Total Solids Lab Report Guide

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
COURSE CODE BNP 20503
EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 2
CODE
TOTAL SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL

EXPERIMENT DISSOLVED SOLID AND VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TITLE DETERMINATION
25 APRIL 2017
DATE
GROUP 2
LECTURER/ DR RAFIDAH BINTI HAMDAN

INSTRUCTOR
DATE OF REPORT 2 MAY 2017

SUBMISSION
RECEIVED DATE
AND STAMP
COMMENTS
TOTAL MARKS
(FROM RUBRIC
ASSESSEMENT)
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSEMENT
Level of Achievement
Excellen
Very Weak Weak Modest Good
Elements t
1 2 3 4 Level Weight Score
5
Equipment
/ Tools
Major Minor No mistakes Students are
Mishand-
mistakes mistakes while using comfortable P1 P4 /20
ling the
Choose the while using while using equipment/ with the
equipment/
suitable equipment/ equipment / tools, but not equipment/
tools
equipment/ tools tools comfortable tool s
tool s
Experiment
Display a good Most of the

All Major Some Procedures P4 5 /25
handling and procedures
procedure procedures procedures are followed
understanding are followed
s are are missing are missing correctly
of Experiment correctly
missing
Measurement
Most data All data are
Measure and All data Most data are correctly taken but
taken, no minor data All data are P4 5 /25
taking data are are missing
missing are incorrect correctly
with efficiency missing or or incorrect
data taken
incorrect
Respond to
Able to
Q&A respond and
Minimum Limited Able to Unable to
Respond and ability to ability to answer respond and respond
constructivel P3 3 /15
answer to the respond answer and answer and answer
question and answer sometimes y most of the constructivel to the
accordingly. to the do not match time. y at all question
question. the question. times. accordingly.
Disciplines
Show the good

discipline by
Major flaws Minor flaws Minor flaws Conform to Conform to
follows the
rules below; to criteria, to criteria, 5 to dress code dress code, all criteria
10 minutes minutes late and safety minor flaw P2 3 /15
-Dress Code late to safety
-Lab
Regulations &
Safety
Total
/100
Mark:
STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not
accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report an anything that is in it is true.
1) Group leader: (Signature)

Name:
Matric no:
2) Group member 1:
(Signature)
Name:
Matric no:
3) Group member 2:
(Signature)
Name:
Matric no:
4) Group member 3:
(Signature)
Name:
Matric no:
5) Group member 4:
(Signature)
Name:
Matric no:
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL ENGINEERING REVISION NO
TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: TOTAL SOLIDS, TOTAL EFFECTIVE 14/3/2017
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL DATE
DISSOLVED SOLID AND VOLATILE AMENDMENT
SUSPENDED SOLIDS DATE
DETERMINATION
1. OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solid
(TDS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) in water/wastewater sample.
b) To discriminate between suspended and volatile suspended solids.
c) To compare the laboratory result between effluent of wastewater sample.
2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course students are able to:
a) Explain the concept of solids in given water or wastewater samples.
b) Apply knowledge in solid determination.
c) Develop their ability to work in group.
3. INTRODUCTION
a) Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Solids may
affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Solids analyses are
important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process
and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent
limitations.
b) Generally, total solids (TS) is term applied to the material residue left in dishes
after evaporated and dried to constant weight in an oven at 103 oC to 105oC. The
increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents the total solids. The
results may not represent the weight of actual dissolved and suspended solids in
water or wastewater sample.
c) Total suspended solids (TSS) are the portion of solids retained by filter and this
portion is dried to a constant weight at 103 oC to 105oC. The increase in weight of
the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the
filter and prolongs filtration, it may be necessary to increase the diameter of the
filter or decrease the sample volume.
d) Volatile suspended solids (VSS) represent the weight of insoluble in suspended
solids that are combustible at 550oC. This test is useful for obtaining an
approximation of the amount of insoluble organic matter present in the water
sample.
4. INSTRUMENTS/APPARATUS/CHEMICAL/REAGENTS
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
Chemicals / Reagents
No chemical / chemical required in this experiment.
Apparatus /Instruments
a) Evaporating dish
b) Filter paper
c) Measuring cylinder, 10 mL and 100 mL
d) Pipette, 10 mL
e) Steam bath / Water bath
f) Oven
g) Muffle furnace
h) Desiccator
i) Analytical balance
j) Tongs
k) Cotton gloves
l) Buchner funnel and filtering flask
m) Vacuum pump
n) Aluminium foil
5. PROCEDURE
Samples to be collected are surface water, wastewater effluent or wastewater effluent.
a) Total solids (TS) determination

1. Shake the water sample thoroughly to homogenize it.
2. Pipette 5 mL of sample into weighted evaporating dish, which has been
cleaned and dried to a constant weight in an oven previously.
3. Evaporate off the water on a steam bath at 100oC until dry and then dry it in an
oven at 103oC to 105oC for 1 hour.
4. Cool the evaporating dish in a desiccator, before weighing it (drying is
repeated until constant weight obtained).
b) Total suspended solids (TSS) determination

1. Dry the filter in the oven at 103 oC to 105oC for 1 hour and cool in a desiccator
(prepared by technician).Shake the water sample to ensure homogeneity.
2. Pipette 50 mL of water sample onto centre of weighted filter in a Buchner
funnel, using gentle suction (under vacuum).
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
3. Carefully wash the filter paper with 10 mL of distilled water, dry the filter at
103oC to 105oC for 1 hour* and cool in a desiccator before weighing.
*dying repeated until constant weight obtained (i.e. difference of less than 0.5
mg). Filter paper can be placed on a piece of aluminium foil to avoid loss of
suspended solids to air movement.
c) Total dissolved solid (TDS)

1. Preparation of evaporating dish: Ignite cleaned evaporating dish at 500C
50C for one (1) hour in muffle furnace. Store in desiccator until needed.
Weigh immediately before use.
2. Choose samples volume to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residue. If
more than 10 minutes are required to complete filtration, increase filter size or
decrease sample volume.
3. Stir samples with magnetic stirrer and pipet a measures volume onto glass-
fibre filter with applied vacuum. Wash with three (3) successive 10 mL of
distilled water, allowing complete drainage between washings, and continue
suction for about 3 min after filtration complete.
4. Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a weighed evaporating dish and
evaporate to dryness on a drying oven. Dry evaporated samples for at least 1 h
in an oven at 180C 2C, cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and
weigh. Repeat drying cycle of drying, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until
a constant weigh is obtained. (The filtrate from the total suspended solids
determination may be used for determination of total dissolved solids).
d) Volatile suspended solids (VSS) determination

1. Wrap the suspended solid (SS) from experiment in part 5.2 with aluminium
foil and ignite it at 550oC in the muffle furnace for half an hour. (Ask the
technician for help to operate the furnace).
2. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Repeat till a constant weight is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
6. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS
Total solids (TS)

Volume of sample, mL 1 2
Weight of empty evaporating dish, g 53.32 53.32
Weight of evaporating dish +dried solids, g 53.32 53.33
Weight of solid, g 0 0.01
Total solid, mg/L 0 1000
Average Total solid, mg/L 500
AB 6
Total solids, mg/L = 10
C
53.3253.32 6
= 10
10
= 0 mg/L
Where; A = weight of evaporating dish + remaining solids after drying, g
B = weight of dry empty evaporating dish, g
C = volume of sample used, mL
Total suspended solids (TSS)

Weight of empty filter, g 0.003 0.003
Weight of filter + dried solids, g 0.093 0.092
Weight of solid, g 0.090 0.089
Total suspended solid, mg/L 9000 8900
Average Total suspended solid, mg/L 8950
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
AB
Total suspended solids, mg/L = 10 6
C
0.0930.003
= 106
10
= 9000 mg/L
Where; A = weight of filter + dried solids, g
B = weight of dry empty filter, g
Total dissolve solids (TDS)

Weight of evaporating dish, g 51.47 51.58
Weight of evaporating dish + sample after 51.47 51.60
0
drying at 180 C, g
Weight of solid, g 0 0.02
Total dissolved solid, mg/L 0 2000
Average Volatile suspended solid, mg/L 1000
AB
Total dissolve solids, mg/L = 10 6
C
51.4751.47
= 106
10
= 0 mg/L
Where; A = weight of evaporating dish + sample after dry, g
B = weight of evaporating dish, g
Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
Weight of empty filter, g 0.003 0.003
Weight of filter + solids before ignition, g 0.093 0.092
Weight of filter + solids after ignition, g 0.092 0.090
Weight of volatile solids, g 0.001 0.002
Volatile suspended solid, mg/L 100 200
Average Volatile suspended solid, mg/L 150
AB
Total dissolve solids, mg/L = 10 6
C
0.0930.092 6
= 10
10
= 100 mg/L
Where; A = weight of filter + solids before ignition, g
B = weight of dry empty filter + solids after ignition, g
7. ANALYSIS
8. DISCUSSIONS
9. ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1) Discuss possible sources of solids in ground water and surface water.

TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
DETERMINATION
2) Explain why groundwater usually has higher dissolved solids and surface water
usually has higher suspended solids.
3) Explain the importance of total solid determination with respect to water and
wastewater treatment plant.
4) The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175 mg/L. if the
following test results were obtained, what was the size of sample used in the
analysis?
Tare mass of glass fibre glass = 1.5413 g
Residue on glass fibre filter after dying at 105oC = 1.5538 g
5) Why water is evaporated at 103C rather than 100 C in assessment of solid of

water?
10. CONCLUSION
11. APPENDICES
12. REFFERENCES

Total Solids Lab Report Guide

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

TOTAL SOLIDS, TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL

LECTURER/ DR RAFIDAH BINTI HAMDAN

DATE OF REPORT 2 MAY 2017

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Display a good Most of the

Show the good

1) Group leader: (Signature)

a) Total solids (TS) determination

b) Total suspended solids (TSS) determination

c) Total dissolved solid (TDS)

d) Volatile suspended solids (VSS) determination

6. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Total solids (TS)

Total suspended solids (TSS)

Total dissolve solids (TDS)

Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

1) Discuss possible sources of solids in ground water and surface water.

5) Why water is evaporated at 103C rather than 100 C in assessment of solid of

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