Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, more and more consideration is being given to environmental issues.

Noise was considered a necessary, but harmless, evil. Today, excessive noise is
considered a form of pollution which, in the long run, may cause permanently reduced
hearing. As a consequence, authorities now demand that noise levels are kept below
certain specified limits. The public awareness of health risks in conjunction with sound
and vibration exposure has indirectly, become an important sales argument for
manufacturers. Today, there are numerous national and international codes which both
recommend, and demand, maximum permissible noise levels in the various parts of IC
engines. Consequently, greater demands are now made on the engine designer to provide
more detailed and precise information regarding the various types of noise emission from
the engine. Exhaust and intake noise are major contributors to the overall noise pollution
and need to be significantly reduced. Sound transmission and generation in silencers and
at the open ends of the exhaust will have to be improved or re-developed. In particular,
reduction of noise from the exhaust is essential for reaching the pass-by noise targets.

The internal combustion engine has been widely used in a variety of transportation
vehicles, such as ships and automobiles [1]. However, when the internal combustion
engine is working, it generates huge noise in the surrounding environment. Noise can
disturb people’s daily life and even endanger people’s health. Therefore, noise problem
has become a growing concern of society. When people are exposed to noise for a long
time, it can cause insomnia, cardiovascular disease, and even death [2, 3]. The global
legislative committee is developing strict regulations to make ships, cars, and other
transportation vehicles quieter.

As the main power source and noise source of ships and automobiles, the internal
combustion engine has a significant impact on the total noise level [5]. Therefore, it is
urgent to study the corresponding method to reduce the noise level of internal combustion
engines. The primary task of reducing the noise of internal combustion engines is to study
and analyze the characteristics of each noise source of internal combustion engines and

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 1 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

then to develop a corresponding targeted and efficient noise reduction scheme. Thus,
separating various noise sources of internal combustion engines has become a hot topic in
the field of internal combustion engine noise research.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 2 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 2

NOISE

A popular definition of noise is 'an undesirable sound. To what extent a sound can
be characterized as noise is, of course, a personal evaluation. However, if the sound level
is so high as to be damaging to health, it will normally be considered by one and all as
undesirable and, therefore, as noise. Sound is the result of mechanical vibrations
occurring in an elastic medium, e.g. air. When the air starts to pulsate, the variations in air
pressure will spread from the source through the transfer of energy from molecule to
molecule. The more energy transferred, the higher the sound level.

2.1 ENGINE NOISE

Pulses released by the exhaust are the cause of engine noise. When the expansion
stroke of the engine comes near the end, the outlet valve opens and the remaining
pressure in the cylinder discharges exhaust gases as in pulse into the exhaust system.
These pulses are between 0.1 and 0.4 atmospheres in amplitude, with pulse ration
between 2 and 5 milliseconds. The frequency spectrum is directly correlated with the
pulse duration. The cut-off frequency lies between 200 and 500 Hz. Generally, engines
produce noise of 100 to 130 dB depending on the size and the type of the engine

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 3 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 3

NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODS

Engine noise source identification is essential for making noise reduction

strategies. Predominant noise sources of engine are normally identified as some cover
component as oil pan, valve cover and front gear cover etc. the radiated noise sources of a
diesel engines are identified with two methods lead covering technique and noise grid.

1. Lead covering technique

2. Acoustic intensity techniques (Noise grid).

3.1 LEAD COVERING TECHNIQUE

Lead covering technique is also called partial exposure technique and is a

traditional noise source identification technique for engines. It is still the most reliable,
although it is rather costly and time consuming. This is simply covering the whole engine
or all of the components with an acoustic high transmission loss material(usually lead).It
is mounted on fibreglass wool for insulation and to prevent reverberant build up to give
considerable noise reduction. A component is then uncovered and the noise increase is
noted. The process is repeated for each component.

3.2 ACOUSTIC INTENSITY TECHNIQUES

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 4 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Fig.3.1 Noise Grid Method

In order to identify the sources, sound intensity mapping was done on the engine
and gearbox assembly in the hemi anechoic chamber. There are two methods available for
intensity mapping which is Grid Method. Here Grid Method is used order to identify the
noise sources from the sound intensity mapping results. The noise radiating components
are ranked based on the above calculated sound power level and it has identified that the
following components Oil Sump, Rocker Cover, Inlet Manifold, Timing Cover, Crank
Case and Gearbox Casing are the critical sources for noise radiations. Critical frequencies
of noise radiations can also be extracted from the intensity mapping results. In order to
quantify the structural resonances parallel vibration measurement has been done and
following is the list of components and its resonant frequencies.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 5 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 4

CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE SOURCES

An IC engine noise signal is composed of many components from different

sources. These sources include combustion, mechanical, and the combination of both.
The combustion noise is produced by a rapid rate of pressure rise, which besides being a
source of engine structural vibrations also excites resonance in the gas inside a
combustion chamber cavity. The latter is also a source of vibration and noise. The
contribution of the combustion to the whole noise signal is some transient components. In
a normal condition, the combustion noise is mostly in a frequency range above a few 100
hertz as the combustion energy below this range is mostly transformed into useful work
by pushing pistons forward. In the case of abnormal conditions, degradation in the
combustion quality may produce some low frequency content in the combustion noise.

A rise in the cylinder pressure pushes the piston from the top dead center
advancing to the bottom dead center. In this movement, the clearance between the piston
and the cylinder or damage to piston rings can cause the piston to impact with the
cylinder, the phenomenon of piston slap, which is another major source of engine noises.
As the piston slap is caused by both the combustion and the clearance, the noise level
reflects the combustion quality and changes in the clearance. An important feature of IC
engines is that they have both reciprocating and rotating parts. Different type of parts will
produce different signal components contributions of different rotating parts to the noise
can be identified with reference to their speeds. The timing gear chain is another source of
mechanical noise. Intake noise generated by interruption of airflow at inlet valves
transmitted via air cleaner radiated by air duct. Cooling fan noise this results from the
sound of air being moved at high speed across the engine and through the radiator.

4.1. EXHAUST SYSTEM NOISE

The exhaust system noise include the noise from exhaust gas pulses leave the
muffler or trail pipe and noise emitted from vibrating surface of the exhaust system

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 6 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

component. Noise emitted from the surface of exhaust system component result from two
different type of excitation force. Those generated by the pulsating exhaust. Gas flow and
thus transmitted from the vibrating engine to exhaust system component.

4.2. INTAKE SYSTEM NOISE

Engine intake noise is generated by pressure fluctuations which are caused

by the periodic opening and closing of intake valve. When intake valve opens, the
piston will move from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) to
suck fresh air. Meanwhile, the pulse noise is generated with the forming of
pressure pulse. The air flows through intake valve cross-section at a high velocity
and forms an eddy noise.

The main frequency of eddy noise is in the range of 1000~2000Hz. In

addition, if the natural frequency of air column is identical with the main
frequency of periodic intake noise, it will cause air resonance and make the noise
more obvious. When intake valve closes, it will cause the air pressure and velocity
fluctuation. The fluctuation which includes compression wave and rarefaction wave
transmits from intake valve to open-end along the pipe, and it reflections many
times between the pipe opened and closed valve

4. 3. COOLING SYSTEM NOISE

Water cooled engine are typically cooled by using a radiator as a heat exchanger
with an axial flow fan is used to draw cooling air through the radiator. Air cooled engine
generally used a centrifugal fan in conjunction with shrouding to direct cooling air across
the engine. Fan noise consists of both discrete frequency tones and broad hand noise. The
broad hand component of fan noise is caused by the shedding of sorties from rotating fan
blades and turbulence in the fan air system.

4.4. WATER COOLED ENGINE NOISE

A variety of design parameter affects at the sound emission level of axial flow
fans but fan blades tip speed is the dominate factor to minimize fan tip speed. While still
providing sufficient engine cooling. The cooling system efficiency must be as high as
possible to maximize cooling system efficiency in water cooled engine .

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 7 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

4.5. ENGINE SURFACE OF NOISE

Engine surface noise refers to sound emitted from vibrating surface of engine
component and accessories and other thus item included in the engine exhaust. Intake and
cooling system techniques use to reduce engine surface radiated noise include a reduction
in running clearance and machining tolerances of the engine. Component acoustical
treatment or redesign of engine component use of acoustic treated shields and vibrating
isolation and damping of engine covers and diesel engine than for gasoline engine turbo
charging of a diesel engine can result in some reduction of engine surface radiated noise
at high engine load.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 8 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 5

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NOISE

CHARACTERISTICS

One typical engine noise classification technique separates the aerodynamic noise,
combustion noise and mechanical noise.

 Aerodynamic noise.
 Combustion noise.
 Mechanical noise.

5.1. AERODYNAMIC NOISE

Aerodynamic noise includes exhaust gas and intake air noise as well as noise
generated by cooling fans, auxiliary fans or any other air flow.

5.2. COMBUSTION NOISE

Combustion noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surfaces of the engine
structure, engine components and engine accessories after excitation by combustion
forces.

5.3. MECHANICAL NOISE

Mechanical noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surfaces of the engine
components and engine accessories after excitation by reciprocating or rotating engine
components. Mechanical noise mainly includes piston slap noise, air valve knock noise,
gear meshing noise, and fuel injection pump noise.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 9 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 6

NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

6.1 MUFFLER OR SILENCER

Muffler or silencer is a device which is used for reducing the amount of noise
emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. Though the muffler is not
supposed to serve any key exhaust function, the muffler is usually seen as an acoustic
soundproofing apparatus. This sound proofing apparatus is designed to trim down the
loudness of the sound strain created by the engine. This technique is known as acoustic
quieting. The mufflers also cool the engine in a superior way.After burning the fuel the
many poisonous exhaust gas such as CO2, SO2, NO2 are generate. A modern exhaust
muffler is normally manufactured by a combination of an expansion chamber, perforated
pipes and perforated boards. This noise resistance as the combustion gases flow through
the pipe holes and boards but thecombustion gasses cause exhausts resistance as a side
effect. The two most important design objects for a muffler are to obtain noise reduction
greater than the required lower value and also back pressure lower than the maximum
permissible value.

Fig.6.1 Muffler

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Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

6.1.1 Types of Mufflers

Mufflers can be classified in reflective, absorptive and hybrid mufflers depending

on the working principle.

Reflective muffler

Reflective mufflers are those mufflers that uses for sound attenuation by changing
cross sections in the duct. Reflection mufflers attenuate the sound by reflection and
interference. The important tools of Reflective mufflers are analytic modelling and
evaluation of network theory. The reflective muffler is shown in Fig. using silencer.

Fig.6.2 Reflective muffler

Absorptive Muffler

Absorptive mufflers are those mufflers that uses for sound attenuation by sound
absorbing materials. They dissipate the acoustic energy into heat energy through the use
of porous materials as mineral fiber. The important tools of Absorptive mufflers are a
sorber modeling and numerical computation. The absorptive muffler is shown in Fig

Fig.6.3 Absorptive Muffler

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 11 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Hybrid Muffler

Mufflers that combine the working principle of a reflective muffler and an

absorptive muffler are called hybrid mufflers. This type of muffler is the best muffler to
reduce the noise. In this study, three different types of mufflers are used out of which two
are Reflective mufflers and one is Hybrid muffler. Silencer No. 1 is Hybrid type of
muffler shown in fig.

Fig.6.4 Hybrid Muffler

6.2 RESONATOR

Resonator is a type of reflective silencer that causes mismatch impedance

to attenuate noise. There are many types of resonator which are used nowadays,
namely Helmholtz resonator and Quarter-wave tube are some of the most familiar
ones. These resonators are applied to abate noise in pipes, industrial application,
automotive noise and even in home installed heating, ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) system.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 12 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Fig.6.5 Resonator

One of the most common uses of resonator is to suppress noise from

automobile, especially in the intake and exhaust system. In almost all vehicles,
resonator is applied to reduce the duct’s noise. Compared to dissipative muffler,
resonators have the advantages of not depending on fibrous liner which may be
costly and not lasted for a long time due to high operating temperature and
exposure to unburnt carbon particles which might deteriorate its dissipative
performance.

6.2.1 Noise Reduction Principle Of Helmholtz Resonator

The structure of offshoot style Helmholtz resonator muffler is shown, and

the noise reduction principle of Helmholtz resonator can be described as follows:
When the sound wave transmits from main channel to the intersection of resonator
hole, the acoustic resistance will change. As a result, part of sound energy reflects
back and part of sound energy passes through the hole and resonator. Because of
the loss effect of acoustic resistance, acoustic mass and acoustic capacitance of
Helmholtz resonator, part of sound energy is consumed while only part of sound
energy transmits along the pipeline. By this means, it can achieve the purpose of
noise reduction. Especially, if the sound wave frequency closes or equals to the
natural frequency of Helmholtz resonator, it will arouse resonance. In this case, the
resonator will absorb and consume large amount of sound energy. At that time, it
has the best effect on noise reduction.

6.3 COOLING SYSTEM NOISE REDUCTION

1. use water pump and radiator that have adequate capacities, furthermore, be sure that
the radiator core has sufficient surface and air flow areas.

2. Use a fan with proper aerodynamic blade design.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 13 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

3. Use a shroud to prevent recalculation of air from the high pressure side of thefan in the
low pressure side. Clearance between the tips of the fan blades and the shrouding should
be minimal.

4. Reduce air flow resistance and turbulence in the system. This can be achieved through
proper shroud design, proper spacing between the radiator, proper radiator core design.

6.4 ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

Acoustical materials for the purpose of noise reduction are materials that absorb
sound, reflect sound, or dampen vibrations. Acoustical properties of the materials used in
different situations should be taken into account during the design stage. Wherever
possible, quieter plastics should be used in place of metal components. Cast iron has
better material damp-ing than steel. Acoustical materials usually convert some of the
sound energy which strikesthem into thermal energy.

6.5 VIBRATION ISOLATION

Vibrations in an engine are never good but it cannot be avoided still it can be reduced to
certain level. In discussing vibration protection, it is useful to identify the three basic
elements of dynamic systems:

 The equipment (component, engine, instrument, etc.)

 The support structure (floor, base plate, concrete foundation, etc.)
 The resilient member referred to as an isolator or mount (rubber pad, air column,
spring, etc.) which is interposed between the equipment and the support structure.

If the equipment is the source of the vibration the purpose of the isolator is to reduce the
force transmitted from the equipment to the support structure. The direction of force
transmission is from the equipment to the support structure. Vibration isolation is the
process of isolating an object, such as a piece of equipment, from the source of vibrations.

6.6 ISOLATION MOUNTS

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Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Vibrating equipment creates sound pressure waves(noise) in the surrounding air.

Anything that is physically connected to a generator set can cause vibrations to be
transmitted to the building structure. These connection points include skid anchors,
radiator discharge air ducts exhaust piping, coolant piping. fuel lines and wiring conduit.
Fitting these connections with flexible joints effectively reduces noise transmission.
Mounting a generator set on spring type vibration isolators effectivelyreduces the
vibration and noise that are transmitted through the floor.

Fig.6.6 Isolation Mounts

6.7 DAMPING TREATMENT

Based on the sound intensity mapping results, the intensity spots on radiated noise
components are identified and hence the damping treatment locations are finalized. The
following procedures have to be followed for applying the FLD damping material on
component.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 15 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Fig.6.7 FRF of Oil Sump

1. Clean the surface where the damper to be applied using any of the solvents benzene,
acetone, etc. Appropriate methods to be used for making the surface fine before cleaning.

2. Locate the damper with adhesive on hot spot areas through proper fixtures.

3. Apply pressure over the damper for few seconds. It depends on the type of adhesive
that are used for bonding.

FRF Measurement of Oil Sump

The Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurement was conducted for various critical
components based on noise source ranking. The components were tested with and without
damping treatment in free-free condition in order to find FRF using simple hammer test
and the results are explained as below

6.8 LAMINATED STEEL SHEETS

There are two types of laminated steel sheets unconstrained layer damping where a layer
of bitumastic (or similar) high damping material is stick to the surface and constrained
layer damping where a laminate is constructed

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 16 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

Fig. 6.8 Laminated steel sheets

6.9 ALUMINUM FOAMS

Metal foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal, for ex. aluminium,
containing a large volume fraction of gas-filled pores. The pores can be sealed (closedcell
foam), or they can form an interconnected network (open-cell foam). Metallic foams
typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-
flammable metal will remain non-flammable and the foam is generally recyclable back to
its base material. Al foams are very effective in terms of acoustical absorption, effective
in terms of electromagnetic shielding and structural damping, absorb impact energy
regardless of impact direction, much more stable than organic materials like wood or
plastics and are decorative are completely recyclables and hence do not cause any harm to
our environment

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 17 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

CHAPTER 7

FUTURE TRENDS AND COMBUSTION PROCESS NOISE

Today, a certain focus can be seen on the development of vehicles with increased
specific power and torque and with decreased exhaust gas emissions. Both points will still
be important in the next few years, even if the exhaust gas emissions are currently at a
very low level. However, reducing noise and fuel consumption is expected to become
more important in the future. The development of vehicle fleet fuel consumption in
Germany and Europe is reflected in the ACEA target value of the voluntarily agreement
for the years 2018 and 2022. These goals can only be really achieved in the European
market with favorable boundary conditions. In recent years, the development of the
German vehicle market has experienced a slowing down of the trend to reduce fuel
consumption.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 18 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

One of the primary causes is the tendency towards higher performance and
heavier vehicles. A second cause is that diesel engines have exhibited constant fleet fuel
consumption since the year 2000, because of intensified emission legislation. There is a
chance that nothing could change in the near future, because of the intensified
introduction of diesel particle filters. However, beyond that is the realization that vehicles
with reduced fuel consumption will become more important. In addition, further
increasing fuel prices at the gas station will mean that fuel consumption will become
more important for a greater number of consumers

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

In this paper effect of variation in buid-up parameters on noise reduction in IC

engine silencers has been investigated. The noise is control to the extent possible by
properly designing machines and appliances by suitably locating machines. Mainly
mufflers are generally used to increase the engine efficiency and reduction in noise
pollution and all types of exhaust emission. Flow linearization through design can
considerably reduces noise level generation in automobile silencers and subsequently.
Improve the performance of the silencer. Silencer parameters such as inlet-pipe size,
orifice size, resonating chamber length affects the silencer performance. By using
mufflers, we can save the power and reduce the knock of the IC engine. Muffler can
reduce sound pressure 8 db tol4 db.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 19 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar

Seminar Report 2020-21 Noise Control in IC Engines

REFERENCES

1. Abdul Rehman1, Surya Yadav Aman saxena, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Invertis University, Bareilly REVIEWED OF NOISE
CONTROL IN IC ENGINE
2. Yogesh V Morankar , Prof. M. R. Khodke Noise Reduction of a Diesel Engine A
Review, Mechanical Engineering Department, Vishwakarma Institute of
Technology, Pune, India
3. S.O. Obayopo, M.O. Oyewola, O.O. Mojola, A.A. Asere, Effect of Variation in
Build-Up Parameters on Noise Reduction in Automobile Engine silencers.
4. Noise Cancellation system by Jeffery. N. Denenberg
5. A study of noise reduction method on motorcycle-SAE199-01-3257 JSAE
9938012.
6. Design strategies for low noise engine concepts by F. K. Brandi, P. Wunsche
7. Noise control in ic engines - BAXA

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. 20 S.R.G.P.T.C Triprayar