SYMBIOSIS UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

INDORE

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM”

Submitted to “Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences, Indore

As a seminar report for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Faculty Mentor name Mr ISHWARLAL RATHOD Name PRIYANSHU PARMAR

(2019btcs093)
Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Applications

4. Advantages

5. Disadvantages

6. Conclusion

7. References/Bibliography
Introduction

What is ADAS?

An advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) is any of a group of electronic technologies that

assist drivers in driving and parking functions. Through a safe human-machine interface, ADAS
increases car and road safety. ADAS uses automated technology, such as sensors and
cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can
enable various levels of autonomous driving, depending on the features installed in the car.

Since most accidents on the road are caused by human error, ADAS was developed to
automate, adapt and improve vehicle technology for better driving and safety. ADAS has been
shown to reduce road deaths by minimizing human error. Safety devices are designed to
prevent accidents and collisions by providing technologies that warn the driver of problems, take
measures to protect and control the vehicle if needed. Adaptive features can automatically
illuminate, provide adaptive cruise control, help avoid collisions, combine satellite navigation
and traffic alerts, and warn the driver of possible obstacles incidents, assist with lane departure
and centering, provide smartphone navigation assistance, and provide other functions.

According to a 2021 research report from Canalys, approximately 33 percent of new vehicles
sold in the United States, Europe, Japan, and China had ADAS features. The firm also
predicted that fifty percent of all automobiles on the road by the year 2030 would be
ADAS-enabled.

History

ADAS was first used in the 1950s with the application of an anti-lock braking system. These
systems can be affected by mechanical alignment adjustments or impact damage. This has led
many manufacturers to require automatic resets for these systems after performing a
mechanical alignment.

Technology

The reliance on data that describes the outside environment of the vehicle, compared to internal
data, differentiates ADAS from driver-assistance systems (DAS). ADAS relies on inputs from
multiple data sources, including automotive imaging, LiDAR, radar, image processing, computer
vision, and in-car networking. Additional inputs are possible from other sources separate from
the primary vehicle platform, including other vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V communication)
and infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure or V2I communication). Modern cars have ADAS
integrated into their electronics; manufacturers can add these new features.
ADAS are considered real-time systems since they react quickly to multiple inputs and prioritize
the incoming information to prevent crashes. The systems use preemptive priority scheduling to
organize which task needs to be done first.The incorrect assignment of these priorities is what
can cause more harm than good.

Why is it needed?

The Global status report on road safety 2018, launched by WHO in December 2018, highlights
that the number of annual road traffic deaths has reached 1.35 million. Road traffic injuries are
now the leading killer of people aged 5-29 years.

Every 23 seconds a road user dies.

Drastic action is needed to put these measures in place to meet any future global target that
might be set and save lives.
ADAS LEVELS

Based on the driver intervention and attentiveness required, A classification system published
by SAE defined a 6-level classification system that ranges from fully manual to fully automatic.

With these concepts in mind, the six SAE Levels of Driving Automation are as follows:

● Level 0 – No Driving Automation The performance by the driver of the entire DDT.
Basically, systems under this level are found in conventional automobiles.
● Level 1 – Driver Assistance A driving automation system characterized by the sustained
and ODD-specific execution of either the lateral or the longitudinal vehicle motion control
subtask of the DDT. Level 1 does not include the execution of these subtasks
simultaneously. It is also expected that the driver performs the remainder of the DDT.
● Level 2 – Partial Driving Automation Similar to Level 1, but characterized by both the
lateral and longitudinal vehicle motion control subtasks of the DDT with the expectation
that the driver completes the object and event detection and response (OEDR) subtask
and supervises the driving automation system.
● Level 3 – Conditional Driving Automation The sustained and ODD-specific performance
by an ADS of the entire DDT, with the expectation that the human driver will be ready to
respond to a request to intervene when issued by the ADS.
● Level 4 – High Driving Automation Sustained and ODD-specific ADS performance of the
entire DDT is carried out without any expectation that a user will respond to a request to
intervene.
● Level 5 – Full Driving Automation Sustained and unconditional performance by an ADS
of the entire DDT without any expectation that a user will respond to a request to
intervene. Please note that this performance, since it has no conditions to function, is not
ODD-specific.
Literature Review

Advanced driver assistance systems are intelligent systems located inside the vehicle and
assist the main driver in a variety of ways. These systems can be used to provide important
information about traffic, roads that are about to be closed and congested, congestion levels,
suggested routes to avoid congestion, and more. These systems can also be used to assess
driver fatigue and distraction and thus implement preventive warnings. or to evaluate driving
performance and make recommendations. These systems can control humans when assessing
any threat, performing easy tasks (such as cruise control) or difficult maneuvers (such as
overtaking and parking). The biggest advantage of using assistive systems is that they allow
communication between different vehicles, vehicle infrastructure systems and transportation
management centers. This allows the exchange of information for better visibility, location,
planning and decision-making of the vehicle.
Applications

Autonomous trucks and vans

Companies such as Otto and Starsky Robotics have focused on autonomous trucks.
Automation of trucks is important, not only due to the improved safety aspects of these very
heavy vehicles, but also due to the ability of fuel savings through platooning. Autonomous vans
are being developed for use by online grocers such as Ocado.[205]

Research has also indicated that goods distribution on the macro (urban distribution) and micro
level (last mile delivery) could be made more efficient with the use of autonomous vehicles
thanks to the possibility of smaller vehicle sizes.

Transport systems

China tried the first automated public bus in Henan province in 2015, on a highway linking
Zhengzhou and Kaifeng.Baidu and King Long produced an automated minibus, a vehicle with
14 seats, but without a driving seat. With 100 vehicles produced, 2018 will be the first year with
commercial automated service in China
In Europe, cities in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK are planning to operate transport systems
for automated cars, and Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain have allowed public testing in
traffic.
Advantages

Features that have become more commonly available since 2015.

Crash mitigation

● Pedestrian protection systems are designed to minimize the number of crashes or

injuries that occur between a vehicle and a pedestrian. This system uses cameras and
sensors to determine when the front of a vehicle strikes a pedestrian. When the collision
occurs, the vehicle's bonnet lifts to provide a cushion between the vehicle's hard engine
components and the pedestrian. This helps minimize the possibility of a severe head
injury when the pedestrian's head comes into contact with the vehicle.

Driving task assistance

● Adaptive cruise control (ACC) can maintain a chosen velocity and distance between a
vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC can automatically brake or accelerate with concern
to the distance between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC systems with stop and
go features can come to a complete stop and accelerate back to the specified speed.
This system still requires an alert driver to take in their surroundings, as it only controls
speed and the distance between you and the car in front of you.
● Anti-lock braking system (ABS) restores traction to a car's tires by regulating the brake
pressure when the vehicle begins to skid. Alongside helping drivers in emergencies,
such as when their car starts to skid on ice, ABS systems can also assist drivers who
may lose control of their vehicle. With the growing popularity in the 1990s, ABS systems
have become standard in vehicles.
● Automatic parking fully takes over control of parking functions, including steering,
braking, and acceleration, to assist drivers in parking. Depending on the relative cars and
obstacles, the vehicle positions itself safely into the available parking spot. Currently, the
driver must still be aware of the vehicle's surroundings and be willing to take control of it
if necessary.
● Lane centering assists the driver in keeping the vehicle centered in a lane. A
lane-centering system may autonomously take over the steering when it determines the
driver is at risk of deterring from the lane.This system uses cameras to monitor lane
markings to stay within a safe distance between both sides of the lane.
Alerts and warnings

● Alcohol ignition interlock devices do not allow drivers to start the car if the breath alcohol
level is above a pre-described amount. The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration have called for a Driver Alcohol
Detection System for Safety (DADSS) program to put alcohol detection devices in all
cars
● Blind spot monitor involves cameras that monitor the driver's blind spots and notify the
driver if any obstacles come close to the vehicle. Blind spots are defined as the areas
behind or at the side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see from the driver's seat.
Blind-spot monitoring systems typically work in conjunction with emergency braking
systems to act accordingly if any obstacles come into the vehicle's path. A rear cross
traffic alert (RCTA) typically works in conjunction with the blind spot monitoring system,
warning the driver of approaching cross-traffic when reversing out of a parking spot.
● Driver drowsiness detection aims to prevent collisions due to driver fatigue. The vehicle
obtains information, such as facial patterns, steering movement, driving habits, turn
signal use, and driving velocity, to determine if the driver's activities correspond with
drowsy driving.If drowsy driving is suspected, the vehicle will typically sound off a loud
alert and may vibrate the driver's seat.Infrared LEDs for driver monitoring system
illumination.
● Driver monitoring system is designed to monitor the alertness of the driver. These
systems use biological and performance measures to assess the driver's alertness and
ability to conduct safe driving practices. Currently, these systems use infrared sensors
and cameras to monitor the driver's attentiveness through eye-tracking. If the vehicle
detects a possible obstacle, it will notify the driver and if no action is taken, the vehicle
may react to the obstacle.
Visual and environmental monitoring

● Automotive head-up display (auto-HUD) safely displays essential system information to

a driver at a vantage point that does not require the driver to look down or away from the
road. Currently, the majority of the auto-HUD systems on the market display system
information on a windshield using LCDs.
● Automotive navigation systems use digital mapping tools, such as the global positioning
system (GPS) and traffic message channel (TMC), to provide drivers with up to date
traffic and navigation information. Through an embedded receiver, an automotive
navigation system can send and receive data signals transmitted from satellites
regarding the current position of the vehicle in relation to its surroundings.
● Automotive night vision systems enable the vehicle to detect obstacles, including
pedestrians, in a nighttime setting or heavy weather situation when the driver has low
visibility. These systems can use various technologies, including infrared sensors, GPS,
Lidar, and Radar, to detect pedestrians and non-human obstacles.
● Backup camera provides real-time video information regarding the location of your
vehicle and its surroundings.This camera offers driver's aid when backing up by
providing a viewpoint that is typically a blind spot in traditional cars.] When the driver puts
the car in reverse, the camera automatically turns on.
● Glare-free high beams use Light Emitting Diodes, more commonly known as LEDs, to
cut two or more cars from the light distribution.This allows oncoming vehicles coming in
the opposite direction not to be affected by the light of the high-beams. In 2010, the VW
Touareg introduced the first glare-free high beam headlamp system, which used a
mechanical shutter to cut light from hitting specific traffic participants.
Disadvantages

- Insurance providers, in general, do not offer driver discounts for ADAS-fitted vehicles. This is
due to a lack of solid data from automobile manufacturers proving increased safety on the road,
though some insurance companies have recognized the significant potential of ADAS to reduce
the number of driving-related accidents.

- Choices, training and implementation challenges. While the technology is available on the
market, many drivers are overwhelmed with the options in that they don’t know how to choose
which would serve them best. Furthermore, even with the installation and implementation of
such systems, there is the issue of training drivers to use them to the fullest advantage in order
to maximize the risk-limiting factors of the system features.

There is also human life at risk

Tesla's advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) Autopilot is classified as a Level 2.

On 20 January 2016, the first of five known fatal crashes of a Tesla with Autopilot occurred in
China's Hubei province

The second known fatal accident involving a vehicle being driven by itself took place in Williston,
Florida on 7 May 2016 while a Tesla Model S electric car was engaged in Autopilot mode. The
occupant was killed in a crash with an 18-wheel tractor-trailer.

Numerous other accidents have occurred in which lives were lost.

Conclusion

As most accidents happen due to human error, even when machines take over, humans can still
make mistakes and for the machines the margin of error is very slim.
These systems promote active safety by increasing the efficiency of roads, possibly by adding
22.5% capacity on average. ADAS have aided in this increase in active safety,
ADAS are proven to reduce road fatalities by minimizing human error. Safety features are
designed to avoid crashes and collisions by offering technologies that alert the driver to
problems, implementing safeguards, and taking control of the vehicle if necessary.
References/ Bibliography

“https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car”

Epstein, Zach (2016-07-21). "Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man's
life". BGR. Retrieved 2016-08-26.

Brookhuis, Karel A.; de Waard, Dick; Janssen, Wiel H. (2001-06-01). "Behavioral impacts of
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems–An Overview". European Journal of Transport and
Infrastructure Research. doi:10.18757/ejtir.2001.1.3.3667.

Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir; Ahmad Zakuan, Fakhrul Razi; Zulkepli, Khairul; Azmi, Muhammad
Zulfaqar; Zamzuri, Hairi; Abdul Rahman, Mohd Azizi; Zakaria, Muhammad (2017-12-01).
"Autonomous emergency braking system with potential field risk assessment for frontal collision
mitigation". 2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control (ICSPC). pp. 71–76.
doi:10.1109/SPC.2017.8313024. ISBN 978-1-5386-0386-4. S2CID 3882240.

Nagpal, Raj Kumar; Cohen, Edo (2022-05-18). "Automotive electronics revolution". Embedded.
AspenCore. Retrieved 2022-05-19.

"Safety Groups Want Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Uniformly Named" . 29 July
2022.

"Confusing ADAS feature names: Proposal to unify terms across all brands | Team-BHP".