You are on page 1of 53

MoDULE-02 owER TRANSIST0RS

troduction
Tower
fower ansiatorp hareloGled lurn am-Tunof
Chanataittcs. The ansintdis shich ae ped a
Sotttlhaq dpermttd in Satrtn rgim
elenants ane

ontate Vottage deup. rawkp oxs are umdin


otrh dLow applicalions.
medium-Pewtr
|lono to iito:
rankiston re brrodly latidind
Tooe
tower
(Ts)
Bipolar Dundtion vaniplo? Tvaniytdu(MOSFETs
Semicodudrr ield Ekt
2. Metal Oxlde

3. Stati Thdudtin Tanptore (SITs


4bulatd- Gste Bpolas a du (TaSTS) OFESSOR
Flectonskng
5. COOLMOS
ASSISTANYË
&
ElecTrica
0 0 1 3 .

Of

TONER BaT
Dupt.

bipolar
BsT i a bipolar daice. A
Power
aecond p-o)n-agin Jo a p n J u n t
A d e d by. addina. andpn.
Joltode. BaTso w a ypes npn
Ba (B) ad
Collactor Ce),
Thee tesminaldundhoans Collattor- Bage dunten
BST ha Thee
two
Emilter (E) a n d dundiom (BET)
Base-emittas
and
cBa) Collutos
Colletor
m CBS
CBs Bape
BEa
P
Ba

Enitte
Eritzr
(PNe Tanikt
(ad NPN -|7awator

NOTEf a Np lvanaitor,he polarfing of all Curent


Noltagu u heVerped
tottreco
mite
Bate Bage
zzz
nt

ColLctobr Emtte2
Ca NPN TRANGLs TOR PNP TRANSLS TOR
CROSS SEtTLONS OF BTS

STEAD- STATE CHARACTERISTIcs OF B3T


Condiguralion 4DL an NPN lrautinho
he Cmmen-enitter
OuPL bel
Chahaskerisi Bhonngb
O input
ADve Satualian
Nekcson
Re Te Uce
LVec

Neese
ciruit dlinaamn Te
(b ANSFER CHARACTERIStied
Te VeFNeE2
Aa r L n e i Z l e o
Ne, 7VeE|

Vee Nee
( TNPUT ) OUTPUT CLARA-CTERUT
CHARACTERILTLCC
hene ane hue Operalina,agioms d, a Jranisos

Cutol (2 Actire a) Satuto


Curet
apt is offlon t bop
n Cutal! haniom tuum
,
it ong. CBJ LBEJ Orc averubpnd
ismot enouqh to
Üranstör act az a n amplifun
I n t t c b legiom , J amplitid hyky a gain
aqain
i s amplzfed
Cuwvet
shere tte cbap
BEs
J a v e e biuna
i
laocak
Otth Tg. C6S
Uce
&war diprd.
base Curt
is hia zo
In t
Satietian lasion, t Roth
low Uranptnhor ac a a baith.
Vce
BE
a s a d btngesd VcE a
CBs chanaskniikin
oh plst
he aAen
hassn n4qlb

lode of NPN T7apizhil NPN ldaumpto


h model ot an

lage Bmal
in Bhsom tn 4Lder
AT dc oeralion
lauoliom helolina, urents
ahe

B IeTtTo-D
Te Cunent t
nput
Gurent Oupu Cuned
Cunnt
The bape 0utpid
Knaon aa s
Cunet Kneon
T to Te
Llctor

vatio 6
Cunc Gain Pe
orwad

Pr=hrE
- ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

t l e c e r i c a i &
fhecrons
tn
T E C H N O O G Y

0
Dep. INSTITUTE
OF
MYSUKU-570 018.
NIE
Crmpanens
he Coledor Cunethas uo
DOne due to t bop Cusaeu
t e Leakas Cunmt
CB3
Q o&r

TPTp tTeco emitor oko. u r e n t


Colleckor t o
ohene cE te Can be. Cmkilerd Maq
o BETe.
Coith base 0.c.

om
Te Ts tBe)tTr

3P

Sine Fr-YA, T E
shene XF Feet1)o 1-F
IRANSI ToR ChITCH
Ha, 8hws raukphor operatd
a lboitth.
Te
EVec
V =Vee Uec-TRe
E
V=Nee-Fr*(Ve-lee)
Re
aottdh
Vee ee +Vee Nee V
(0augor Opuralim ae
Meai hot uanipor Operaes ce Nce-Vee Vae=Va
Ve0
6 t Cut-o{ om,
3l*
-LD @
,Colfu}I-orcrr..<,,C
onr- drre-- *" + b^i- C-ur*',c-
.-{t-
QD otic LI., ffi !**+c{11q"6? c"Be.

\= F.& fT.-b
url*,*- fr. r! C.u*L" --e)
d=- a^urdr ^ry
Q- bn b€- cs 6r04xA
rnntx5\'a*6 &rts.
t_oitc. o;:.L
ftr,4 fl-) ALs)
T€=T60*P")o'T e-o

TE >- l-e tttF*


T€=L L-\97
/P.tt\
'"il =
=.[uf;l
r'-?'Si*-.*
F.}}J- . T". dFT€
=
U5ltr*r*
1t = F/1p"-t) Qr; Po=dF
' l-o/p
-__-1
Jq,*nt"\sro * SNttcu

+ V.= Vc€ = Ucc-I.R".


\c = rlcc- ryf.,*+tur)
RB
Vcs = \Lu r\ee \l.E= \6_

UB= \e. =Ve


Vc€ -Vet Ve=o
aulc&re- F*^a"q
,Ag b*t 7
"t iE lvu\uu , C-85 t
\ce
2€tl'r1 '
v *F*
b .1J:. k--ieto" ,t arfr*
-o-
ov,,,nooayn.,,vr 61"-1oc Ots,ct-,F Lr. df-
\[es =Vcs
G,*b- Stato;'r** 4 Fctf,'*?' \ce=o ,
&l.

\."-\e€
<.
t-
IBrq -
u %ry" C'{rxfur/e
Vr
L.ytorc^{4 Aj"..r^L Ie*,kYff'
fuz
tre
r"{ Urt"--Y-
\aE
tpitt - \ il.-*& o.QG CI"s\ "

Bt'
c.,-"*eX
dt*
*t az-w*,-
bL,ac+""l' ^+

trffi
gr'C*{b" d-<t>%rr
fhil4tror u*-.jk- bq'
sr<= 'usGJ^
ffi-
ax'"^Gcrnxhu'+ E+
fr ffi ,a.)i""d*^ Vc"G"dL)'
&u,,ror *r[#e,['Go-*'iL
ifhi c'tUr*' Cu"'."r t
- VcsA^O

b- B%.-C-.,',c,^{r

Wa {ffiw
"C:*rr*
ik ew $o ,tr"^$ IB 7I*'
Zo*-
5L'e-
!R,ffi- s Li..D CaLL^/

O \terd>ir^- ODf,..

(ov.tD**.-.4^rr) Ies
"r,zffi.o
Tes J- 13 .iL GJJtf@eS,r.4 P
Zil/*-
a - T_as
P-fA-",[
-r,
-L2
-
d/)
LdS'cn#"-#-e )"""dm*l
;(u &,tar toeitr

R= \uuT" 1V.'="-'
l+d. Valrc 2 ODtr G*,^^r tcd,.,*- V.' E\r.,n[o^"ttr

W' r rr ro,

r
@
.** Da)
,r- ult+-e-
b.II- v L.
voY
et n --^ ilL !.,. q.^tlrd6c39ttLarn
L*-["h"dffi tsttf\-arl
,
_4r^{ tD T-ry r[,<{-ff'.,txru1]
- oDrr t5
tdb ? t^-d. #""^Aa!orn'
+
Pr t's ;b 4{"
&..=\t_O_ \cr6s.*, = \'oY Rc-l'
1-
Vc.-= zeo \ \su1"4 >['sV t '.lcc
to\ rttg zo o{
Vfu; ODtr=S
RB=?- \B
tov
P.{*'.e= t
Tr =?-
I,ra*e= A.= V..-VcqG-g %s-1
h.tg-
R- =T l&LA.

T
-!BS -- )-Ls +, t& I a-2a2sA.
Fr* - a
lntc I.,a"-" ODe : Te
=f IB=oDPr&s
&s
R*= Va-VB{;(s"O [o -t-s
It-st25"

P.t&tut - !s
O- -G
Lg.\ = \, G.
T" = [t-3t:s

ffifm#*"#
'{9oo; . ? LuPJ
@^ -tTr^e-,
effi
bftnhr rmaPuc'-
tocs* 6o-'i' l'"a..e,,riSb
?G
tr\e- \-eL
h,th^,*
"ffW
4:'^.,,
J.u,F,,-t-5n,t_3i*[
rywtrc-nt
fuob*,- )i::,j""J b v*?.s\:.
iUf"l_.t
ffif
;fl.+i =5:) 3 \:.p=;1., .
#. ;jffi*r"-*;^ E#ffi^ L* urr*I'fr'"'tt^u"oP"'
am ouerr&t'^"fucto'
"*1f.*un**,^.
osittu ra(

q d>r. u,:rF-- tsrr4pr6ffi"-"" ^fl


*&,'tri'.,r-',
6o
F*" = to F*^;
fo= So- Vc.= t'oorl
\g 'E{ \["e1",g= &sv
{h=?.
VeEG^r)t ('Ts\l a{,)
ODP =2fi Fao.ra-=?
Tt=?.
f*= Yp-v*a?= loo -e-s
= lq.sA
Rc- s
R

tq-s [.q.sA
P*^- LO

ODp= Te -=
TB=ooeFI** = &oF t'q-r = 3nA
->
-1
- I
€S

R*. l.-\ss, g- ['Ef 0't6O Zl)-


Lg = 3t

= O.f
:fc-s _le,s.
P-P*r-=
Ts- 3q,

Vg.cor"
(?g (*.{ -. u+N
?Hrffig**
ru.ffi:w**tf'
*Tr;J
'EY<.uw- ' ,.\*Iip
b-Vryc fitC
ODP-II; tn
Ari.a r\r \^^- , o A...D,s.^r-lrrv"rt,-
G)Po"o'Lon
R. --o'irl- CP)'t""x'-LD
,l-ra-vaXtooPt ' vu%.*l >- \tG
;' Pr,rt*= t Z- R.=-[-sc- \e=6 V

p*^*-=€ V.. =-
Lro\ VuA,rl>t-2Y fu=O+-o-

ODe=?. ha;t Tt= ?


G= \s-\lBsG"r) 6 *L,G
lr.le h.". : 6286A
RB 0.+
I * = \[..-V""er)
Rc-
Igg =
:f,. &S'8aA o?. ls="

ODP " Ts
--2 9.%A- 0'P+so
&. J2S'€6 c

pa+*r-=- L9 9{.86a rc-+


Tg- 6.>sL
-;
?=-\/*+DL+\'+f"
.+l' g q !-l
Pr = O'6) ,.i1 +ftnar'*)
CB

ffirw
a4e*?kH;tr'x,
mrcffi
;ffi;;"'6rl*.1^
'o. ?r I
I
. o.t .^tm @ e, Lb, as
grJ*,
c ob$o
$ru.'4J
-C.rltL
I
Dtr ==-

j6(v
: \, \t ^ t-------1 , FA

-E)o p*r", -- PE '-1- \--"=-'-


jc Is> oDtrn&t = zrltS^ '^
q. 6r^4
}De = -xg'
Jss
Rs.-g1gg*2^ ,.a-Gd - =]4-111
Te ?''6rw
rq \*ofr + \L,r-or' -t'T)6'uD*('"'(o't4 -

;il "!'-eefu?il..n-{4' *3- H h fi,ffffi


trn
@ A bi+"%, {-a,^f;vhtu Fe.^p^
.
h-!.A ?,
vc.=r=o*
Y*= Jl"u .: t-
J#+ffi133gfrm
Kr[-,rtsec> t=s.i coLJ"&"
\g>to\
F6. \*t =
AF +^o \-"rfu.n i* dEs&*l-l-s1-s.
6;fKa-.9*l'--t
G..'J' C-utrre'"rX"--
G) B..A G'",{}"--} r\-\_- h.
#rarila\nbor[r bntt^ Pa htoQ
bnth-pa,b269.
@, Po^'<- tc'o t'-'g- r$l[r
g{j' B,+n Ne=to\
la=toc- Vr.=[-oV
16r=trorl \tu;= L-SV
Srffir,.L{Sf#
t2'qo r(
6
.1- f,t_ ,l2.q,g_
-igs, p- -G,
ffi.ffi3=
O.822^SA

€€,' -\.;'!"
&*
DF i"'
B%- AL\-c' f
(9
U9itt^-
Ur) 5 ro'3>28 =: [.6t)Cd
mtr=&- I T. -- ODFStrBs=
4",
€a = Va-tB.? ^ to-t's2 - ' s:2;tr-cJ-
t-6t
" IP
;-
P6 4s t>3
=,2.-:1?
f6rr"L Gsx'^r Q"r'r
<

Lc: TB = l.-atrr

t;of' tn aG.uf-\"t"t
\ ctlv'rt\.Y
b

cL) Pr*'n
" D^
rT- V*nrIB t {t^s':q."
R 49 F*,4nt>t
,.i ffizz4w
"a
Fs.*A.^^t b'^F-"b^R' l.S"3zv^[
,\
Fh ovon&r\*
Ovon&t"' =G' (t'at:{Jt0t''*)
r$
i

rtxxl'ti'1 8o' , . ,- r -T*.'o,^xuixbor


-ITara&ixbor
4 wr,ffi- ;;*. hor,adar 4 J'$6-^
.-0^)
.-'0^)

obh,;.,*A 6rrrtu '."4ffi-*'sgnffi


6\ t"""9ir.e'cncrealr<.
,j^ drato".a t-,\ tn"tA/rt'' +

bc' a'q t'*Y^ o't


I CDtr T'-t
$V..ttrLH[ Nq Cxt *.Hc-tER\srtcs
oclr'rUf fr*^h^n=U"L
.A gnu*r*0- @

effi
e$*.r}a*"ta &
"
cct*w,'
u*d". k*. sHfflroffi?#P_,"%

t
a
lr^
€ JC
w c.
=ff.a,a-
oltcs- o

V f-
'^rG e
(!2)U44rgS'@
GDf'd*,fu,-."*,1fa:I'
v-'--
,_r:r:"-_ oryT
_ __
-<-r,r^,s.ra l=te9g;-
-ftuqfffifffi
-L-''' q:'\orrr clrr^&r

* d2s{+'""*Lazl

*=ffi: $otb?L
";tl"-v
a-
glor<\z""hel* '
o- $t.en
&s- c-^,;khr
*;L.-
@

K= d-t4%'1L
Jcf =ta*brrt"

1'
.- GOr; htt++r-
I
I

-: i I
I

-&zl' I

I
5ca t I
O-QIc-> (
I
r-> L
6.11cr t' - :
o4
r^\ SpitcL;**
,.-i
-Ltltf % -r--
tA\# -+ .
#-ffi,nffi*ffi-fs*;
"ffi;
^

-d,.-:ree,rfi.ee
r.,* &?*,V,*.)^ ve
^il--- **f,.fG,n o

ffiF#

ffi
C'd*4Gw*t
5ffi Hffi#
#tB;f%ru s*M Siiig'-iiio'r'
Te-= TB- I.s
P
L S".itr7"&4

urk^ "nr.-
&\Ld-.ii- bqD.,ryw ^ry# whffib.-a^fl"Jl
-r r.t^^,..^ ;m*
:'&*.
il'
(,*-'tLlr, .,72- ' d_-

E'^ dE-
fu a:rr,'*- F&^f *"*
lfi^x^7tror'
cotlsr-lar

e*#ry
eff\
W
ar.r="* C;j-,. o+L 2r**-d*r,'v-;[
)tcrK-lsY<JL

*Ntdr,.4:U"{yWWW**W
,ir-*^
trH
*:'tx '*rt c*
AV\-,r--'
^*lrf.

-irrF-t1tr'.',''
Svrn"*.nrq EttP .r^5

r,]em
il#&ffih#
G) F6**'r br..*A (Frssc'*)

dft. *.-I^++="r
t

rtr*fJf
- _mefm;F:re,_
rffi}*ru ffi$.e,-^,-
b si"':pggffiM
at €BsoA .

k"E^*u.--rf*
k) E*or@
€--- Lrg .r^
JJz .t ul_ o-'.**Xs_ F.r".
# .*{^"r'
G4tda'
1ffi',*4!-
6*oda
4--
hu-^l"l"Xn

Tc_-PrR.*
> -E-?.&*'
-tr-$' ''
Fq""+

ff; l\- rr-- strnx- dr- A."ti"&,t[^t


?r..^ n&'*^'t-u,.t ^A- T-=z( I'q
.fuS prc"r-.drr.**@.. d-t€-
19CIl^" rh Q-. ry"^^-t eqe'-F}a..^'"'
8{l..& 1A mm^Y 6dcru,.aa..
@ L"fuk*I*-e*^T
fs) &eru<por*tr \orr&eg;.- A brcr&&r"ln \gd f"a,,.-l\ dlq{i^"e

ffi 4,..'.
ffi
^ Ol.-r':Lr*.0 tr,

Urfu_w*Mffi
(-'v v
b1 --tzr*r*^( t'c

ry#
#ffi
ffir*X^-u
an^itlicr*
. rQ*(#,--r Lx-fr-r^:c-ara.,

Tt- r^ari"t'n F'*H"'r-


b'-
offij&'v'rh'x
l
lrfrl"l-*t
X#;ffi
.. +; - #,,^^besb,re- 6{ a Sraxxrta6r",.n
-?titrbl-cnnL

t[ E5'[=rutr

ffiff
>\hL
"
oo,,a,.* !tr.^pnau:tc- *" .^
7n^- ^y1m
ry ff- "tx : &; =u.{cln"r

; ry##t*
Tiffi--"4=;:reF r"--?'

;
Rcg'
= f; G"
16--rrtF- ; Hr. €..) $-T-Tj:,
,-a--
P.fisl Qro=Pp3tP"-{q
G-TA= , \ sQ.+to'ltot
ts6-95!=frtl'o ) r ={-,-r.oht'^r

ffiffi#@
=T:.FE
Ca*1"er.^h""fr'- Rrq = tso - t''(* o)
T.- rod4
ro
K.d
u o --
F*.
Xr*,.,r* i,:?'*S.ftrmif*E#
-["=Lo:A'{;-o'sps'tt.-=I
onA 'lf, = O,Srre, f* =l Ps,t"=.G,
U;; l*, A- =-l +- p= 3H- tlr-g
cac!- *, -sov.a,*- ccLr""hot d; L'*rrm
g,
L> d\
o; *&-.,.8" ry
I . oo. c-,.,.h,-\^r .;) 1."=^* ;D,G::tr
r

*-Wo+" *d1yory"1 .*Y-f;T 1-.--


d,\fr dffi"
^,-
v't\)etr/wo Co) 4-.. T,
CI df"t"t.fu^olt{;+*"k
Yffi:
(ETknc q"hf-* F--
r-
TT

T*
Ucc= zfrN, \eet ^9=3\ o
fr=AN, fl.t6"DzAI
lfsztooA, 6=o'sPs' }*tP
*Etlg , tt 's*s' *=toKrtr'
*
**r,l
l|
?,

lrjl
I
6.,,ffi=,HY
^,:
0 r?rr<.1

*.JAikiL"t' Gr.,):jIqQ*+"
G'^1 ce
o = ,(-&1f9

A :Jriur'lrt wt E-.-- o=t <tt


ilt=;;
\61g,LH = Vcr .
@
Fte- ,it^gt-1"* G*""" d'r*k 'jE C-dl4JorCor-rr<x|*"
?_6g1 = L.V6s = I-,o.Vec = @x,a')(-)= o.+shl .

t(\b d'^?A'^\ &\t- \'


flr*- u-uerc1'f^..t
&=+ J%-r cLL = Q.u'\t-'t4'8r=
( o x't) = a;S$
{]
(-") ( o''E
?*=(z' n'a)
t

rr$c l:t'" o =t<6''


A.rt*t
TT3:-..,
t te = Lc- vcE = -*8r.. + $"ae--44]
,1S0**t = b* uS0*^e^
To*r- lZtt) "lr\ rv^.oriwurrn
A
L-,YY1.- o --sotLps
=,

l*a""$Lr 9r- V".-&*


,[\".-V*c".9] 4*-9 =$3ooh[.

fr* + !"%L+)
&L=LLtuk*@
o

Tr =,o*,J*too xtx# [= " %J


';,*
lT- - \

(*o tc-A d.. --t--tE^^e^-$'\

Pon= ?n+?n= 3 -4S"Yn\^l + 4P' 3 >l{ = ry^


6-d,,1*
U) & IrLt) (zvtoo" o <b<tn.
*T<r.
v,e[t) i Vce("^r)
?'W) = L\l cE = \lca',*l *1 = &rtoo = &'ooN

d*=+ db
?n=
+ I*otD
1)D
J'i'.o*l.'
Yn= & Vc"rs,o.Ir bn = tonoB* L?-too T 4r-st'rJ
Tw= q+hl
L9ab<-tG,,
*
';-":.tl$lu=
,.no,qf,tO
h.,
.,.
= Vcr6,u.1
z-2eoW
L.-V.t =\ cE9e)I.' =2-\loo
";U{'=
E= + fY-tg -dk?-vcn6,eI' +"b'
s
P^ = tOW

.{ffio=tiav
lru
c{}*- =:r1tlnnt,6.*r'
flt;),
-fi'":- ?
nnt,s.*t *"Fft
f.rsoF
=r [t- fltp),
i.Lt) = Ec-e
. V.rtL)= V:;| ,WituEr,'{trcr.rD. \=tfr:
?-(fi= L.\.g-= \lc':Ls[t-Y"]A
\

T.= 6.zxicxr
?+. I
T )
t-
R
rC h'
?.ttt 'dt- = vc<-&
6f 3
--------.-..--: +i
Tp -a
elr o*t oo x 3xt6o F to N (f =t :"S U^l
'r

?or =
%++= 13sw
f:t
@) ot+f*tt ost st'
' t.&) :fcEo
=
V.g(fl= \"- a.
3Et6'721fo = o-?{hl
PrLt-)+ = l"Ncrr -'T**'.'Vcc = I A 4
' -9 -^
R = + 5* frttl dt= T.." '\"a 'b"' = k
3rrfi*rr"^4'*'6"xt'*6

[r-& fnr.wtAalror d*-G csu.cJ',0-crr-*-1


(a w*
to',rr-
?r-- %^+T^t ?+++R
?-= .La33+q+ -t L3s+o't3f

i*elar^*lu'^4-6r^..\ 0'*t'r^ ELt"'*-'L-e/.*\-r i


@E l,- Gtr+
- ZLt) 56zoo
.- 6>so
6sor;

+
q€
-iErFXi;riu.r?o
..6"*r-lhoa- I'\"tA ih gt^ut'u-:r
C*2 ,4 ?o,r.t
-^**4q,*]ffi.ffin;ltlt*E#I
GNenaxF Voda g, , \ - 'li^* "FrLt"'17u14[tir^a"-5
"r:[J^ .*f^ir't-fia^&r-Fktor
- y)

tc-

zLooAl
\66=2'ooY
t* =)r-olt 9
ta++=bo ltr-A

Z'y".Tt W J,"An -*=-,-'^-on


n-h',
rbtt :)Cxts*)&.-gt,dl dk
J

=ot S
e*rry4&A do1 I'^r^(ft^ \
=
f[." o --% -..s
IC n'€, dr-

Itl-^L ffi \^ g'\-a--r*1'l'


4to6h+0'tao3 = O'23+t^t kq-

\r^- c.r..r-- caclz


- ,P4 ?- ko '
,'ri,:,T*."
tvtr.
, 1.,.
.rt s,., i.^- ii
O.26?
-., .' r**
d df
,j,3*, -
@
BAf B*g.?q1-'

tr) tsar 5 i fu:f^?ff.6,rtu^ r,.fo,r.'6o^.r,r./E


B ffl F,i*ffi ;
[ uurcr o,o \ oh*ft'
:t-_:,y,.
*s"dtk*''L**1 t$Uffi
Q ?o*"otsat :-\ i"f-
,,,fttI**ruffmj'
€/
GyotV.t^ l- CF d**- tsEt tw1
. -. q - ^^d ,'{-- ..-
f r x*,,tb db &qr")..4 C

9*SffH^,J't -su-*
r^ri^.a ltrT- on Lfr,:t+JF*?
Ber.
ii1,-*
I'? Z{ het"'-- P\"""'4
b- *ff+; G"';;-ffi an^ou^$ 2'
Ca) ; co,.hd'Sko*-1oI$2"o* co,{..'"'(
^bo,tr--^0-bo2a

RL lVc-c
rlsl:
9t con'- cir-rnt At-r- "tr,"- cr. t"^
Dtir. Crrcrrs- Yi-
Wffi

4ffi #t#
I

*n**
*,*i
L"
* :'?T"* *,- { -ru ffiff:4
ffi bor.

ffi*,*ru1.J,,,o,,^

, q-t
#,ffi tr*ffi""if;;U
R-G ctn-i*
bo|- c,-"-.* 6r-^*"
--f-^
I
#*Ltffir+ffiff;*n
-c.cr-ttf*.
-)tir.rr*OA
-
&e
, l -.-\
"-UXer
A{^o'o^-t't

Vge
f't hfu"{ ' '

= VB, -
-il+a
,fr* l
k"b
ffiWacr*t#Lki%ft
ffiff. ffi-%:X;",'f;ffiF
tr -tt*^
ua*-zz-ao
"+l

t**ry*ff.ffi;**
,)^
,)" c?*t
Y:,0:to+geA- ut
?*a.FTJ.@",r,**#Rz. b,rqi.un--o .irs terr^sv.ea.

"5r^" @
- \, h'^r =T-= R .c,
g
piryrnoryg t*'*q^^" :al {'"-"-U\ciffi - \r^
Ck .y\^"' f'* Cu.^fh"'s- =
ffi*
U-Tkb"O ry
(r\^>qTsLr
lorr t/ r ^

t 86T=
0z_

5 Lr*".i
&*-qe'd Ges.
-Rr.

ffire
'&t r"_&g.';"e^
*
_\Lq

-Vs!

ffiwwffi\#d*
ba-u r*
nl-au addL ,

ffiffi"rffi-E
u**&
\ru

-+
a,,.,.i
gb*,u'ct"-'h'
{4- qP"'%
G*ttrt"-
&tc{ .,,^ 1q/-4tu
D, Z*G a'L d"-.^a-
F*6:"
<"<t"-".. V'' ,t 3.1*ew
,tLrl6, ;w-j;.'; t -&* L>-d-pcx*"n"" fr^
n, q.^t*t Ct'{,['k*"2a^ {2.

* b,.,r{* 1F" o b 1. W
ffi"ffi_"
lBffi#*ffi,*fmarBur
-) ,
-r Co"^'^]tr'fr^ ,CfL-^jt
c(re- 1A

-ry**ffi. *,^ , ,ffffi*u

@try I d,.,,t?+"^brTarrr-{il}or
-aa*rgr*,Jh't^,"qrs 'A;ili;t*
-+'Frtrs d's'qrl
_rmghq$
,-,^^-.T)e\{n-._
Isoro*to* utr!]f,E.$-sstPN-
{,

"dt-r4 hffi#ffi"",rehzeAd!
&vwcr&l2 'TW 'VrrL frnulfr,Al<
lor nruJtt-
i *s -r
I
I Tr+nn*- :-{A M
I
t
clrcanb i\g,=Sv
\a f2oou
I (
I

Eq- L,r) C{ryl ?o,^",r !ry-01


-fl
a W^?rH
Ln^*ryJ;*ure
C$raA6
3r6.t1*q. Ji 4h*
ffi-rf;S*f=ry
ffi ivz.i- L4' b'n"""^

6T'.&:

JH +
uer*!g-1ry,erl"^,^

iffi
'"'.1:p;,
'.;-j{a, 1'/n 4o-
l:'_/r 7** ?tFffi;i4*
?ky Aj;la* *:**ra
-tr\ }. Er j-o ffiJt'qtr*,S
rulx- A\,
rgff1
7uv1n
,

p,* E,-t*Ehffi
*ffi^&.H tL
c?-rn& 'L uy
firr.t"+S""'* ue"**g'# cjrrccJ-&
1 nTn^ntt
fre"rqq"

"ffffi***"*ffi
a"' #c .*ffi $1ffi*fe-^
,ii[]"-*au**.
\^n5 ^^e,Aerfu'"^0 pe,,s.r{

S^ffi-'-oho't J^"' telt'""^c'e/>


n'uq; *l-HTilE'4, qq$"fu,1.. d=f-Xt' Sti,""!-
fe4l " y€% ohtocau+/-*
J
g'a-
I
,l
I
I
\
.>)
-1, ) t
_- -l

ftqo>o@ qs ffi,ffi
ffiffi,1'"?l%#;ffiffiffi
$,=*ipt-lE,
b'\$.^"A T it$F;.^ffi
; ;fu"b*ft
oTK;''"e'
puuffil$Dr' f,;",c- 1AA.}on
F*Xffi* bL#tr"rar.rsta r$o,,=>arr?.,

Tffi
0-ptutoba*zQ''r
;^:.. ^ ffon i'b*q+ WZ^*o^^Yo'J,l-":-''-- ^i**:?,3."Jsi
aH
rc')"!ffi
-lI
ffip, \t *il-v..-} |

w,*C
t ;i.;ff. effiSm*
t
^

r5:;, F\ ffi
"{4,
so

*: ffi 'f-f,
.*H.*&*r,td t"^

, frlOsPuf t._*""f &'

A>+t^& {S\
)1 Op5* d?1,,. ^/\2"A 'lalrt'-'-!-
>FU aA:uory!:-6)
H^ Er"ffi^ ..-^oL-.-.- ,.*r>..s

u^frl+. :- fn"ar^rr, SttPb, d*\'&""s*#h$ffi9*


ds;ffmru;iH!'*'
*iiJi"'troolr'
T'*rrrr*t

ar. e f^""LLfr
f"**[tl d #\ s,ff*wm
t .=lrr?t:
:*";
""hlu""#mffii-**Hiltr
:f ;t!:
fur;l+*,e = I lre, , &ry, Q= 4ops

:.o= &rvrsr. -/<-e-t,ctr*- ,- ar"


\=,., . FE,,J._ ,[{*.fr
il;,." Cu:r".--o d'u'rL"t* Gt^ t^a.,
?'
d*-d5-cXl,-*o- Co,,'2rer'r
& ,_t*rO; e^"S

r
f
'?*ff-

't\ \
\cc-
I

i-\-n
tv', ;+"\A-qt7a- Sc^lLl-rr'"t
€l
'd-A"-.At,"raUu'e'tr ld'F' &,')^il-en s{k

%*.t61b d"uN-\I;
Bar fu&L d:€,'e oQ
Coct he- ';:n.r<oa.g*.
giottr-t,J
.-ot ffiru!* h*3 ,TL
-5fqrc
-
"* '"b;4*.* p[p*". ar@

ffim'
-"
x'+'trlEttn
)ffT-6
.['1;,, fil;j:nr-rea,^*a
G'\b.- 6
f^,*bo .!n,-!-eaz1rL 6
ry*lPt^^*.'ffi
cL
o nur*l d* a

ry'
P+ 4=-.-r---t^^-
,,r",
,v-
"+d&.'

+ *hd&ryrtu

g!'r',um'm^ r"a^t'
c6.,^h,6( O
u)

ruf
gff*oPoR:rLotg
": -
--PF-
dri^* tjs'ct'
,l)-a-*.P J*
trW";
ti,fruuffitt*
ry*:*
SrR
WcS,^(
ryL-

;
5o\rer c^*tr
,h^F-^d,''a3Y.^:"ff;

c))ftl- 1n-
(T#

;S.SI$$S,,ll;"
G,,Lt.,,/\f E6,dq" #
d;frW
,)I J-d*S c^ r$a,}. 9, Sl 4 , 96.
-1,rfu"
il;rf" JA"W/rr,=Prl Eo.
Ar*r*rf ry,.-,^S
{"-dd
'"14- 4>Vv\0\.v4'

^ -,'i tee^
nAerf*-t
"fr,@ ;ffiWflnt
.cxLler,tor

Y\zcett\Wr
(F
W.,p.4it t s, ?*h^
@ _#i
I

fr:w*-ffi
por,-
-f--?rr-4pto'-

tn"ArvrrsATuRArroN GTTRoL
fA

WWA
)P/ftY'
t"l*"rt
L rgvLQt'Jer
#-
vr, ')/-tvw
td'htt*. or-rfu
W
"A \
!t*t 0L Tzf,-Ts Dz
%L.cn
-!-
-9.-k
=-\L-Vc-r {<C
--tr.
+
a \tp
l\tcc-

Couecto*. aAq.pit\
,A- **rf 't"s-?fr'
t B
Na-y-M O-ru$n allo
Xtv
t_:
a-aq)*.
D-b
WrffiH-Hffi'ffic^Ya,-
Jp*d \e- \.q -\e€ a,_
Qe
)c=
T.= ?re a
,A#-r
*'
Lz-Ca."drrttr. 1 La'-a-"n
ffiS* .

\cE = \s.+\a,-V'L-

Vc-c--VBs -

L ilz {;,r,L-d,oy Curru^f usttc^.-.4f aA

r -prp =?-Er;=*;f ,h-fAg.*#


T-= -? ,L='o
&-
ffi\ \y*k^hf.3
@',H,iJoMa-'L^-F(o^*-t
s
cn"&h\
r'
rmp;-'P. ,u7o FJ-t
Pre 7T+
yr€{ ,_> S".-\e.-\L,+E
ffipr^ra*tn o-l-a"'*a
TYwd*r;ffi?^M
-0o&r,
^%-,: rui,t[r,^-on
Ttr
i^ "&ccsn{&ix^"4

fi
tr- 1fa^ -- t
)*c**L.v ,'
Wtrrffi*i
, *ffi ffi,*^$e
t^*^Lme b
A_Scorkc1":1
*;
q'
|
ffiloov,-p.:
?r.oh,t

1I". F
* 7-,$1=
) Clrv/ -rc #ry1 €hff itt kA H
"'''-, t
,
Vt =2l\v.,\ar1?'($'\qt
, oilr, r,,-J'- toJf,.
= o'*v'Vrg=s
--r,u.,fur c-trru<-rf crsirL.l,t
d;e.sog._Bfu itffi at"^"h'Yt}th2: e- V"-
ffiffiF'#lYttrffi:t\;"
(rt.,ry,^hi.q"-
"I-f- ^ffiGe*
;_
V", = [OoVr Q.= [-S'O {. Rc*
V, -- 2'tV,Vr'o4\ I
+ nu"If,F*r *
\taE =O'tV ,\g= tsV t\tc._
* "fU; \D
:PII
UW*on @ud6"[-%
+se*

Yg; " V*;.,)r t \ar -Vd.-


.

o'q
V#= 0-+ +2"t-
1*=
Gt.Lo.bo fu<ru-.,c
-.--
ryL-q^"e: ftC=t"=+
\[c"-Vcg
\[ ec- ucz
-t-1 = GS-I+A
= _LoO
€c- L-S
T__lt;li
- L/
-)-Jt\ -
(t+ta)
\-/
DtrrtA=E

ge-vv..r-a*d*rr r Qd-d- L4+tr


fW I. i1:1"^;[ "
"- -pq\,oe{
il*',&trt""e ffi.*J")
A }:?r1 +c (
t1rrr"r*,'il*ryli#r -'t<l*rur-o. fiv*e-r,
ar.z-
;ffi|*
q
&-t
ms-"^'&ec"*dx
)+tt r*eA i^^ /,s*

4^;i"c^*Jiff*'.6" t'{-ryJ-'B'ott* l<"ostrsrs '

ff *-" o,\e- tr-"


-rxe€ f'4ggf€T
:

'
Lt) Dea-eTtont d

%Tr{
,?Tff&'ffiff&t"''Bmm:Tf
T;..;,f* Tree
l/t-.

dq
-

(-LqJ
JfliH"
Fai(h
t't9sp€T

"Jq
il:[w
ST*ucre.P€ Otr IqOSre-T}

y1-che\^$-LL "d"ePt{'*'- tr
oTLa_ -*m
"A,
t
9-.t-tt, 4A
_,^e(r_talJ-
ffi--Ji_
ffiffi
C-)^,.,
A_Sa, b'-
mA)^"^[h "*tr#H
h^;:?J' &' ^ Fe'lrr'a(-

w^P,rffi .ffi trffi#:H


C

aa&- -*f
te,,wa^&-;as
tYa<v- --tl- or'-do-
s,-ery
vwocfffi-,{^
5p.-3ffi ffii.*.- o$1^;
fu+9rr""r
n,* .t?wfJ"*
LT^* ffia*#ft
Ia-r"n^'e?r
"w"l*;"["bn;*
ffi*#
\c,.r,
dilH,nh
* Y* ;ffi"ffiT {,-b s"k t e#
-ds"''*.^$=9'^F'
''1ruCI fus"r.^

ffituuxffiffi
ililffi''='*'udfr t t"'T"s
ct-a- ^,-r, d,B^,h-1.ir".F ):'tr€--trffft-(
Bqb*{r

**l\be *sJ
{qu
ffi-r"
S.t*bo(
)

W-tctostr€T
p
.n6.b"
tl lbp

TP Sv.^,br(

B"&..Sfu-"t*-
e, P-c.t&"^-^.{ Jrtf,h*r:f+,"-WT
^ l.te-nrT
-t*[eE [YtosPsts
kNH,tr.tc-r=

rlr.cr.,W*ry.*#*ffi
,rAta Yl*tL(wv

.rdrltffi"* , LE. tt rr"a.lv,-,q C)rt cu{-.


St^r- &- \*N_f{0,-,Btu
btrruce_- ."o- -
t'tt6strsT
L
fqF- tc.gSreT
,^-d

".Jr "r
H* "g;
olr+ * t{|f-;
'0rt.t'"d- t.**T*
0L
ar-<*
,J€-
P+
Sub$;"fr

s
3az1g- #t',ucft,F n- |rLU*5
@) Yr-CI^..ar,.^s(- ZM ry
i

lm"'a-
eP
?

n-fiqkl *ttm
8*4u-r
s?
I &n"b"1

b^)\.'*Leln*rf "fi\- BSS ET


)tv-t&--

Sre*u\ ^ sTAf 6 Ct-\e*actEetsTts


€- ' n ^ 0
---'
Tt^"tMosFEtg*,ffiYU'A'&-"sasL{nta'n-a-
%'m@nnA)uffiW
ffi^:" rr? q ,c;,., tp ntr
rT;rafil cf
Fflv'a-
t^a *'**tr -*fffi"-:Zq;u ffifi
.,y *&Y' l>-a-*p{'r
,, e-

qre,t*ffirffiPl**hr
(_

'ry cery* * rL-cr^"*$4r'C-P


!y**'b"l^'A
t-^. e?E't* u\e
T"

?vc.r.*
Tl-cJ.c*'^4L b-ct
I
o*^.{
Corf*+!ffi*-&E-lgr
+\
?\hs
V"".Sffi
ui. Q"tcEs*
e-Aryb*rt
vqe _SK]|,

ry
f't-CI^q^,^*A bab*Y
ra>f@ {t'},e_ Ygg=g1
r-'? sttcg oF KosF-.I-g
@)

Avqn\ur- cs,.\eb.-ve-
*m fril;g5l$Ii.".
/ -'"s"4' i.a.
& LarL
^)J,liA^'on
1;s.]t1[o{+r.6t',*'eyt
Vout Vq'") V*.-) V",?\r
\lc,-,.+
I
I
\..r,
/A\
dh_ \.tssr_

'1-t \q*'
\,-*"
Crtc\>*,t'6^- Vqs<n \ps
Lb) O uTrur CPtrc+*creRrsrtcs o E

5l*
ffiJ*-'4 'U'""'*'f."nlE:"rol,
Ap- Flospe"i- ;t ^^
18f^-*'^-
Til1***{
&DclY
**"""*"5 ',ffs.z- :"11c "
a1*-
Twhr- t qft=tr** "^'r
'

[r) Cuut-o.1-t 'P"flr"n U".< V-r


\".) V..,r-Vr
IP ?t*.h -otl (oo StII.*m*
Q%i-c'.,

Q"-da^ VPt{ \e.-Vr


@ {-*,^r-^,r
Tln"u olrl Occr.'1 *t \6, = \'-V1 '

f9*"r"6
fajfi-WiF- G..-Co
lrproporhs" *

Ar^L J'g1yJ (
-)lrru
P,
I AA-
I : ""rot,
.,//vv'
61j-*"de" C6^dlat"'re
< e t$<.I-,-,t^,.

[*t -tE Qpxotr* 5ffi -W"^*


9t.={r, k
= 4\q. N*hlS
#ilffii:r#

ffi;:*6"rwula"''a or i"P'o)
L.LosF€
06-
C^--b**q; 1

C-r.,eItrEr $E
ffiuo.^,.eia lclegpcrs o.n'e-
Ye-\
Jtt+*'
L*\ht,^,^t-'*''-f
SwttLt+tNt'\ CUre1{rcrEt,E"t!!E t(os F€ts
ff*- $e^''.-1 €t?^en Su:LheLr5 r'tuodJ t
ep Pt"'o". q.b,-!-'-c Rr
": G

P+

il
sl5
rXffia
urrraff effi,
W,S,{

')-L,LW- {'
St-n".d;r<-
tutu#
'i. ,,ri^ f$"i" cd-g' !re ','f
\g.rs/yr
} L-t-vtc-trsn .-1 rlrrrrr,jr
''
9ol.'.- & c*St c>fc'"ci)'c.''cn- Coa'
*
f lo^ x*
?* \"1,, . ''r
ra ,
q
L"6e
C1
-,J
>
cr
t:- Elne,r..^[ d]udo-
:
?a-u*r^w be"G"

ww@.tt
rLOS?€P

-
-D
q t
*$,
uu

t9
'^'vq,
tr tr-'
0

(-' n r
- -I I t\
I
t t

'JJ[::::.Y7
vtL- t-
I -t
I
n;

ol 7.4* t{-t
(dp

c^satra4{r*tr- CI_
@
fH*
A;e;".Eko"
e-t\,fLt.J6*
i,.'- F*ry*
L*- NPN
T$TYt*T,
'.ft is
-t3"-f.Ehur
SFu_ Sgt-.v..- ten,^^i^-J {

MOSegr- Ca_y\_ba_ C_s,/\*#CIr,a4


at u- [^

Tf*
\94-f*,y5 i

5,* Swir.r;*n y*,{#:T:s f,r^o^


*ol*4x.*-o t*on e"-stt+)'
t*b(-r'
%r,-**
pr5 s\*-u v
w b'"%l' St+t C'+c-rrhol^ce-
,r
F;n-.ff"^ f,^

$d'f*U-

nffiffi rro- q-a"


.-ir 9\c,1rij.-ll .L!
Fy-S!
Lx-oL
f,.*g
r
h"^-toi,ir) JSf
1tr.^c'*"i,*

trh \^^..g*..{
k**\-
*zi*ft'*
uo{b2..v6so,, $ \

, Uotfd2n-, u 1
Lr(r \ yp' br6l">
)Uerr/E&r' 0,fr .
'b-'1*L'
V., tn^r.5r d"w'*&try*tr.*&
ft.^o-ryu-' fl,<-J, 4tL*f
CaP*Att"^tt- dffi e"".,i-r"-
gl""'l,,"{t

\o1g-"'.'
ffiH-
No.rq,, -(r^a-
C""t 4 #"Sffi=m
s*ott. *#."8
f "&"u.lu- v ft5e Dn/.k/o*ar-- t i 1.n
FE
ttrontcr

Jir,rnr-rToolr:
MoS€T
"m.;
\*ffiru;,[**+t'::i*
QAitE

poto".r csr.v crtL; Js''pir-Ltt/'f>?u'j;Ii ;;1b.,o\


D€rt€

c.,L r,t--(^\ {k
H ;:'iHiL :":;-E$[*;trHiiq'.,#T

Cr
\ 6*tr5k*1.
S"l
't II!7a6.
'.\q.
l- ' \

tdlt ,/ E*=rr
-1-0
e-
cr *w ,.
Ar+-"ax 6\4
4+-
r}-4--

r"-*\*:A#*ffiru
tT;- J''"'^-On f,*
)\ {i*^u- L-o
, o^*?y,$fu-
Jk#*
^
{ f"t l)o^g^^tr€'

%k" cc"Fa-cltipo-
^

i,;6+ l-
1,.
-151 -!E-
€5
\tuqs- Q^vq.
{.r.4,-r
t'.a gL,A",V-srBt-,YY
(3
1*,
tg JIL -t'1"-d- ?La&'!>

cw.fr- ctxire Po<-trcc '

'a 6nr,*3-1f,;T!,r"Lf mf: k$:ffi


crcr,^.i.o-.^
, . uif* c*e, dott-t- *u-a,lf q'*:;' , . d"?r
ik# W'#;tffi';h-. fa'wn eu.^".-$ .H;.
t'' i B !tir!- . r

f tr.ri r,,,*, j.r"'74 rlll


]tv.@l
-{fi"C;s pl'-sv'"'^-it1
t
cu-rr.t'6.iL
c+ E:*?e- cvrf, afr Av"fffio
9U"*
-
WNiN
o (1 rur 0t
--? -fl
+rPffisatrxvt(Yv@
#X" JJ=
uW,"
^^Y^r,. iJ-- @ -T#
t*-,fuS
r"'*ffi,
4 #.- *qtq-
ffiY^*.d.b;
f;iil"''*-
{ C--r-t-r.-try-

;{-*\ Jt*
Jxr:. c

q"&.v6b%"- -:*;T.,ro-&, i
;ryr*rlto&o-

[H"F$^:r"xffiHtr::
1""-''-t-% -h"ffiffi
1k""=.?*ry
fcs ta *m-;+ rY.-'Id- I
L L\l^^

G*Pds@ afu-
{e- c[gd'"- t'ott(

hrP
---- *w -
-&S:*$iJ,|"o..
[9q,*:I TsrsLY
; P'"*rem^r

#
l-'ob*"*b Freffiffit*.'d*+h., Lt"'o'I^'- ffi*T

ffiffir=@
FA@ry /r* P*t
[v^Vefor'{
>
?
U-,6l"
f"*-T
y,tr?^--_"tr**"*-t
Swes :

ct4g""r
c"rlv"-la* C
? L-L+t-*^'^":1.L'Dc &tro.A,
z t*- f;*'-" A'

J;:.,?lrru,,
tuO*il'..'.,. .
*,i,..,
o * .*. !.i
0.,. r .'- ,'.l ,rl. ^.' ,{r.
.to. ,)
l. *''
qdtu B"'['b-TT*t"i
W. [U6-r"ta of BET3
Xqer CfrwJoi"^'t' fr'+"
d, ffi;W
cL r"rostr;;:'d',.
W*:*#,t**-f,
ffi;;a rEe, q^^ffi %,.'=--s-* 6
*'bLoc-'da-Sen^i
reEr ia f ""-ef-ffi"-G "6', qd'^-n^'gdY't^I'4
r::ffi#=f
yLOSRa t. -
,-fl;}-* ^
W )te ol3,anrnlr.rGe* r-,.\ E; t*s-r+ $ffi
o4
ry.::l* /rai,
CpcS r ) ,A#hru c$ra .'+e,(.;
Trnerr,..l*?or
+Y? ffi:^f-'^'^-"-q:
Q&ry4ffi}t?
Ie.en
Lf,-;*.'ru;' Y^-S
-u{
%f#;*
rastarrdfi'#-
fi-
t* v
il*^

W T,ffiT'$,xk^4xdl,<
csticl^-'i'l
i^ -'-. p. !*rb@ ttvt
=AeT
r& tr d,-,2-t-'. J t rq'Blla ^-15'
d'-;;,4.1#.rygg**Yff^'*
n1i1aorila ^,....",..y
#- oo a ^ ., 0-a: r). /1*t;;kt> &\.q
cJhtt)'
W*.J-t".t" W
ffifllhr,r'"';
4
ptsubgb^.b- PNP

1rf-Bot+"- ra'y-r

"J
Gt.

rbr€a"l@ v

qo$il ., 4
- -KmoP
-

tdl*.0*
@) C?dd. &tr"o
J €B€

d* Tr1tsr &r , o*oHffi


*- ?!,.-^ (c) gry*S#
"+:-
b- Cbr^.
'Y
J-a.k-h Jfk* *--
,;,-il {*
rr t^'.,
**dft=.'u" ?b;b,*."
fuT. tr"Tt- ;r qr""^* 0..0.t-,do1
0
'cu'"o-a-&t'-t'.^1
7P. b

t (;.fe' o '
21^^{ f"*"' ^,-*"0-
&- ffi^uc._*a
-IttgT=
i ,frJe.[;i"J"r1t*ei) A* b Lwttch'i
t"/-."d p"
-tFn- 6,oit.Lt.^.
Llee6L -*k"
tr\ ?Ta!C\BT L\';;:;3t[-L%'
*r1,-
^iH:' /*-*r L'#*^
'/r-ea''cttr^

?T:ft]t
t
'&BT Jg 6[-\9"t+.4f,
. O
Cov^.t:"il.e{ c0art\
:ff*iTa,fkt**P*t
^ e<o- i.qbts m

*,ffi
W-;k f-^* , ;?a*;; :*Artt^3^*\
o-
*jl
olo r e--
+c'- du[,-er
dr*rJ*g,
gdrr* ,
cLdr,*, *l.o
'Jy h"q J"J&*ffi*-
^t:\-"r-^'
***-r=rro
brtr <"nrte\ Ah*".l "
rcier i5 DcLosrer. rt*
cs-wb{us6
tt L\^dt&o
;1^f?:*
'J-o :* - - I In **-y G\""- I,r ct-FtE:
q*' Q*ikJ"1*'6 af""\t
zCIov 'rtooA
cD\-e- l)#dL t-n f v\a_c;*ur-r 'F-(.+Wti}.s"Ud
hgts
dc-
Ll---rA
tu- &-'l*l***''Vu"
n*,"e *- kw{Drtuxa'" '

r-^ --,^

=-STe*oJ
sr.*tE!d C

\.noY\n ,?\.J\" '"


c.gk '

ttrrel
\c1ze--

*1rtru=
o

t) 9v&"Y \[ce a

vqil

LO LT5E1-
5l*- *"h1.^J, cu"t$",t-. ct:\:;|. o1 5- s.t-,
\r- &-+ Ju*"'*t"n \h* e^4
ry,$.z*;Ua'*Tt
( F'tL,eaVc*
Lg
t,L^Uev.t lr"it4)
a:te $h^s"r,
J*.'X [".^Et-l* Vto
@.6kltn'l q- g\BT
#c,otf5'Y*-'
Sc,ot.-t"t"
Sccrtct^'*tr
&* :fABT E"ottc-tn
*y\[cf
lctLu" '
Ct.r.r- PLo-c""^-
G"tE Ko^ -0-
---[si n Bp
\L"-r

{q q6 tv". o
ttl *,ffi
tl
t1l
ud
(q' CivrdL ,rl
o'qtts
---- Ir
t-.,
0.

ftfT+--E it-
e.
(b; :nOut lr,*^e, ttffir-tt
---
SOU.L&.^1 --Cha-'.ctclcr['trcA { a\n :fqBT d..-t*--n-
6;;"*
_W" Y\-v,. d -tu.^*6\\ p(.o,'.t [* h\U cobo'.*- -A---
<l)=_.--

Tlf. S.^.-- .ia d<-{^'a fIL ' L\n'*e-

b;;-CF
-h+."o"t ^t S
={il-^'A Dr'Iu--n "(^t'u a'd'
dErc,t=Ih
Ow- rl'ab- {-"H= tc,1 +te..
t
Wt^.o^-- ,";ffi\Est:X,S.-ruH
+
-h*,, i {q j" f:
Cnloa@wta- I t*'a--
^
Vo+.
rt
6,-n4l>";b*- ^;4"". Ltu^\g q+*_4a5
c dlfir c,L0-!dor@q
g_ \-
,A+ffi ,ft-*_fun
p,.{-nrr .a-v'$ri.u-\}.{t"+-+J{" & ffsn^^0L \"fo^*-- UCB'

-"t+ iil- t-{4 =taf+t+,+4+l_

&*'i1 D^,t'i'r'' cortu'lor-


, ;H,***T: tlo*b *) q "ih r{-
C,Llrr"o,^r-[o.-[le f'-*
4-.*{Y
A r)- r

h-^-'S"-&-
tc- '1
C.tV Lr 5
-\-G\rr€. VcE=
\. '
^

lllla^ A* ^

6\.

j t"'
,.'
ry ^r bvsfirl"r^rJ' &t?:;';,
^,_.HSf,;:;f*
o"tri""ln")*
..

fls3i.ffi .-I-t^a-n
g#ffi"sre*
f,).t
? CePtl;"r \t^*,.k+'
- r

dC= tctsb,6- .t{*} iv i'e


.

IDoDL $;;'*"P[^
r"GGds&eW^
ct*+-t'.^"
^

,vPe / / C-o,ttu.c[o2
r
,
Fcr,,er Electronics t;il Po'nyer Transistors

2,4.5 Conrparison of power Devices


The p911,cr devicesr cllr bc contparecl ot1 tlie basis
of srvitchins frequency, gate
cirh,e circr,rit, polvcr harr.-llirrg capctcill, g{;. Table 2.-1.1 slron,s
th,: comparisori .-rf SCR,
BJT', MOSFIIT and IGBT.

Sr.No. Paranretcr SCR BJT MOSFET IGBT


1 Symbol

L(i LTD
?? 9alr
rr-J 'J
'.O-l<
lH Go-l;-,
li--{
d6 tt
od
EE SS

2 Triggered i.e. Triggered or Linear trigger Linear trigger


lqtching or latching device
' linear
?
carriers Majority carrier Bipolar device
-)YPe-of
rn device
Majority carrier Majority carrier
device
device device
4 Control of gate Gate has no Base has full Gate has full
or base full
control once control control
turned on
5 On-state drop < 2 vcits < 2 volts 4-6 volts 3.3 volts
6 $witching 500 Hz
' frequency
10 kHz Upto 100 kHz 20 k{z
Gate drive Current Current Voltage Voltage
B Snubber Unpolarized Polar"ized Not essential Not essential
q ' Terlperature Negative Negative Positive Approximatelv
-.cd-efficient
fiat, but positive
at high current
10 Voltage and 10 kv/ 4 kA 2 kv/1 kA kv/50 A 1.5 k\4400 A
current ratings

11 Voltage Synrmetrrc and Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric


blocking asymmeiric
capability (both)

12 Applications AC to DC DCtoAC i Dr-l cl-roppers, DC to AC


converters, AC converlers, I
powers
lorru
I

converlers AC
voltage iniluctici. rnotor
I

i uFS, SMPS nroior crives,


controllers, i.-itil,
ririr.'es, I brusl-,iess DC
I

UPS, ct:cpp61s
electronrc Sr!4FS: i mctor cjrives
i

Sl'viPS ,,'tr-:.
circuit br*akers
I
:i:],:t?:._ i
I

Tahfe 2.4.1 *r,'*Il;s.issri ,rr


=ffi{1ffi'
q NUBPE:a c\aqutr; -
nt.) A^*-,11.:,3g"gadr
d-ffi\h\
lL
o_J*\,

i-"**'l; U*-q P3nf'ffi


\$ Y*Ffu',oftL f{,,6'.t1tb*'

ffi*,]-,,r-ss46g
l)hr;,J"b' ScA 'iS ' O
\ottolP Ocrd/t
-t
,l*^+ ry,*ilffi
JJl.' u
rffi,;^*'aw'-"'8t't

- u- L
I trtu/- in T'dt''il'e'f's clrz,t!- t6'..
-+ Sr.c.^h$.r R;'1"t'1k 'tL
'&W Rfirtr,,-
ah*exlo-,,,a

Jr*.^o^LIh 'J}r *tr*K


r"{"
\ ^
L
I

You might also like