil that allow
water to seep through the foundation and cause the structural damage. Compaction of soil
depends on various factors such as grain size distribution of soil, optimum moisture content,
maximum dry density, layer thickness and environmental factors. Optimum moisture content
(OMC) is the percentage of water present in soil mass at which a specific compaction force
can transform the soil mass to its maximum dry weight. The OMC and the maximum dry
density curves are different types of soils.

Standard proctor compaction tests was conducted to determine OMC and dry density
of soil masses. Some error that we got from this experiment are the reading of measuring
cylinder not accurate to avoid this error we need to read the measurement at perpendicular
angle of eyes and also suitable surface so that we can get accurate reading. Then, a mis-
calibrated balance caused all the measured masses will give results that are too high or low
depending on the direction and also density depends on the temperature, the temperature was
not controlled. To get rid of these systematic errors is by calibrating the balance properly and
do in the right place.

Next, the inside surface of the mold and collar and also the inside surface of the
rammer tube should be kept clean before each trial or silicon grease may be smeared to the
surface of the mold to facilitate removal of compacted soil at the end of each trail. Moreover,
the success of the experiment depends on thorough mixing of soil and water. Sufficient time
should be allowed, after mixing soil and water, for permeation and distribution of moisture
throughout the voids of the wet soil before compaction of soil in each trial.

7.0 CONCLUSION

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

Compaction is the process by which the bulk density of an aggregate of matter is

increased by driving out air. For any soil, for given amount of compactive effort, the density
obtained depends on the moisture content. At very high moisture contents, the maximum dry
density is achieved when the soil is compacted to nearly saturation, where (almost) all the air
is driven out. At low moisture contents, the soil particles interface with each other; addition
of some moisture will allow greater bulk densities, with a peak density where this effect
begins to be counteracted by the saturation of the soil.

8.0 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What principles and process involved in soil compaction?

Compaction is a process of increasing soil density and removing air, usually by

mechanical means. The size of the individual soil particles does not change, neither is
water removed. Purposeful compaction is intended to improve the strength and stiffness
of soil. Consequential (or accidental) compaction, and thus settlement, can occur due to
vibration (piling, traffic, etc.) or self-weight of loose fill. Compaction is employed in the
construction of road bases, runways, earth dams, embankments and reinforced earth
walls. In some cases, compaction may be used to prepare a level surface for building
construction. Soil is placed in layers, typically 75 mm to 450 mm thick. Each layer is
compacted to a specified standard using rollers, vibrators or rammers.

2. Why does the dry unit weight of the moist soil first increase with an increase in moisture
content and then decrease?

The degree of compaction of a soil is measured by the dry unit weight of the skeleton.
The dry unit weight correlates with the degree of packing of the soil grains. The more
compacted a soil is the smaller its void ratio (e) will be.

3. How compaction process can be accomplished in the field?

Field compaction methods in simple words means applying external pressure to the soil
mass so that its characteristic properties improve with regard to construction purposes.
Technically speaking, static and vibratory forces bring soil particles together by exerting
pressure on them. Static forces apply load on the surface of soil particles, exerting dead
weight of the machine in a downward direction. There are four main compaction

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

technique for soil compaction which are kneading compaction, pressure compaction,
vibration compaction, and impact compaction.

4. In soil compaction test, if a test result exceeds 100%, should engineers accept the result?

In case the compaction test results indicate values exceeding 100%, it only means that
the in-situ compaction is more than that being carried out in laboratories which is treated
as the basic criterion for satisfactory degree of soil compaction. Therefore, the soil
results are acceptable in case compaction test results are over 100%. However, excessive
compaction poses a risk of fracturing granular soils resulting in the reduction of soil
strength parameters

9.0 REFERENCES

i. CivilSeek. (2019, March 6). Standard Proctor Test; Its Apparatus, Procedure, Result.
Retrieved from https://civilseek.com/standard-proctor-test/PENDIX
ii. Yusoff, S. A. N. M., Bakar, I., Wijeyesekera, D. C., Zainorabidin, A., Azmi, M., &
Ramli, H. (2017). The effects of different compaction energy on geotechnical
properties of kaolin and laterite. doi: 10.1063/1.4998380
iii. Dr. Leslie Davison, & Prof. Sarah Springman. (2000). Compaction. Retrieved from
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/SoilMech/compaction/compaction.htm

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BNP20903 SOIL MECHANIC

10.0 APPENDIX

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