FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

COURSE CODE BNP 20103

EXPERIMENT CODE & TITLE MKSA – 05-FRANCIS TURBINE

EXPERIMENT DATE

SECTION/GROUP NO.

1.
2.
GROUP MEMBERS 3.
4.
5.

1.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
2.

SUBMISSION DATE

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

EXAMINER’S COMMENTS
 Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
Faculty: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY WITH HONOURS
Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY/ BNP20103
Experiment Title: FRANCIS TURBINE

CLO3: Display technically the given hydraulics and hydrology problems through laboratory tasks/project effectively
Assessme
Sub Criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good) 4 (Excellent) Weight Score
nt
Descriptions of the lab work Lab work needs are not Some lab work needs are not Most lab work needs are accurately All lab work needs are accurately
needs. Correct use of described at all. Incorrect accurately described. Major described. Mostly correct use of described. Correct use of
P1 4 /16
measurement technique and use of measurement incorrect use of measurement measurement technique and measurement technique and
equipment technique and equipment technique and equipment equipment equipment
Report Describe correct and precise Most data collections are not All data collections are
Data collections are not Most data collections are
data collection. Analyse and accurately and precisely described. accurately and precisely
complete. Wrongly analyse accurately and precisely described.
discuss the data trends and P2 Major wrong in analyse and described. Analyse and discuss 4 /16
and discuss of data trends Minor wrong in analyse and discuss
patterns using correct discuss the data trends and the data trends and patterns
and patterns. the data trends and patterns.
graphs patterns. using correct graphs
Ability to organise, performs Practices safely, can work
Fails to notice important Practices most procedures safely
experiments safely and Minor flaws in safety. Requires independently and take initiative
P3 information and safety conforms to the lab regulations 5 /20
aware of priorities in the constant supervision. as well as cooperating effectively
factors in the workplace. with minimal supervision.
laboratory. in a team.
Practical
Shows excellent performance
Performs with little energy, Shows good performance with
Ability to show engagement Performs with some energy, focus with unusual energy, very
P4 focus and no commitment- confident, energy and 8 /32
in conducting experiment. and commitment focused, shows confidence and
needs support. commitment.
full commitment.
Total 21 /84

CLO4: Comply the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve problems related to hydraulics and hydrology
Assessmen
Sub-criteria Level 1 (Weak) 2 (Modest) 3 (Good) 4 (Excellent) Weight Score
t
Format of report follows Do not follow the report
Follow the report format very little Mostly follow all the report format Follow all the report format
given format, shows team format. Poor team work,
Average team work, contribution Good team work, contribution from Excellent team work,
Report work, contribution from all A1 contribution from all 3 /12
from all members. On time all members. On time submission contribution from all members.
members. Completes group members, Very late
submission of lab report of lab report On time submission of lab report
lab report on time submission of lab report
Participates in group Less participates in group All participates in group
Participates in group discussion, Mostly participates in group
discussion, shows interest in discussion, shows less discussion, shows great interest
Practical A2 shows some interest in lab works, discussion, shows some interest in 6 /24
lab works, enjoys helping interest in lab works, not in lab works, enjoys helping
not really enjoy helping others lab works, enjoys helping others
others enjoys helping others others
Total 9 /36

Total (%)
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BNP20103

Experiment Code MKSA – 05

Experiment Title FRANCIS TURBINE

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not
accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

2) Group Member 1 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

3) Group Member 2 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

4) Group Member 3 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PAGE NO :

 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EDITION : 1
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO : 1
HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 17/08/2017
TITLE : FRANCIS TURBINE AMENDMENT DATE :

FRANCIS TURBINE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To study the effect of the guide vane opening under varied load conditions using Francis Turbine.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they have learned
to:
● Understand the performance characteristics of Francis (radial flow) turbine.
● Understand the effect of the guide vane opening under varied load conditions.

3.0 THEORY
Francis turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine, used in dams and reservoir of medium height to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. Francis turbine is radial inward flow reaction turbine.
This has the advantage of centrifugal forces acting against the flow, thus reducing the tendency of the turbine
to over speed. Francis turbines are best suited for medium heads.

Water under the pressure from the pump enters the guide vanes into the runner while passing through the
spiral casing and guide vanes; a portion of pressure energy is converted into velocity energy. Water thus
enters the runner at high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining pressure energy
converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes, the kinetic energy is transformed into
mechanical energy. The water head is converted into mechanical energy and hence the runner rotates. The
water from the runner is then discharged into the tail race. The discharge through the runner can be
regulated also by operating the guide vanes.

The flow through the pipeline into the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted in the pipeline. The
venturimeter is provided with the set of pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the turbine
inlet and outlet is measured with a pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge. The turbine output is torque is
determined with a rope brake drum dynamometer

The Performance Characteristics of Turbines

Although desirable, it is not always possible for a turbine to run at its maximum efficiency. Interest therefore
attaches to its performance under conditions for which the efficiency is less than the maximum. In testing
model machines, it is usual for the head to be kept constant (or approximately so) while the load, and
consequently the speed, are varied. If the head is constant then for each setting of the guide vane angle (or
spear valve for a Pelton wheel) the power output P, the efficiency η and the flow rate Q may be plotted
against the speed N as the independent variable. It is more useful, however, to plot dimensionless
parameters as shown in Figure 1.
 Figure 1: Dimensionless Parameter Curves

More usually, however, the p and g terms are dropped from these dimensionless forms. Often the D terms
are omitted also, and the resulting ratios P/H3/2, Q/H1/2, N/H1/2 are then referred to as 'unit power', 'unit
flow' and 'unit speed'. Their numerical values correspond respectively to the power, volume flow rate and
speed obtainable if the machine could be operated with unchanged efficiency under one unit of head (e.g.
1 m).

Figure 2: General effect of change of guide vane angle for Francis Turbine

Most turbines are required to run at constant speed so that the electrical generators to which they are
coupled provide a fixed frequency and voltage. For an impulse machine at constant speed under a given
head, the vector diagrams are independent of the rate of flow. In theory, then, the hydraulic efficiency should
be unaffected by the load, although in practice there is a small variation of the efficiency. For a reaction
turbine, changes of load are dealt with by alteration of the guide vane angle. (True, the power output could
be altered by throttling the flow through a partly closed valve in the supply line. This process, however, would
wastefully dissipate a large part of the available energy in eddy formation at the valve. Figure 2 shows the
general effect of change of guide vane angle for a machine of the Francis type or fixed-blade propeller type.
Only at the maximum efficiency point does the direction of the relative velocity at inlet conform to that of the
inlet edges of the runner blades. At other conditions, these directions do not conform, and so the fluid does
not flow smoothly into the passages in the runner. Instead, it strikes either the front or back surfaces of the
blades; considerable eddy formation ensues and the consequent dissipation of energy reduces the
efficiency of the machine

A change of load also affects the conditions at outlet. A reduction in the rate of flow through the machine
results in a decreased value of R2. Consequently, if the blade velocity u2 is unaltered, there is a departure
from the ideal right-angled vector triangle at outlet (see Figure 3); the resulting whirl component of velocity
causes a spiral motion in the draft tube and hence a reduction of the draft-tube efficiency. The possibility of
cavitation is also increased.

Figure 3: Effect of change of flow rate on outer vector triangle

4.0 EQUIPMENT

Figure 4: Unit Construction for Francis Turbine Test Rig (Model: FM 30)

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 General Start-Up Procedures
Before conducting any experiment, it is necessary to do the following checking to avoid
any misused or malfunction equipment.
1. Please make sure that the water tank is filled with water up to at least 50% of the
full tank.
2. Switch on the main power supply located on the control panel. The instruments
should light up.
3. For the experiment, limit the centrifugal pump speed to 2500 RPM.
5.2 Procedures:
1. Turn on the centrifugal pump by pushing the green button.
2. Set the pump speed at 2500 RPM.
3. Open the bleeding valve to ensure no air contained in the tube that is connected to
the input spear valve pressure transmitter. Once the air is released, closed the
valve immediately.
4. Set the guide vane to be fully opened (big opening) by turning the handle against
the water inlet direction. It may be necessary to slacken the retaining ring screws
by a small amount. Fix back the ring screw once the vane position is fixed.
5. Turn on the load switch L1 by flicking up the switch while the rest of the load
switch remains off (L2-L5 switch pointing downward).
6. Observe the changes and record down all the parameters shown on the panel.
7. Repeat step 5 by varying the load switch combination in at least 8 different
combinations.
8. Repeat step 4-6 by varying the guide vane opening for middle and small opening
positions.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Big Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min

Pump Speed SP1 Rpm

Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm
Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency

Power Generated
P=IxV
Turbine Input Power
Pinput = Pgage • Q
= (PT4 – Patm) • Q
Turbine Efficiency
𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Middle Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min

Pump Speed SP1 Rpm

Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm

Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency

Small Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min

Pump Speed SP1 Rpm

Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm

Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the following:
a) Power generated
b) Turbine input power
c) Turbine efficiency
2. Plot a graph for the power generated versus turbine speed.
3. Plot a graph for the turbine efficiency versus turbine speed.
4. Discuss the results.
5. Give a conclusion for this test

Prepared by: Dr. Nuramidah Hamidon Approved by: Prof Madya Dr Nor Haslina Hashim

Signature: Signature:

Date: 26 August 2017 Date: 26 August 2017