ADAS

(Advanced Driver
Assistance Systems)
By
M Anand Gokul (BL. EN. U4ECE13095)
Ram Saran Reddy (BL.EN.U4ECE13093)
Kurapati Anurag (BL.EN.U4ECE13089)

What is ADAS?
Advanced
Driver
Assistance
Systems
(ADAS)
are systems that support the driver in her/his task of
driving a vehicle in order to increase safety, efficiency and
comfort
Detection of situational parameters by sensors and, if
necessary, performance of appropriate measures by
actuators:

Sensors: Devices that measure a physical quantity and convert it

to a readable signal (e.g. odometer, thermometer, yaw rate
sensor)
Actuators: Devices that transform a signal into an action in order
to perform a certain effect (e.g. brake, steering column, HMI)

Examples are: Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Adaptive

Cruise Control (ACC) Lane Departure Warning (LDW)

Baseline Driver Assistance

Technologies

Motivation for ADAS

Driver Assistance Technologies

Customer demand
Comfort improvement
Support driver with day-to-day standard tasks

Active Safety Technologies

Improve real-world safety

OEM corporate citizenship / responsibility
Safety rating programs
Legislation

Most ADAS Systems have a comfort and an active

safety portion, e.g. ACC contains cruise control and
forward alert

Degree of Driver Assistance

Maruthi
Alto

Skoda
Octavia

Toyota
Fortuner

Audi A6

Tesla
Model S

Need for ADAS- Historic Trends

Accident Cause Analysis in Japan

Total fatal/serious injury accidents (61,531 cases)
Mis-operation
9%
Mis-judgement
20%

Insufficient attention
to the road ahead
28%

71%
Inadequate safety
precautions
43%

(Frontal crash 1,031 vehicles)

No operation
39%

Steering
6%

Braking
44%
Braking + Steering
11%
ITARDA Japan 2001

Potential Fatality Reduction

by Safety Devices
Seatbelt
Multiple
airbags
Fatalities

Fatalities

Airbag

Passive Safety

Active Safety

Years
Active Safety has a significant potential to reduce fatalities

Active vs Passive Safety Systems

Active Safety

Passive Safety

They refers to devices

and systems that help
keep a car under control
and prevent an accident.
These devices are usually
automated
to
help
compensate for human
error -- the single biggest
cause of car accidents

refers to systems in the

car that protect the
driver and passengers
from injury if an accident
does occur.

Examples of Active and Passive

Systems

Active Safety Systems include:

Anti-lock Braking Systems

Electronic Stability Control

Passive Safety Systems Include:

Air Bags
Seatbelts

Types of Active Safety Systems

Driver visibility assistance

Active safety
Safe driving
Accident
avoidance
Crash
prediction

-Adaptive Front light system

-Blind corner monitor

Integrated control

Driver assistance

-Navigationcoordinated shift
control

-Lane Keeping assist

-Lane departure warning

Autonomous
safety support

Dynamic Limit control

-Brake assist
-VSC

-ABS
-TRC

-Forward collision
avoidance assist
system

Accident
occurs

VSC & VDIM

VDIM
VSC

Lane keeping
assist

ON
OFF

Precollision
safety

Forward collision
avoidance assist
system
Forward vehicle

Obstacles

How to Measure ADAS Attributes

Five main classes of attributes are addressed:

Lighting
Visibility
Braking
Handling
Ergonomics

Improvements can be judged by reference to real-world

accidents - verification by accident data analysis
Objective design verification of ADAS by means of test
procedures is preferred, but typically the driver is in the loop
Driver acceptance is key customer clinics including
measurements of driver behavior and psychological reaction

Few ADAS Systems in Modern car are:

Design Principles for ADAS:

Two Situations can Occur

The basic principles are intended to identify automation issues and help
to avoid drivers being out-of-the-loop and unprepared to manage
safety-critical situations.

When the driver is In-the-Loop

the driver is involved in the driving task and is aware of the vehicle
status and road traffic situation.
driver plays an active role in the driver-vehicle system.

When driver is Out-of-the-Loop

Reduced situational awareness - driver is not immediately aware of
the vehicle and the current or developing road traffic situation.
not actively monitoring, making decisions or providing input to the
driving task.
diminished ability to detect system errors and manually respond.

Scope of Control Principles

These principles cover the basic driver interface and intervention capabilities
for active vehicle control systems.
These principles may also be relevant to automation that provides information
and warnings to drivers.
These principles apply to systems that support elements of the drivers task.
These principles also apply to systems that can actively change vehicle speed
and direction.
Cruise Control
System

Principles: Control Elements

1. Normal Driving Situations
The driver should be able to easily and quickly override system
actions at any time under normal driving situations and when
crashes are avoidable.
2. Critical Driving Situations
When the crash is determined to be unavoidable, the system can
take actions to try to mitigate the crash severity.
When a loss of control is determined to be unavoidable, the system
can take actions to try to regain stability and control.
When it determines that driver performance is impaired, the system
can take actions to avoid or mitigate collisions.

Principles: Operation Elements

For systems that control the vehicle under normal driving situations,
the driver should have a means to turn it OFF manually and to keep
the system in the OFF state.
Drivers should be informed of the conditions that result in system
activation and deactivation.
Drivers should be informed of the conditions when system operation
is different or is not guaranteed.

Parking
Assistance
Systems

Principles: Display Elements

It should be clear to the driver what assistance systems are installed
on the vehicle.
For systems that can be turned OFF, the driver should be able to easily
determine the system state.
The driver should be provided with clear feedback informing them
when the system is actively controlling the vehicle.
Drivers should be notified of any transfer of control between the driver
and vehicle.
If action is not available due to a failure, the driver should be informed.
If symbols are used to notify the driver, a standard symbol should be
used when available.

Summary
Automation should provide users with safe, comfortable, convenient
and efficient mobility.
This document describes some of the human factors issues and needs
associated with driving task automation.
It sets out some basic principles that will help to optimize system
performance and avoid drivers being out-of-the-loop and unprepared
to manage safety-critical situations when they are needed.
When the advanced driver assistance systems control or support
elements of the driving task, drivers should be fully aware of the
performance and limitations of those functions.

PRE-COLLISION SYSTEMS

Pre-collision systems place small radar detectors up near the

front of the car, usually within the grill, where they constantly
send out quick bursts of high-frequency radar waves.

These waves will bounce off the nearest objects and return to
the sensor, where a separate unit connected to the sensor
calculates how long it took for the signal to leave and bounce
back.

With this information, a PCS unit can determine another car's

position, distance, speed and relative velocity almost
immediately, and if any sudden changes in those factors could
potentially cause a collision, the system can provide
information or assist the driver in avoiding a potential accident.

Modern Pre-Collision Systems

Although early collision detection units used various

technologies like infrared waves to detect objects, most precollision systems today work with the help of radar.

Anything that's a wave, like a sound wave, can bounce or echo.

You may have experienced this by shouting down into a well or
over a deep canyon, only to hear the sound of your voice
bounce back and reverberate.

Instead of sound, however, radar systems use radio waves.

Radio waves are invisible and they can travel much farther than
sound.

Types of Pre-collision Systems

1.Pre-Crash Brake Systems

2.Seatbelt Pre-tensioners

1. Pre-Crash Brake Systems

Some systems sound an alarm to notify drivers that a collision

may be imminent -- a sound simply to alert the driver and get
him or her ready to take evasive action.

Other systems actually take control of certain aspects of the

car.

These brake systems apply additional pressure to the car's

brakes to assist the driver in slowing the car down as fast as
possible and potentially reducing damage caused by an
accident.

2. Seatbelt Pre-tensioners

Some systems also connect the PCS unit to a pre-crash seat belt
system, which can automatically tense passengers' seat belts
before a crash.

The development of these types of systems needs to be finetuned and highly accurate, since any malfunction could disrupt a
drivers' attention and potentially cause an accident.

Obviously, designers and manufacturers put pre-collision systems

through rigorous testing to ensure that this doesn't happen.

History of Pre-Crash Systems

One of the earliest uses of accident detection was the

Mercedes-Benz Pre-Safe system in the 2003 S-class sedan,
which the company touted as the "world's first production car
equipped with an astonishing new system that can sense a
possible collision a few seconds in advance and take pre-crash
protective measures."

The system used sensors to measure the car's steering angle

and acceleration, but not its surrounding environment -- actions
such as pre-tensing of the seat belts, automatic sunroof closing
and raising of reclined seats were triggered during any
emergency maneuver

Modern Pre-Crash Systems

More recent accident detection technologies use radar systems,

like Toyota's Pre-Collision System.
The company introduced its PCS in 2003 on a vehicle sold in
Japan called the Harrier and introduced in Toyota Prius in 2010.
The system uses millimeter-wave radar to determine when
additional braking assistance is required as well as when to apply
tension to the seat belts.
Toyota has also added pre-crash seatback preparation for rear
seat occupants. If a crash situation is imminent, reclined rear
seats are automatically brought to an upright position.
Ford has also announced its own radar system, called "Collision
Warning with Brake Support," for its latest models of the Ford
Taurus, the Lincoln MKS sedan and the Lincoln MKT crossover.
And Honda and Nissan also offer lane-deviation prevention and
front collision avoidance systems on many of their domestic
models.

DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS???

References

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f
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