US-602

Assignment-2

SEMI-AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES IN LOGISTICS
IN INDIA
Team members​-
Naman Garg
Sairaj Patil
Neeraj Ahire
Kumar Anurag
 ​ ​OBJECTIVES

1. ​To create a proposal for upgrading existing

vehicles in logistics industry to the level 2 of
autonomy in self driving.

2. ​To determine the key reason why consumers

are unwilling to upgrade to an autonomous
truck and level of autonomy consumers are
comfortable with​.
LEVELS OF AUTOMATION IN VEHICLES​​-

LEVEL 0- The human driver does all the driving.

LEVEL 1- An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) on the vehicle

can assist the human driver with either steering or braking/accelerating.

LEVEL 2- An ADAS on the vehicle can control both steering and

braking/accelerating under some circumstances.The human driver
must continue to pay full attention (“monitor the driving
environment”) at all times and perform the rest of the driving task.

LEVEL 3- An automated driving system (ADS) on the vehicle can perform

all aspects of the driving task under some circumstances.The human driver
must be ready to take back control at any time the ADS requests the
human driver to do so.In all other circumstances, the human driver
performs the driving task.

LEVEL 4- An ADS on the vehicle can itself perform all driving tasks and
monitor the driving environment – essentially, do all the driving – in certain
circumstances.The human need not pay attention in those circumstances.

LEVEL 5- An ADS on the vehicle can do all the driving in all

circumstances.The human occupants are just passengers and need never
be involved in driving.
OBSTACLES TO GROWTH OF AV​​-

● As the study shows it is mostly the safety concerns and the

consumer readiness are obstacles for the growth.

● Hence India should initially target for level 2 automation

due to lack of infrastructure and the willingness for full
automation.
● Logistics traffic mostly comprises of industrial machinery and construction
materials.
● High value of these products and their safety accounts for very conservative
approach of industry towards the automation.

● Majority of the industry yet isn’t ready for AV trucks.

● But considering inefficient transportation in logistics industry is mainly due
to limitations of human physical capacity some level of automation is
necessary.
Even though majority of the industry is unwilling for automation most of it seems
to be comfortable with level 2 automation.

Why Level 2 first?

● India with its inadequate infrastructure and undisciplined traffic isn’t yet
ready for the driverless vehicles
● Level 2 automation secured jobs of drivers currently employed in logistics
industry at least till other employment opportunities arise for them while
on the other hand we move towards level 5 AVs

● Level 2 automation will ensure efficient transportation in logistics industry

How to achieve level 2 automation?

1. Pre-Crash Safety:
● Collision Mitigation Braking System（CMBS)-
Vehicles are equipped with a millimeter wave radar sensor. Utilizing this sensor, the
Collision Mitigation Braking System, or CMBS for short, is able not only to detect a
vehicle in front, but also to determine if a collision with said vehicle is unavoidable.
Essentially, CMBS is the system that tells the Forward Collision Warning feature when to
warn the driver of a collision.

● False Start Prevention -

A function that helps to prevent sudden acceleration in situations where the accelerator
pedal is pressed when there is an obstacle detected directly in front of the vehicle. Uses
same technology as before.

● Lane Departure Prevention -

lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the
vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction).A lane
detection system used behind the lane departure warning system uses the principle of
Hough transform and Canny edge detector to detect lane lines from realtime camera
images fed from the front-end camera of the automobile.

● Pedestrian Collision Mitigation Steering System (PCMSS) -

The Pedestrian Collision Mitigation Steering System detects pedestrians and boundary
lines on side strips to help avoid collisions.
 When the system forecasts a collision with a pedestrian as a result of the vehicle
straying from the lane toward the side strip, it provides audio and visual warnings to
alert the driver. It also turns the steering wheel in the other direction to assist the
driver’s collision avoidance effort. The millimeter-wave radar and monocular camera
detect pedestrians and road lanes, helping to protect pedestrians from accidents.

2. Active Safety:
● ACC with Traffic Jam Assist -
Traffic jam assist, takes over the steering on well-paved roads, as long as the traffic is
moving slowly. The system uses the radar sensors and a video camera. It guides the car
through gentle steering interventions and follows the preceding convoy of vehicles
within the system limits. The traffic jam assist orientates itself by the lane markings and
the other vehicles on the road. When the traffic jam assist reaches its system limits – as
when traffic eases up or a narrow curve lies ahead – the person at the wheel must again
take over the driving. The system provides assistance by warning the driver in several
stages.

● Lane Keep Assist System -

The lane keep assist system is a further development of the modern lane departure
prevention system. Both systems monitor the carriageway markings – usually using
camera systems fitted behind the windscreen. This reduces the strain on the car driver,
at the same time as providing information about the driving condition of the vehicle.
LDPS was a straightforward warning system intended to inform the driver by sensory
means (touch, vision, hearing) if the vehicle crossed a carriageway marking, whereas the
lane-keeping assist system (LKAS) is able to support the driver in staying within a lane.
This means it combines the features of a convenience system with those of a warning
system.
 ● Lead Car Departure Notification System -
The system alerts the driver when the car in front has moved ahead. The
millimeter-wave radar detects when the car in front starts from standstill traffic, and
notifies the driver with audio and visual alerts if the accelerator pedal is not depressed.

● Traffic Sign Recognition -

The system displays traffic sign information to assist safe driving. A monocular camera
recognizes traffic signs, and displays the information on a Multi-Information Display or
Heads-Up Display System. The driver is notified of information vital to urban driving
such as the speed limit, no overtaking, stop and no entry signs.

3. Side Safety:
● Blind Spot Information -
The blind spot monitor a vehicle-based sensor device detects other vehicles located to
the driver’s side and rear. Warnings can be visual, audible, vibrating, or tactile.

● Lane Watch -
Lane-Watch is a camera system that supplements side mirrors. A camera is installed in
the right or left mirror and pointed toward the vehicle’s blind spot. When activated, it
displays an image of that area on a screen inside the vehicle. The driver can examine the
image without taking their eyes off the road.
4. Rear Safety:
● Multi-view Camera System,Rear-end Wide
Camera,Parking sensor system,Cross Traffic Monitor-
A combination of cameras and radar sensors assisting the driver by providing real time
footage on to a screen for a variety of different driving maneuvers.

5. ​Vehicle to cloud (V2C) and Vehicle to

vehicle (V2V) connectivity and
communication possibilities:
● V2C along with V2V can be implemented with the help of a system of radar and
an active internet connection. Such connectivity between vehicles and the cloud
can be very beneficial for curbing accidents through automated and
semi-automated ways.
● The cloud would have real time information(ex-gps, sensor data etc.) about
vehicles connected to it. This information can be processed real time by the
computing infrastructure that supports the cloud and will communicate with the
vehicles with the aim of assisting to prevent fatalities by sending warnings and
alerts.
● With the significant cost reduction of both smart devices and mobile internet this
becomes a very feasible opportunity in our country.
CONCLUSION​​-

● India with its job insecurity, inadequate infrastructure and

undisciplined traffic isn’t yet ready for the driverless
vehicles.
● AV’s societal acceptance, driver or other traffic participant
acceptance needs to be increased in India with policies like
New Insurance System.
● Level 2 automation can secure jobs of drivers currently
employed in logistics industry at least till other
employment opportunities arise for them while on the
other hand we move towards level 5 AVs.
● Although the driver assist systems discussed before would
significantly increase cost of the trucks it may still be
viables as it would help in reducing damage and loss more
importantly of life by significantly preventing accidents.
● Moreover the cost of such technologies will most probably
keep going down as more research is done and the
technologies get better and cheaper.