AUTOMOTIVE SEATING DESIGN

An Industrial Internship Report On

“Design Of Automotive Seating System”

At Vast India Organisation

By

MOHAMMED SHARIQ [160718736051]

MOHAMMED WAJEEUDDIN [160718736021]

MOHAMMED FAZLUR RAHMAN [160718736030]

1
 Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Methodist College of Engineering & Technology.

King Koti Road,Abids,Hyderabad-500001.India.

November-December.2021

2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Summer Internship technical report
entitled DESIGN OF AUTOMOTIVE SEATING SYSTEM
…..is being submitted by following student….

MOHAMMED SHARIQ [160718736051], MOHAMMED

FAZLUR RAHMAN [160718736030], MOHAMMED
WAJEEUDDIN [160718736021]

in B.E.VII Semester in Mechanical Engineering as part of

academic work carried out during

November-December 2021

Coordinator-Summer Internship Head-Mechanical Department

Name and designation Name and designation

3
About Organisation

VAST
Voluntary Action for Socio-economic Transformation (VAST) was
established in 2018 as a registered NGO under the Telangana Societies
Registration Act, 2001 with a main objective of empowering the people
to become catalysts for achieving sustainable livelihoods and self-reliance
through Creating Awareness, Education & Training, Skill Development,
Entrepreneurial Development and by promoting appropriate
Technological Interventions. It is in consonance with the commitment of
Government of India to promote innovative initiatives of youth in the
name of “start-ups” for enhancing employment opportunities in various
sectors and achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals-
2030.

4
What We Do
1.Create Awareness
2.Education & Training Programs
3.Skill Development Programs
4.Entrepreneurial Development
5.Promotion of Sustainable & Eco-friendly Technologies.
6.Project Works

5
Component Design

6
Practical Draft

7
SEATING SYSTEM IN
AUTOMOBILE

8
CONTENTS
● Introduction
● Seating System
● Safety Features in Cars
● Global NCAP Test
● E, R, P & H Points
● Torso Line & Torso Angle
● Different Parts of Seats
● Recliner Mechanism
● Oscar
● 8-Way Seat

9
ABSRTACT

We also learned about Seating system, Global NCAP test, Oscar

mechanism, Recliner mechanism, Torso line and Torso angle, Different
parts of seat and Safety features of car.

10
INTRODUCTION

Seat means a structure, which may or may not be integral

with the vehicle, structure complete with trim, intended to seat
one adult person.

The term covers both an individual seat and

part of a bench seat intended to sea tone person.

The function of automotive seating is to support, protect and to provide

comfortable seating posture to its occupants.

In the above categories, task analysis reveals, there are three different
occupants in the vehicle:

Driver, front seat passenger and Rear seat passenger.

The task and workplace determine the postures and

create a pattern of loading on the structures of the body of the operator.

The seat is one component affecting these loads.

The extended period of sitting include a higher risk of back

problem, numbness and discomfort in the buttocks due to surface
pressure and discomfort in the legs and feet from pressure under
the thighs.

The sources of such discomfort are transmission of vehicle

vibration to the occupant, body pressure distributed under and supporting
both the buttocks, thighs and back of an operator, control
of posture either statically or dynamically through differing load paths,
clothing and seat covering material, perception and interior ergonomic
characteristics.

11
SEATING SYSTEM

Seating System:
Automotive seat is used to give comfort to the person who is driving. The
cushioning agent is especially important when considering that moving
cars can transmit vibrations near the human spine's resonant frequency of
3 Hz.

The base can usually be moved forward and back on metal railings and
may move up and down to adjust to different body types. This movement
is accomplished either by manual latches or by electric levers.

12
Purpose of Seating System:
Seat system is the very important part of the vehicle which always comes
in contact with the occupant when the vehicle is used and is also directly
responsible for the comfort/safety of the occupant

1. Occupant Support:-
a. Occupants should get stable support for a long time.
b. Occupants of various weights, sizes and proportions should be
accommodated in the Seat.

2. Occupant Position:-
a. Occupant position is very important for safe operation of the
vehicle.
b. Occupants should be positioned ergonomically so as to have a
clear field of vision.
c. Occupants should have good Head, leg and arm room.

3. Protect Occupant:-
a. During the crash the occupant should not be unduly displaced
from the seat.
b. Seat system parts should not injure the occupant before / during
the drive.

13
14
SAFETY FEATURES IN CARS

1) Shatter resistant glass:

Shatter resistant glass provides a windshield that breaks into numerous,
harmless pieces in the event of an accident.
Shatterproof glass is laminated in such a way as to prevent injuries

2) Seatbelts:
This safety feature, invented in 1849, was not standard equipment until
1966, when the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Act and the Highway
Safety Act gave control to the federal government.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration or NHTSA made it
mandatory for all vehicle manufacturers to make seat belts standard in all
motor vehicles.

3) Airbags:
In 1968, Allen Breed invented the first electronic sensor to set off airbags
in the case of an accident.
In 1988, Chrysler made airbags standard equipment in all their vehicle
models. Chrysler was ahead of the game, since it was not until 1998 that
airbags became mandatory in all motor vehicles.

4) Anti-lock braking systems:

15
The earliest braking systems in automobiles only applied braking
pressure to the rear wheels.

During emergency braking situations the rear wheels would lock up,
causing the vehicle to slide and swerve to a stop.

Four wheel brakes helped prevent swerving in an emergency braking

situation.

5) Stability control:
Stability control allows drivers to avoid dangerous rollover accidents, by
the computer helping to compensate for driver error.
If you turned too hard in a vehicle without stability control you may have
a rollover accident.

6) Lights:
Three types of lights are essential for any vehicle:
break lights, turn signals and headlights.

7) Mirrors:
Proper positioning of side and rear view mirrors is very important.
Proper alignment of mirrors ensures high visibility and eliminates the
blind spots.

8) Bumpers:

16
Perhaps the most primitive of safety features, bumpers are built to
withstand minor collisions.
They can prevent damage to the main body and engine of the car.

9) Four wheel steering:

This option offers precise manoeuvring ability while driving at a high
speed.
It is especially useful if you're driving on hilly areas.

10) Pre-collision technology:

Many modern day cars have sensors that provide impact protection when
an impending collision is detected.
Seat belts get tighter, airbags align and brakes become preloaded to
reduce shock.

17
GLOBAL NCAP TEST

The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) tests new cars and gives
them a safety rating from one to five stars.

Tests are conducted at various speeds for a front-on crash, side impact
crash and hitting a pole with the side of the car. Tests are also conducted
to see what happens to pedestrians if they are hit by the car. Every NCAP
has its own protocol to crash-test and score cars, and so the results are not
interchangeable.

Euro NCAP, for instance, conducts full frontal, front offset, side impact
and side pole tests. Global NCAP ratings, on the other hand, are based on
front offset crash tests alone. A front offset crash test is designed to
simulate a head-on collision between two cars. In the Global NCAP test,
the car is driven at 64kph.

18
19
E, R, P & H POINTS

a) E-Point:
E-Points are two points that represent the left and right eye of the driver.
The E-Points are spaced 65 mm apart to fit a 95% manikin.

b) P-Point:
P-Point represent the neck pivot point located 98mm rearward of the
midpoint between two E-Points. 4 variations of P-Point are used:

P1 and P2 are used to measure the driver’s binocular

obstruction caused by the nearest and farthest A-Pillar.

P3 and P4 are used to measure vision through the rear-view mirror on the
driver’s inboard and outboard side.

c) R-Point:

20
‘R-Point’ or seating reference point means a design point defined by the
vehicle manufacturer for each seating position and established with
respect to the three-dimensional reference system.

d) H-Point:
The 'H-point' (or hip-point) is the theoretical, relative location of an
occupant's hip. It is the pivot point between the torso and upper leg
portions of the body (either relative to the floor of the vehicle or relative
to the height above pavement level).

TORSO LINE & TORSO ANGLE

21
Means the angle measured between a vertical line through the “R” point
and the torso line in a position which corresponds to the design position
of the seat-back established by the OEM.

Torso Line
Means the centreline of the probe of the 3 DH machine with the
probe in the fully rearward position.

Actual Torso Angle

Means the angle measured between a vertical line
through the “H” point and the torso line using the back angle quadrant on
the 3 DH machine.
The actual torso angle corresponds theoretically to the
design torso angle.

DIFFERENT PARTS OF SEATS

22
1.Head Restraint
In most cars head restraints are kept relatively small in order not to
unnecessarily obstruct the rear passenger visibility.

Two seater sports cars often have a much larger head restraint area which
is safer. A small head restraint has to be adjustable for the user and some
are also adjustable in angle as if they might be used as a head rest. An
effective comfortable headrest, as for instance on a fireside chair, has to
support the base of the skull near the top of the neck. This would be
extremely dangerous in a car. It is this confusion and the simple fact that
what can be adjusted right will usually be adjusted wrong that led Design
to avoid any adjustment in head rests.
2.Seat back
Seat back assembly mainly consists of 4 parts as shown in the picture
above. It is very important in order to have comfortless to the occupant.

23
Standard seat back assembly consists of
1. Metal structure.
2. Plastic
3. Foam
4. Trim

There are a lot of features which are incorporated within the seat back
assembly. Lumbar support is one feature. Back of
The seat is designed to have enough lumber support. In some cases it is
also used for heating and ventilation purposes. Folding
pad, Lap top tray, Side Airbag, Knee airbag for Rear seat occupant are
some of the important features.

3.Seat Cushion
Seat cushion is important in order to get the thighs support and position
of occupants. During the manufacturing of seat
cushions polyether are used.

Standard Seat Cushion assembly consists of

1. Metal structure.

24
2. Plastic
3. Foam.
4. Trim.

SEAT CUSHION CONFIGURATIONS:-

1. Can move in forward and rearward direction.
2. Can move up and down (Height adjustment).
3. Can tilt (Thigh support)
4. The Bolster can rotate.

4. Seat belt
In a severe collision, the occupant can either strike the dashboard, or
strike the seat belt. How much trauma the body of
the occupant experiences will depend on the time period over which the
force is applied and the stiffness of the body parts absorbing the force.
Stretching the time epoch of the collision for the occupants and
redistributing the crash forces to the stiffest parts of the human anatomy
is the duty of the seat belt.
Equally important, seat belts are the best way to prevent ejection from the
vehicle.

25
The seat belt restraint system contains some or all of these components
1. shoulder guide loop,
2. webbing
3. non-locking retractor
4. automatic locking retractor
5. emergency locking retractor
6. vehicle sensitive retractors
7. webbing sensitive retractors
8. buckle
9. buckle release
10. tongue (latch plate)
11. selvage
5. Airbags
All cars feature dual-stage front airbags as well as front side-impact and
side curtain airbags, controlled by a "smart" airbag system that detects
passenger weight, seatbelt use and driver's seat position, then deploys the
front airbags accordingly while ensuring the side-impact and side curtain
airbags only deploy when needed.

The dual-stage means they can be deployed in one of two ways: a low to
medium speed collision will cause a single-stage deployment, while a
severe impact will trigger a full deployment.
The front side-impact airbags are built right into the front seats to ensure
they are in proper position at all times.

The side curtain airbags deploy from above the side windows to almost
completely cover the front and rear side windows and the centre pillar,

26
helping to protect against injury and intrusions into the cabin in a side
impact.

RECLINER MECHANISM

Recliner mechanisms are “metal to the floor” actions which help the user
to get up out of his comfortable chair. A range of power recliners with lift
for various uses and user weights. Single or double actuators mechanisms
for independent recline and backrest positions are available.

27
A recliner is an armchair or sofa that reclines when the occupant lowers
the chair's back and raises its front. It has a backrest that can be tilted
back, and often a footrest that may be extended by means of a lever on
the side of the chair, or may extend automatically when the back is
reclined.

“OSCAR”

Oscar is mechanically hinged at the hip or "H" point, which simulates the
actual pivot centre of the human torso and thigh. Based on the “H Point,”
engineers and interior designers determine the necessary headroom and
the optimal back angle that should be offered. All this data directly
influences positioning of the steering wheel, the pedals, rear view
mirrors, instrument panel and other driving controls to ensure that the
Malibu provides maximum room and comfort for a broad spectrum of
customers.

28
When it comes to leg length measurement, Oscar can be assembled to
represent an average (80 kg) adult male (50th percentile), scaled up to a
95th percentile male (125 kg), or reduced to a 5th percentile (50 kg)
female.

8-WAY SEAT
A power seat in an automobile is a front seat which can be adjusted by
using a switch or joystick and a set of small electric motors. Most cars
with this feature have controls for the driver's seat only, though almost all
luxury cars also have power controls for the front passenger seat.

The power seat adjustments and seat controls are located on the door
panels.

In addition to fore and aft adjustments, power seats can be raised or

lowered and tilted to suit the comfort of the driver and/or passenger.

Many power seats allow occupants to adjust the seat lumbar or seat back
recline, all at the push of a button or flick of a switch.
Cars which do not have this feature have a lever or bar to provide fore
and aft adjustments.

29
Some cars also have memory adjustments, which can recall (usually) two
different adjustments of the seat by pressing a button. The 1981 Cadillac
was the first car to offer this feature in its modern version. By the 1990s,
these systems began allowing customized settings and adjustments for
such conveniences as side mirrors, steering wheel, and lumbar support.

CONCLUSION
30
This internship has been excellent experience. It will help us in our future
and main thing is that we have learned through this internship about design
skills, self-motivation learning the volume and responsibility given for
each and particular work and service they had done.

We also learned about Seating system, Global NCAP test, Oscar

mechanism, Recliner mechanism, Torso line and Torso angle, Different
parts of seat and Safety features of car.

This study gives a good Acknowledge about seating system in automobile

by VAST INDIA ORGANISATION etc.

31