NIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

TECHNICAL SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: THE FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILES

By
SUPRITHA V UNDER GUIDANCE OF
Mr. SRINIVAS S
(4NN20EE420)
Assistant professor Dept. of EEE
2022-2023 NIEIT, Mysuru
 CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION

2 LEVELS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES

3 WHAT SHOULD AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE DO ?

4 COMPONENTS

5 WORKING MECHANISM

6 VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS VECHICLES

7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8
SCOPE
9
CONCLUSION
10
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
• An autonomous car or a self driving car is a vehicle that is capable of sensing
its environment and navigating without human inputs .
•  A human passenger is not required to take control of the vehicle at any time,
nor is a human passenger required to be present in the vehicle at all. 
• Example : Google’s self driving car
LEVELS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
WHAT SHOULD AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE DO ?

1. Understand its immediate environment (PERCEPTION)

2. Find its way around obstacles and in traffic (MOTION PLANNING)
3. Know where it is and where it wants to go(NAVIGATION)
4. Take decisions based on current situation (BEHAVIOUR)
 COMPONENTS
The Lidar system
GPS
Radar sensor
Ultrasonic sensor
Video cameras
Central computer
THE LIDAR SYSTEM
• The Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) which is mounted on the roof
of the vehicle is the most important device in the Autonomous vehicles.
• The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and receiver.
• The emitter sends out a LASER beam that bounces off a mirror that is
rotating along with the cylindrical housing at 10 revolution per minute.
• After bouncing off objects ,the LASER beam returns to the mirror and is
bounced back towards the receiver . Where it can be interpreted into
data.
• The vehicles can then generate a map of its surroundings and use the
map to avoid objects.
GPS
• To obtain macro location- accuracy up to 2-3 meters
• A GPS is used ,just like the satellite navigation system in most cars, to
get a rough location of the car ,also radar, laser and cameras take over to
monitor the world around the car 360 degrees for more precise location

VIDEO CAMERAS
• Used for near vision.
• A camera mounted near the rear- view mirror/windshield build a real-
time 3D images of the road ahead spotting hazards like animals.
• It is also used to identify road signs, markings and traffic signals.
RADAR
Radars are fitted in the bumpers at front
The radar chirps between 10 and 11GHz over a 5 millisecond period
transmitting the radar signals from a centrally located antenna cone,
two receive cones.
Traditional Radar sensors are used to detect dangerous objects in the
vehicles path that are more than 100 meters away.
Accident prevention systems trigger alerts when they detect
something in a cars blind spot
ULTRA SONIC SENSORS
It is used to measure the position of objects very close to the
vehicle ,such as cuts and other vehicles when parking.
Keep track of the movements of the car and will alert the car about the
obstacles in the rear.
Cars that offers automatic ‘reverse park Assist ‘ technology utilize
such sensors to help navigate that car into tight reverse parking spots.
These sensors get activated when the cars is engaged in the reverse
gear.
 Central computer


The software can recognize objects ,people,cars,road marking,signs and traffic lights
and safely navigate around them.

It works based on machine learning technology.

Information from all the sensors is analysed by a central computers,based on the
information received the software takes self driving decisions such as steering,
accelerate and brakes.

Programme to interpret the common road signs- predetermine shape and motion
descriptors are programmed into the system to help the car make intelligent decisions.
Working Mechanism
Input devices: from sensors such as LIDAR, GPS Receiver, Laser range
finder etc..
From mobile apps online controller
from human beings.
Processing : Using algorithms/coding.
Computers software's
Automobile chips
Output: as a function of mechanical mechanism such as breaking
acceleration turning etc.
 Detection of Automatic
Input from System obstacles braking/stop
sensors processor

Detection of Acceleration
free way speed up
VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS VECHICLES
 ADVANTAGES
1) Reduce accidents
2) Reduce traffic congestion
3) Reduced CO2 emission
4) Lower fuel consumption
5) More efficient parking
DISADVANTAGES

1) Autonomous vehicles will be expensive

2) Sensors fail during conditions out of
the norm.
3) Potential to be hacked.
4) Increase in unemployment rate.
scope

 Bengaluru engineer driven for the test to build India's first driverless car, ie,
Tata Nano Autonomous.

 IIT Kanpur and Bombay are working on 'autonomous vehicle solutions' or

driverless solutions,  Project and testing their technology on Mahendra E20 
electric cars.
  It can help to reduce a huge accident that occurs in India.

 It can reduce the problems of traffic jam.

CONCLUSION

• Autonomous vehicles will benefit the economy through fuel

efficiency, the environment through reduced carbon emissions, society
through more togetherness, and the legal system through a simpler
system of liability. However, these ideas revolve around two central
aspects of autonomous vehicles: how they work and how they are kept
secure. As technology advances, the security technology regarding
self-driving cars will also continue to grow to combat hackers,
improve the accuracy of internal systems, and prevent accidents.
References
1. Todd Litman, Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions Implications for
Transport planning,Victoria Transport policy Institute, January 29, 2015.
2. Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, RAND
Corporation, 2014
4. Autonomous car policy report, Carnegie Mellon University, 2014.
5. www.cisco.com 6. www.lloyds.com 7.
www.ll.mit.edu/publications/labnotes/automation.
 
THANK YOU