VEHICLE SAFETY

What is Current?
 DECADE OF ACTION FOR
Safer vehicles ROAD SAFETY 2011-2020
Harmonize global standards
Implement new car assessment programs (NCAP)
Equip all new cars with minimum safety features  
Promote use of crash avoidance technologies 
Encourage managers of fleets to purchase, operate &
maintain safe vehicles

Road safety
Safer Safer Safer road
management Post –crash
roads vehicles users response
and
mobility
 Global Vehicle Issues &
The Important UN Vehicle Safety
Regulations
 GLOBAL VEHICLE ISSUES?

• Weak local safety standards

• Insufficient harmonization on available UN regulations
• Intense industry competition leading to de-specification of
safety features
• Low safety specification of smaller vehicles
• Lack of consumer awareness
IMPORTANT UN VEHICLE SAFETY REGULATIONS?

I. Crash avoidance or primary safety

• Devices to avoid a crash
 e.g. daytime running lights, electronic stability control,
intelligent speed adaptation

II.Crash protection or secondary safety or passive

safety
• Protection in the event of a crash
 e.g. seat belts, airbags, front & side impact protection
Reg. 12 Steering mechanism:
Reduce injury from frontal impact

Reg. 14 Seat belt anchorage:

Keep occupant in the vehicle
during crash
Reg. 16 Safety belts & restraint systems:
Reduce crash forces upon the occupants
by slowing down the occupants

Reg. 21 Interior fittings:

Maintain survival space for the vehicle
occupants

Reg. 26 External projections:

Absorb & dissipate force of a collision,
displacing & diverting it away from the
passenger compartment
Reg. 44 Child restraint systems:
Infant safety seat
Designed specifically to protect children
from injury or death during collisions
 Reg. 94 Occupant protection in frontal collision
Reg. 95 Occupant protection in lateral collision

All vehicles shall adopt

airbags to cushion occupants
during a crash when they
strike interior objects such as
the steering wheel or a
window.

The vehicle shall carry

information to the effect that
it is equipped with airbags for
seats
 GTR 7: Head Restraints

Requires the installation of head restraints to reduce

severity of injuries caused by whiplash
 GTR 8 : Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
These systems use computer control of individual wheel brakes
Help driver to maintain control of the vehicle during extreme
manoeuvres
Keep the vehicle headed in the direction the driver is steering even
when the vehicle nears or reaches the limits of road traction.
  
GTR 9 : Pedestrian Protection

The head & legs are the most frequently injured

body regions in pedestrian accidents.

Active safety systems suggested as solutions for

reduction of pedestrian injuries:
• brake assist,
• anti-lock brakes
• day-light running lights
 Function of
i. Global NCAP
ii. ASEAN NCAP
 Promote
public safety &
public health

GENERAL
FUNCTION
Conserve,
protect &
Protect &
improve the
preserve
physical &
human life
natural
environment
 i. PARTICULAR FUNCTION of GLOBAL NCAP

1. Promoting & conducting 2. Promoting the

independent research & development of new car
testing programs assessment programs

• Assess safety & • Providing financial

environmental support & technical
characteristics of motor assistance
vehicle & their
comparative performance • Facilitating international
co-operation with &
• Disseminating the results between such programs
to public
 ii. PARTICULAR FUNCTION of ASEAN NCAP

1. Elevate Vehicle Safety 2. Raise Consumer

Standard Awareness

• ASEAN NCAP will evaluate • Minimum safety

the car based on specification
manufacturing origin & • Roadworthy & Crashworthy
quality • Customer will choose car
wisely
 ii. PARTICULAR FUNCTION of ASEAN NCAP

3. To Maintain Vehicle 4. Encourage A Market For

Standard Around ASEAN Safer Vehicles In The Region

• Standards set by each • Encourage user to make

country can be considered rational decision when
as minimum requirement buying their car.

• NCAP requirement has the • Malaysia has adopted and

best possible current enforced car manufacturers
practice to comply with UNECE
regulation for frontal
collision system
Ratings used by ASEAN NCAP in
Vehicle Crash Test
 FRONTAL OFFSET CRASH TEST

• Conducted on dummies
– Driver seat
– Front seat
– 2 children (Child Restraint System)

• Speed tested: 64 km/h

 Adult Occupant Protection (AOP)

• The sensor in dummies will be analyzed &

classified by human’s body region

i. Worst result from each dummy= (A)

ii. Assessment on the vehicle =(B)
iii. Final score (C = A – B)

• From September 2013, side impact test had

been introduced as a new pre-requisite in AOP
for 4-Star & above
Star Rating - AOP
 Child Occupant Protection (COP)

• P3: 3 years old & P1.5: 18 months old

• based on the Child Restraint System (CRS) &

injury level read by the in-dummy sensors
Example of Child Restraint System
Percentage Based on Final Result of
Child Occupant Protection (COP)
Star Rating - COP
 Ratings used by ASEAN NCAP
in Vehicle Crash Test

Pre-requisite for 5 star in ASEAN NCAP :

I. Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

II. Seatbelt Reminder for Driver & Front
Passenger (SBR)
 I. ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)

A safety feature that detects & prevents skids

OTHER ESC
IMPORTANCE HOW IT WORK
SYSTEMS
• Reduced single- • Uses sensors in • Electronic
vehicle crashes, the car Stability Program
34% for cars & • It can apply the (ESP)
59% for SUVs brakes on • Vehicle Stability
• Reduces the risk individual wheels Assist (VSA)
of fatal single- • It can recover • Vehicle Stability
vehicle wrecks by from skids Control (VSC)
56% & fatal
multiple-vehicle
crashes by 32%.
 II. SEAT BELT REMINDER (SBR)

Detects occupants & triggers a warning light reminding

unbuckled seat occupants to fasten their seat belts.

IMPORTANCE
- Reduce injuries
- Reduce risk of fatal injuries
45% cars and 60% light trucks
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
5-STAR CAR & 4-STAR CAR

i. 5-star car will consider fittings with ESC & SBR

ii. Score 5-star car but missing ESC & SBR will be
relegated to 4-star car.
iii. Performance in CRASH TEST score 5-star but it
still relegated to 4-star car
iv. AOP is 5-star but do not have ESC or SBR it is
relegated to 4-star car.
v. Score point 5-star car = 14.00 & above
vi. Score point 4-star car = 11.00 & below 14.00
1. Nissan Teana- STAR RATING
Nissan Teana- AOP
Nissan Teana- COP
2. Honda City- STAR RATING
How ASEAN NCAP members
select cars for testing.
Currently, the following organizations are officially
in the ASEAN NCAP member organizations:

I. Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research

(MIROS)
II. Global New Car Assessment Program (GNCAP)
III. Automobile Association of Malaysia (AAM)
IV. Automobile Association of the Philippines (AAP)
V. Automobile Association of Singapore (AA Singapore)
How ASEAN NCAP members select cars for testing
1. The ASEAN NCAP Steering Committee will release the plan
of crash test execution to its members.
How ASEAN NCAP members select cars for testing.
2. The ASEAN NCAP Steering Committee may decide the
theme for each phase e.g. “small car”, “family sedan”,
“MPV/SUV”, etc.
How ASEAN NCAP members select cars for testing.

3. The number of cars to be tested will depend on the budget

and capacity of the crash lab, including cars through
sponsorship
How ASEAN NCAP members select cars for testing.
4. To set a basis in vehicle selection, the steering committee will
principally rely on sales volumes but may also consider any
prevailing issues with regard to certain car model or safety
equipment.
How ASEAN NCAP members select cars for testing
5. Usually only one model from a car manufacturer will be
tested in each phase.
Will a large car and a small car perform the same in a
collision if both scored the same stars in ASEAN
NCAP.
Both results cannot be taken as an apple-to-apple
comparison.
Will a large car and a small car perform the same in a
collision if both scored the same stars in ASEAN
NCAP.
This is true because the frontal offset test simulates a
collision with another car of similar mass and in the same
category, and the height is about the same.
Will a large car and a small car perform the same in a
collision if both scored the same stars in ASEAN
NCAP.
However, the occupants of the heavier car or the car with
higher structure tend to fare better than the occupants in
lighter and lower car.

On another note, it is not possible to simulate the influence

of mass in a test against a fixed barrier.