FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY REPORT
AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY
COURSE CODE AND NAME BNA 30903 / AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

EXPERIMENT TITLE MULTI CYCLONE

DATE OF EXPERIMENT (Performed) 22 NOVEMBER 2022 [TUE]

NAME MATRIX NO.

1. AININ SOFIYA BINTI MOHAMMAD

CN200102
FAIZAL
GROUP NO.

2 2. KOGULA CHEILVEAN A/L

THAMILSELVAN
CN200162

3. NUR AFIQAH BINTI RAMLI CN200098

4. SHAREENA SIAN ANAK INNIT CN200017

1. DR NOR HAZREN BINTI ABDUL HAMID

LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR
2. PROF. MADYA Ts. Dr. NOR HASLINA BINTI HASHIM

DATE OF EXPERIMENT (Submitted) 29 NOVEMBER 2022 [TUE]

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
 Faculty: Faculty of Engineering Technology
Programme: BNA
Course: Air and Noise Pollution
Code: BNA 30903
Elements
Introduction
Content knowledge is accurate,
relevant and provides appropriate
background for reader including
defining critical terms.
Materials and methods
Appropriate materials and method
are present and explained
Measurement/Results
Data are summarized in a logical
format. Table or graph types are
appropriate. Data are properly
labelled including units. Graph
axes are appropriately labelled and
scaled and captions are
informative and complete.
Discussion
Alternative explanations are
considered and clearly eliminated
by data in a persuasive discussion.
Conclusion
Conclusion is clearly and logically
drawn from data provided.
Report Quality
Grammar, word usage and
organization facilitate the reader’s
understanding of the paper.
REPORT ASSESSMENT RUBRICS - Lab Psychomotor rubric
Very Weak Weak
1 2
Background information is
Background information is
accurate, but irrelevant or too
missing or contains major
disjointed to make relevance
inaccuracies.
clear
No materials are listed. Some materials are listed.
Procedure section is Poorly explained /
missing. indecipherable
All data are missing or Most data are missing or
incorrect incorrect
Alternative explanations are
Alternative explanations
mentioned but not discussed
are not provided
or eliminated.
Conclusions have no basis Conclusions have little basis
in data provided in data provided
The report is written is not
well written and contains
Word usage is frequently
many errors in spelling,
confused or incorrect.
grammar, and sentence
structure
Level of Achievement
Modest
3 4
Background information is
overly narrow or overly
general (only partially
relevant).
Some materials are listed.
Procedure is missing steps
and difficult to follow.
Most data are correctly taken,
no missing data
Discussion addresses some
but not all of the alternatives
in a reasonable way.
Conclusions have some direct
basis in the data, but may
contain some gaps in logic or
data or are overly broad.
The report has several
grammar and spelling
mistakes, and many sentence
fragments.
Good Excellent
Level Weight (%) Score
5
Background information may Background information has the
contain minor omissions or appropriate level of specificity to
inaccuracies that do not detract provide concise and useful P1 0.15 /15
from the major point of the context to aid the reader’s
paper understanding
Most materials are listed. All Materials are listed.
Procedure contains most steps Procedure is complete and easy to 0.15 /15
and is easy to follow. follow. All steps are present.
All data are taken but minor
All data are correctly taken P3 0.25 /25
data are incorrect
Discussion and analysis of
Discussion of alternatives is
alternatives is based on data,
reasonably complete, uses data
complete and persuasive with a
where possible and results in at P4 0.25 /25
single clearly supported
least some alternatives being
explanation remaining by the end
persuasively dismissed
of the discussion.
Conclusions are clearly and
logically drawn from and Conclusions are completely
P2 0.1 /10
bounded by the data provided justified by data.
with no gaps in logic.
The report is written in The report is written in complete
complete sentences and contains sentences (except materials
no personal pronouns. Most of section) and contains no personal P2 0.1 /10
the grammar and spelling are pronouns. Grammar and spelling
correct. are correct.
TOTAL
/100
MARK:
 Faculty: Faculty of Engineering Technology
Programme: BNA
Course: Air and Noise Pollution
Code: BNA 30903

Mapping of Sydney Knowledge Profile & Broadly Defined Problem

Role of Tech
Natural Math Eng. Fund Specialist Design Eng. Tech Sydney Broadly Defined Problem
PLO Tech Literature
SK1 SK2 SK3 SK4 SK5 SK6 SK7 SK8 SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP7

Introduction
Content knowledge is accurate, relevant
4 1
and provides appropriate background for
reader including defining critical terms.
Materials and methods
Appropriate materials and method are 4 1
present and explained
Measurement/Results
Data are summarized in a logical format.
Table or graph types are appropriate.
Data are properly labelled including 4
units. Graph axes are appropriately
labelled and scaled and captions are
informative and complete.
Discussion
Alternative explanations are considered
4 1
and clearly eliminated by data in a
persuasive discussion.
Conclusion
Conclusion is clearly and logically drawn 4 1
from data provided.
Report Quality
Grammar, word usage and organization
4
facilitate the reader’s understanding of
the paper.

TOTAL 4

CLO3: To demonstrate the ability of using appropriate noise detector and air pollution control technology equipment, Level PLO: P4-PLO4
 Faculty: Faculty of Engineering Technology
Programme: BNA
Course: Air and Noise Pollution
Code: BNA 30903

REPORT ASSESSMENT RUBRICS - Lab Affective Rubric

Broadly Defined Technologies Activities (TA)

Variety of
Activity that
Resource
Interaction Activity required
(People, Impact/Cons
between involve new knowledge of
Very weak Weak Modest Good Excellent Weight Money, equences to
Affective Element Level Score PLO Technical, material. normal
(%) Equipment, Society &
Eng. & Technologies operating
Material. Environment
Other Issues /process (procedure
Information,
& process)
Technologies)

1 2 3 4 5 TA1 TA2 TA3 TA4 TA5

Able to
Minimum Limited Able to
Unable to understand the
ability to ability to understand the
Receiving Understand understand question
understand understand question A1 0.2 /2 10 1
phenomena the question the question constructively
the the constructively
accordingly. most of the
question. question. at all times.
time.
Limited
ability to
Minimum Able to
Unable to respond Able to
Responds Satisfaction ability to respond
respond to and respond
to in respond to constructively A2 0.3 /3 10 1
the question sometimes constructively
phenomena responding the most of the
accordingly. do not at all times.
question. time.
match the
question.
Limited
Able to
Ability to Minimum ability to Able to
Unable to respond and
answer the ability to answer and respond and
answer to answer
Valuing questions/ answer to sometimes answer A3 0,5 /5 10 1
the question constructively
solve the the do not constructively
accordingly. most of the
problems question. match the at all times.
time.
question.
TOTAL 10 10 1 2

CLO4: To display the ability to work as a team in analysing and interpreting data in air pollution engineering and noise, Level-PLO: A3-PLO5
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or

provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

GROUP LEADER Signature

Name : NUR AFIQAH BINTI RAMLI

Matrix No. : CN200098

MEMBERS

Name : KOGULA CHEILVEAN A/L THAMILSELVAN

Matrix No. : CN200162

Name : AININ SOFIYA BINTI MOHAMMAD FAIZAL

Matrix No. : CN200102

Name : SHAREENA SIAN ANAK INNIT

Matrix No. : CN200017
OBJECTIVES

i. To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon collection efficiency.

ii. To study the effect of inlet velocity upon collection efficiency.
iii. To compare the overall collection efficiency between single cyclone and double
cyclone operation.
iv. To verify the theoretical relationship between pressure drop, and inlet velocity.

INTRODUCTION

Multi cyclone system is one of the simplest types of separator because of high efficiency,
adaptability, easy to use and low operation costs. Multi cyclone system is most widely used in
various industrial applications. The function of multi cyclone separator is to separate particles
from gas stream by using centrifugal force which stronger than gravitational force. By using
this method, it is easier to separate the larger particles from gas. The gas flow due to tangential
entry was forced to follow curved geometry of cyclone while inertia particles in the flow causes
them to move towards outer wall, where they collide and collect. Addition of that, it used
centrifugal force, more efficiently at high flow rates by increasing velocity creates swirling
movement inside the column becomes faster. Inlet velocity is an important factor for cyclone
sizing in an order to achieve a desired separation efficiency. When flow rate increases, the inlet
velocity becomes larger. Thus, the tangential velocity also increases. The higher the inlet
velocity, the sharper the efficiency will be. The collection efficiency can be calculated by using
this formula:

𝑊𝐻 (𝑔)
Collection Efficiency, ŋ = 𝑥 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑔)

Where, 𝑊𝐻 is the weight of sample collected in dust container. We have conducted the
experiment to study the effect of inlet velocity upon collection efficiency by using multi cyclone
separator.

1
MATERIALS/INSTRUMENT
1. Cyclone

Figure: Cyclone

2. Air Blower

Figure: Air Blower

3. Feed Container

Figure: Feed Container

2
4. Kaolin

Figure: Kaolin

5. Beaker, Funnel and Spoon

Figure: Beaker, funnel and spoon

6. Balance

Figure: Balance

3
 7. Air Flow Meter

8. Outlet Dust Filter

9. Differential Dust Transmitter

PROCEDURES
Effect of Cyclone Diameter
1. The experiment for small cyclone, C1 operation was prepared.

Figure: Small Cyclone

2. The empty feed container, F1 and dust hopper, H1 was weight separately.

3. 50g of sample was weighted and poured slowly into the feed container, F1.

Figure: Kaolin was weighted and poured into feed container

4
4. The air compressor was connected to the feed container with the tubing provided and
ensured the valve, V7 was initially closed.

5. The feed container, F1 was attached to the holder and left approximately 0.5 – 1.0 cm
gap between feed container, F1 so that the outlet of feed container was just outside the
inlet piping of cyclone.

Figure: Attaching feed container

6. The outlet dust filter was cleaned.

7. All items and connection were assembled and tightened properly before the experiment
started.

Figure: Items were all tightened

5
8. Valve V4 was opened.

Figure: Valve V4

9. The Main Switch was switched on and the air blower was on.

Figure: Control Panel

10. The air blower speed was adjusted until DPT1 was 375Pa.

Figure: Adjust DPT1

6
11. The air compressor was switched on and regulated the pressure regulator to 0.2 Bar.

Figure: Compressor

12. The valve, V7 was opened slowly until boiling phenomena was observed.

Figure: Opening valve of feed container

13. Readings for pressure drop across cyclone and air flowrate was collected.

7
14. The experiment was run until the powder was completely finished. Lightly tapped the
feeder when the powder was stuck.

Figure: Lightly tapped feed container

15. The compressor and air blower were switched off after the experiment was completed.

16. The dust sample that left inside cyclone into dust hopper (if there any) gently cleaned
off by using compressed air (carefully done to avoid losses).

17. Unattached the feed container, F1 and the dust hopper, H1 and weighted them
separately.

Figure: Unattached feed container and weight dust hopper with kaolin inside

18. The collection efficiency of the cyclone was determined by key in the weight of sample
loaded and collected.

8
RESULTS
Table: Effect of Cyclone Diameter (Small Cyclone, C1)

Pressure Drop (Pa) 275 375 475

Air flow rate, Q (m3/h) 35.98 42.01 47.28

Inlet velocity, V𝐶1 (m/s) 14.08 16.44 18.50

Initial weight of dust hopper, WDHI (g) 566 566 566

Final weight of dust hopper, WDH2 (g) 613 611 608

Final weight of Kaolin sample collected in dust

47 45 42
hopper, WH (g)
Initial weight of Kaolin sample in the feeder,
50 50 50
WH (g)

Collection Efficiency, Ƞ (%) 6 10 16

* Pressure Drop (Pa), Air flow rate, 𝐐 (m3/h), Inlet velocity, 𝐕𝐂𝟏 (m/s) are taken from Table 1:
Calibration data of ΔP - air flow rate

Sample Calculation

1. Calculate Weight of sample collected in dust hopper, WH (g)

Formula: -

WDH2 (g) − WDHI (g) = WH (g)

613g − 566g = 47g

2. Calculate Collection Efficiency, Ƞ (%)

Formula: -

Collection Efficiency,

Initial Weight of Kaolin sample (g) − Final Weight of Kaolin sample(g)

= × 100%
Initial Weight of sample (g)

50g − 47g
Collection Efficiency, = × 100%
50g

Collection Efficiency, = 6%

9
Analyse

1. Analyse Cyclone diameter towards efficiency

In this experiment the efficiency of cyclones increases with decreasing cyclone diameter, due
to the usage of Small Cyclone. Small diameter cyclones are cyclones with a diameter less than
5.0 cm that have a high separation effectiveness when used to separate small particles (less
than 10 mm).

The performance of Cyclone is significantly influenced by its size. Each particle moves
to a location within the cyclone where the centrifugal force is equivalent to the drag force. The
particle has a better probability of escaping out the underflow if the centrifugal force is greater
than the drag force. The particle has a better probability of departing the overflow if the
centrifugal force is less than the drag force.

Figure: Overflow and Underflow of Cyclone

10
 Figure: Centrifugal and Drag Force of Cyclone

Imagine the centrifugal and drag forces as the rope's opposing ends and the particle as the flag
in the middle of a tug-of-war between the forces. Team drag force is attempting to pull the
particle flag into the Cyclone's centre air core, while team centrifugal force is attempting to
pull it toward the Cyclone's shell.

When the two forces are equivalent for a given particle size, separation happens because
the lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is easier for them to be influenced by
the vortex and travel up it towards the air core and out the overflow. The cleaned gas escapes
out the top of the chamber.

Contrarily, larger components of particulate matter have more inertia and are not as
easily influenced by the vortex. Since these larger particles have difficulty following the high-
speed spiral motion of the gas and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the container
to go in one direction toward the shell and out the underflow which is drop down into a
collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like an upside-down cone to promote the
collection of these particles at the bottom of the container.

The amount of centrifugal force utilised for separation depends on the size of the
cyclone. The centrifugal force affects a particle more and exerts greater force in the tug of war
the smaller the cyclone radius. Thus, increasing the efficiency of the Cyclone, as more dirty
gas trap inside the collection hopper releasing clean air.

11
2. Graph Collection Efficiency vs Pressure Drop

Collection Efficiency vs Pressure Drop

18

16
Collection Efficiency, Ƞ (%)

14

12

10

0
275 375 475

Pressure Drop (Pa)

Figure: Graph Collection Efficiency vs Pressure Drop

Based on the Figure: Graph Collection Efficiency vs Pressure Drop, at 275Pa the efficiency is
6%, then at 375Pa the efficiency is 10% before it increases to 16% at 475Pa. This is because,
higher collection efficiency is accompanied by increased pressure drop across the cyclone. A
pressure drop increase can often be accepted, but this also means that the erosion rate of the
envelope surface of the cyclone also increasing. Small particles that hit the inner walls of a
vortex separator and rub off material are what cause erosion in cyclones.

High dust loadings, high input velocities, high particle specific gravities, and the strike
angle all contribute to erosive wear. If the gas contains large dust particles, the side of the
cyclone's cylindrical shell that faces the inflow may sustain significant wear. The cyclone
design's welded seams are also more vulnerable to wear due to surface irregularities. Thus,
requiring higher energy inputs. In the industrial works, there may be times when it is
economically beneficial especially for a processing industry to incur higher energy costs rather
than convert to a filter system, where the cost of which may be five to ten times higher than
that of a cyclonic abatement system.

12
3. Graph Efficiency vs Inlet Velocity

Collection Efficiency vs Inlet Velocity

18

16
Collection Efficiency, Ƞ (%)

14

12

10

0
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19

Inlet velocity, V𝐶1 (m/s)

Figure: Graph Efficiency vs Inlet Velocity

Based on Figure: Graph Efficiency vs Inlet Velocity, at 14.08m/s the efficiency is 6%, then at
16.44m/s the efficiency is 10% before it drops to 16% at 18.50m/s. The separating efficiency
of a cyclone is highly dependent on the inlet velocity of the particles entering the cyclone and
on the particle size of the particles. An increased inlet velocity gives a higher separating
efficiency. Small particles are more difficult to separate than large particles. This is due to the
fact that small particles have a low falling velocity and are drawn more easily with the gas
stream into the vortex in the central part of the cyclone separator.

To increase the separating efficiency, the most obvious thing to do would be to increase
the inlet velocity of the particles entering the cyclone. However, in a plant of conventional
design, this results in the pressure drops increasing and the erosion rate of the envelope surface
of the cyclone increasing. The erosion is caused mainly by the larger particles. A pressure drop
increase can often be accepted, but an increased erosion rate with increasing entry speed leads
to a drastic reduction of the life of the cyclone which is unacceptable for commercial reasons.
To keep the erosion rate to an acceptable level, a maximum inlet velocity of about 20-30 m/s
is normally used.

13
ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the advantages of multi cyclone in industrial practice.
✓ Low capital cost, Low investment and operation costs
✓ Simple construction
✓ Ability to operate at high temperatures (up to 350 degree Celsius)
✓ Low maintenance requirements because there are no moving parts
✓ Dry collection and disposal except for wet cyclones
✓ Can handle liquid mists or dry materials.
✓ Small footprint - requires relatively small space, space efficient
✓ Multi-cyclones are necessary to remove entrained particles from a gas stream before
the stream is discharged to the environment through a chimney stack.
✓ High filtration efficiency
✓ Compatible with all types of appliances
✓ Automatic operation
✓ Constant pressure loss
✓ Dust recovered in a collection tray and not accumulated in the duct
✓ No additional duct maintenance costs

2. Mention some important industries where multi cyclone are used.

Due to its relatively low yield and relatively high residual emissions, a cyclone is most
commonly used as a pre-separator to remove larger particles before another dust abatement
installation, such as a scrubber or baghouse filter, is implemented and is mostly used in:

✓ Wood and furniture industry;

✓ The building sector;
✓ Glass industry;
✓ The transport sector for storage and transfer;
✓ The foodstuffs industry;
✓ Waste combustion installations;
✓ The chemicals industry;
✓ Melting processes in metallurgy;
✓ Sintering processes;
✓ Coffee roasting industry.

14
DISCUSSION
Undoubtedly, before a petrol stream is released into the environment by a chimney stack,
entrained particles must be removed from the stream. Multi-cyclones are devices made to
remove airborne particles that are hazardous to human health.

Tangentially entering a cyclone causes a gas that contains particles to spin downward,
flinging the particles to the edges of the cyclone and releasing them at the bottom or apex of
the cyclone when the gas changes directions. The petrol is forced to change direction and
ascend back up the center of the cyclone because the cyclone's bottom is sealed. A vertical
reverse flow cyclone is the most common kind. Cyclone efficiency increases as cyclone
diameter decreases. The most effective technique to manage enormous volumes of gas with a
high level of efficiency is to use a multi-cyclone, which is composed of numerous cyclones
with modest diameters. Due to a fault in the apparatus, the experiment we carried out did not
allow us to compare a large cyclone to a tiny cyclone.

Examining the impact of various input air velocities on the percentage of collection
efficiency allowed us to assess the efficacy of the multi-cyclone system. As a result, the
collection of efficiency may be influenced by the inlet air velocity. One kind of error that may
occur in this experiment was random error. The initial random mistakes are brought about by
the usage of computerized balances. It's possible that the sample weight in the dust hopper is
off. The ideal environment for performing the weighing activities is one with air pressure. The
cyclone's parts also required to be tightly secured since some of them would not be able to
withstand the fast airflow that leads it to exit via the cyclone. All of the plugs should be
removed from the power source, all of the equipment's switches should be turned off, and the
range adjustment should be set to zero while preparing the instrument for the experiment. This
is because the apparatus uses high voltage power.

A short circuit has happened when there is a sparking sound, hence the equipment
shouldn't be touched until the electrical charge has passed. We can do this experiment at least
three more times and average the percentage of collecting efficiency to enhance the experiment.
Another suggestion is to analyses the impact of input air velocity in other ways, such as radial
velocity and axial velocity, rather of just focusing on tangential velocity.

15
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, as they often remove bigger bits of particulate matter, cyclone separators
are one of several air pollution management technologies referred to as pre-cleaners. This
avoids the need for later, finer filtering techniques to handle larger, more abrasive particles. A
multicyclone is a system that allows numerous cyclone separators to run simultaneously. It is
significant to remember that cyclone sizes can vary greatly. The amount of particulate matter
that needs to be filtered heavily influences the cyclone's size, therefore larger activities
necessitate larger cyclones the experiment's findings demonstrate that intake velocity rises as
collecting efficiency does. To describe this experiment, air flowrate, pressure drop, and intake
velocity were employed. As the flowrate of the cyclone increases, pressure and airflow velocity
rise. There is a role for the multi-overall cyclone's effectiveness in capturing tiny particles. We
may infer from the experiment that collecting efficiency increases as entrance velocity, Vcl
does. We can see from the result, the inlet velocity, 𝑉𝑐𝑙 value increase from 14.08 to 18.50 so
is the collection efficiency percentage (%) value from 6% to 16%. Therefore, this shows that
we achieve the objective. Then, for the pressure drop, 𝑃𝑎 and inlet velocity, 𝑉𝑐𝑙. The higher the
pressure drop, 𝑃𝑎, the higher the inlet velocity, 𝑉𝑐𝑙. From the result obtained, we can see that
the pressure drops, 𝑃𝑎 value from 325𝑃𝑎 increase until 475𝑃𝑎. It is the same for inlet velocity,
𝑉𝑐𝑙, the value increase from 14.08 to 18.50. From this, we can see that this experiment achieves
the objective.

16
REFERENCES
i. Air Pollution Control Technology Fact Sheet EPA-CICA Fact Sheet Cyclones 1.
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of a CYCLONE SEPARATOR and a CYCLONE for CARRYING out the METHOD.”
United States Patent, 19 Aug. 1986.
iii. Chen, Jihe, et al. “Effect of Inlet Air Volumetric Flow Rate on the Performance of a
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13226, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6644756/,
10.1021/acsomega.8b02043.
iv. “Cyclone | EMIS.” Emis.vito.be, emis.vito.be/en/bat/tools-overview/sheets/cyclone.
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energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Cyclone_separator.
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separator-working-principle-dust-separator.
viii. Halasz, M.R.T., and G. Massarani. “Performance Analysis and Design of Small
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2000, pp. 451–458, 10.1590/s0104-66322000000400010. Accessed 18 June 2022.
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pp. 43879–43887, 10.1039/c7ra07694k. Accessed 28 Nov. 2022.
x. Man. “Multi-Cyclones | Learn What They Are Used for in This Article.” Yellow Tree,
19 May 2022, yellowtree.co.za/multi-cyclones-grit-collectors/. Accessed 28 Nov.
2022.

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 xi. McLanahan. “6 Factors That Affect Hydrocyclone Performance.” McLanahan, 21 Nov.
2022, www.mclanahan.com/blog/6-factors-that-affect-hydrocyclone-performance.
xii. W. B. Faulkner, and B. W. Shaw. “EFFICIENCY and PRESSURE DROP of
CYCLONES across a RANGE of INLET VELOCITIES.” Applied Engineering in
Agriculture, vol. 22, no. 1, 2006, pp. 155–161, 10.13031/2013.20191.
xiii. Xiong, Zhiyi, et al. “Development of a Cyclone Separator with High Efficiency and
Low Pressure Drop in Axial Inlet Cyclones.” Powder Technology, vol. 253, Feb. 2014,
pp. 644–649, 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.12.016. Accessed 13 Nov. 2020.

18