SEMINAR REPORT 2019-20

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
S.S.M POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE
TIRUR-5

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR REPORT 2020
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITED BY: AKASH NM

ROLL NO : 03

REGISTER NO : 18020691

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

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SEMINAR REPORT 2019-20

S.S.M POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE

TIRUR-5

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certify that seminar titled 'WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGY' was presented by AKASH NM exam reg no :18020691 with
the batch of third year mechanical engineering student during academic year
2020-21 under our guidance at S.S.M Polytechnic collage Tirur

Staff in charge Head of Section

……………………….. ……………................

External examiner InternaL examiner

………………………… ......
………………………….

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to praise the god for the blessing me to complete this
seminar successfully. I am deeply thank full to Mr. T.K BASHEER (Head of
Mechanical Engineering department ,Seethi Sahib Memorial Polytechnic of the
college, Tirur) For providing me the opportunity to present the seminar of this
topic. I extended my unexplainable gratitude towards all of my teachers
especially to Mr. R.M.A NASEER (Lecturer in mechanical engineering
department, Seethi Sahib Memorial polytechnic collage, Tirur), Mr. SUBAIR &
librarian who gave me a lot of information and support For this seminar. I gave
my heart full thanks to my friends & family, whom offered me all kind of
support for the seminar.

TIRUR AKASH NM
OCTOBER 2020

INDEX OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................8

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2.HISTORY...................................................................................................... 10

3.WITRICITYTECHNOLOGY ........................................................................... 11

3.1 ELECTRICITY.............................................................................................11

3.2MAGNETISM..............................................................................................11

3.3ELECTROMAGNETISM...............................................................................11

3.4MAGNETICINDUCTION..............................................................................11

3.5RESONANCE...............................................................................................12

3.6RESONANTMAGNETICCOUPLING............................................................13

4.WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY...........................................................................14

5.HOW WIRELESS POWER COULD WORK.....................................................15

5.1 SHORT RANGE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION..............................15

5.2 LONG DISTANCE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION...........................16

6. WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM...........................................18

7. COMPONENTS OF WPT SYSTEM..............................................................19

7.1 MICROWAVE GENERATOR......................................................................19

7.2 TRANSMITTING ANTENNAT...................................................................19

7.3 RECTENNA.............................................................................................. 19

8. A COST EFFECTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN...................................................... 20

8.1 SYSTEM DESIGN..................................................................................... 21

8.2 DESIGN OF CONTROL SIGNAL WAVEFORMS....................................... 21

8.3 PHYSICAL ISOLATION............................................................................ 22

8.4 INVERTER CIRCUIT................................................................................. 23

8.5 LOAD DESIGN......................................................................................... 25

i) Induction Coil Design............................................................................... 25

(ii) Snubber circuit..........................................................................................26

9. DIFFERENT WAVEFORMS IN THE CIRCUIT..............................................28

10. ADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY..................................................................31

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11. DISADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY........................................................... 31

12. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WITRICITY.....................................................32

13. WITIRICITY APPLICATIONS....................................................................32

14. FREQUENTLY ASKING QUESTIONS.......................................................33

15. WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF WITRICITY................................................... 34

16. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................... 35

17. REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 35

Abstract

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“Wireless power transfer” is a collective term that refers to

a number of different technologies for transmitting energy by
means of electromagnetic field. The technologies, listed in the
table below, differ in the distance over which they can transfer
power efficiently, whether the transmitter must be aimed
(directed) at the receiver, and in the type of
electromagneticenergy they use: time varying electric fields,
magnetic fields, radio waves, micro waves, or infrared or Visible
light waves.
In general a wireless power system consists of a “ transmitter
“connected to a source of power such as a main power lines,
which convert the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field,
and one or more “receiver” devices which receive the power and
convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an
electrical load. At the transmitter the input power is converted to
an oscillating electromagnetic field by some type of “antenna “
device. The word “antenna “ is used loosely here; it may be a coil
of wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal pate which
generates an electric field, an antenna whichradiates radio waves,
or a laser which generates light. A similar antenna or coupling
device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric
current.
Wireless power uses the same fields and waves as wireless
communications devices like radio, another familiar technology
that involves electrical energy transmitted without wires
byelectromagnetic fields, used in cell phones, radio and
televisionbroadcasting, and Wi Fi . In radio communication the
goal is the transmission of information, so the amount of power
reaching the receiver is not so important, as long as it is sufficient
so the signal to noise radio is high enough that the information
can be received intelligibly. In wireless communications

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technologies, generally, only tiny amounts of power reach the

receiver. In contacts, with wireless power the amount of energy
received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction of
transmitted energy that is received) is more significant
parameter. For this reason, wireless power technologies are likely
to be more limited by distance than wireless power technologies.

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1. INTRODUCTION
In this era of modernization, electricity has become the cup of life. A moment
without electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of
conventional form of electricity is through wires. The continuous research and
development has brought forward a major breakthrough, which provides
electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is called
WiTricity.There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history,
which changed the world forever, Newton‘s gravitational law, Watt‘s steam
engine, Thomson‘s bulb and many more. But a renaissance occurred with the
invention of Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose
successfully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in the range
of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in
transmitting electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles and with
this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY. Today, as we
can see the word ‗wireless‘ is common in day– to – day life. Wireless
communication has made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is
wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard, satellite
communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and headphones, wireless
internet service i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these have definitely increased the standard
of living. In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used
conduction-based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to transfer
wireless power. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and
has less efficiency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity
which is being used by the MIT researchers today

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Fig Nikola Tesla was the first to experiment with wireless electricity, but
ultimatelyfailedafter losing his keyfinancial backing in the late 1800's
Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiation (radio
waves) which is quite well known for wireless transfer of information. In
addition, lasers have also been used to transmit energy without wires. However,
radio waves are not feasible for power transmissions because the nature of the
radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting into a largeamount of
radiations being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart fromrequirement of
uninterrupted line of sight (obstacles hinders the transmission process). It is also
very dangerous. WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of
electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as
WiTricity.WiTricity will ensure that the cellphones, laptops, iPods and other
power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of
plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the devices won't
require batteries to operate. Nikola Tesla was the first to experiment with
wireless electricity, but ultimatelyfailed after losing his key financial backing in
the late 1800's.

The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, it

is now a reality. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without
wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established in numerous
observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative.
Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention.Wireless transmission of electricity

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have tremendous merits like high transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 – 97
% efficient) and can be transmitted to any where in the globe and eliminate the
need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and
substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the
consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.
It has negligible demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and
biologically compatible.

2.HISTORY
WPT is not anything new. Nikola Tesla's original patent on the matter was
issued over 100 years ago. [1] Tesla also conducted successful experiments
in Colorado Springs, Colorado in transmitting power wirelessly,
successfully lighting wireless light bulbs using the technology (see Fig. 1).
On the whole, Tesla was a believer is a global wireless power system,
though his experiments were said to have been halted by the potential
danger of the transmissions to humans and machinery in the area,aswell as
funding problems.

More recently, we have verifiable examples of both short- and long-range

WPT. For example, Oral-B electric toothbrushes have used inductive
charging since the early 1990s, and smartphones have increasingly had the
capability since at least 2012 when the Droid DNA was released with Qi
compatibility, a certification by the Wireless Power Authority signifying
that the device can be wirelessly charged up to 4 cm away from a Qi power
source.

On the long-range front, William C. Brown demonstrated the ability to use

microwaves to beam 30 kilowatts of energy across one mile with efficiency
of 54 percent, noting that efficiency upwards of 70 percent should be
possible with greater refinement of several parts of the system involved.
[2] Another impressive feat was completed in 1987 by the Canadian
Communications Research Centre, which managed to fly an unmanned, 4.5-
meter wingspan aircraft called Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform
(SHARP) in a 2km-diameter circle at a height of 13 miles by beaming 500
kW of energy at a frequency of 5.8 GHz, on the very-low end of the

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microwave radiation spectrum. [3] SHARP was capable of staying airborne

for months at a time.

3. WITRICITYTECHNOLOGY
WiTricity Technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance
without wires, with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our
way up to the WiTricity Technology.
3.1 ELECTRICITY
The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or
charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for
energy to get from one place to another!
3.2MAGNETISM
A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to
attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your
refrigerator and the earth‘s magnetic field, are examples of objects having
constant magnetic fields. Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can
be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength,
direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and
visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.
3.3ELECTROMAGNETISM
A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic
fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces
an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.
3.4MAGNETICINDUCTION
A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating
current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a
magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it
will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A
second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture
some portion of that oscillating magnetic field,which in turn, generates or
induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the
second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electricalpower
transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and referred to
asmagnetic induction. Some common examples of devices based on

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magnetic inductionare electric transformers and electric generators.

3.5 RESONANCE
Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It
can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most
efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an
example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic
energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is determined by the
length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she properly
coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing
is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the
child efficiently transfer energy to the system. Another example of
resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a wine glass by singing a
single loud, clear note. In this example, the wine glass is the resonant
oscillating system. Sound waves traveling through the air are captured by
the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical vibrations of the
glass itself. Whenthe singer hits the note that matches the resonant
frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy, begins vibrating, and can
eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass depends on
the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

3.6RESONANTMAGNETICCOUPLING
Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their
varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the
natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.
WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially designed

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magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via
the magnetic near-field. The proprietary source and device designs and the
electronic systems the control them support efficient energy transfer over
distances that are many times the size of the sources/devices themselves.
At first glance, WiTricity technology for power transfer appears to be
traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers,
where conductive coils transmit power to eachother wirelessly, over very
short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending
coil (or ―primary winding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or
―secondary winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may
even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each
other. However, the efficiency of the power exchange in traditional
magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the
distance between the coils becomes larger than their sizes. In addition to
electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic
induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and
inductive―charging pads which require that the object being charged be
placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the
power.

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4.WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY
In the late 1800‘s and early 1900‘s, at the dawn of the electrification of the
modern world, some scientists and engineers believed that using wires to
transfer electricity from every place it was generated to every place that it
could be used would be too expensive to be practical. NikolaTesla, one of
the most well-known of these scientists, had a vision for a wireless world in
which wireless electric power and communications would reach around
the world, delivering information and power toships at sea, factories, and
every home on the planet. Tesla contributed significantly toour
understanding of electricity and electrical systems and is credited with
inventingthree-phase AC power systems, induction motors, fluorescent
lamps, radio transmission, and various modes of wireless electric power
transfer.
WiTricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over
distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be
defined as the amount of usable electrial energy that is available to the
device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by
the WiTricity source. In many application, efficiency can exceed 90%.And
WiTricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When WiTricity
powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity
power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power
saving ―idle state.

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5.HOW WIRELESS POWER COULD

WORK
Researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over
long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but
others are already in use. Magnetic resonance was found a promising
means of electricity transfer because magnetic fields travel freely through
air yet have little effect on the environment or, at the appropriate
frequencies, on living beings and hence is a leading technology for
developing WiTricity.

5.1 SHORT RANGE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Power supply for portable electronic devices is considered, which receives
ambient radio frequency radiation (typically in an urban environment) and
converts it to DC electricity that is stored in a battery for use by the
portable device. A Power transmission unit (PTU) is connected to the
electrical utility, typically in a domestic and office environment, and uses
the electricity to generate a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This beam
can take the form of visible light, microwave radiation, near infrared
radiation or any appropriate frequency or frequencies, depending on the
technology chosen. The beam can be focused and shaped using a focusing
mechanism: for example, a parabola shape may be chosen to focus light
waves at a certain distance from the PTU. A Power reception unit (PRU)
receives power from one or several PTU's, and converts the total power
received to electricity, which is used to trickle charge a storage unit such as
a battery or transferred directly to the appliance for use, or both. If
transferred to the storage unit, the output of the storage unit can power the
appliance. Similarly to the focusing of the transmitted power, it is possible
to concentrate the received power for conversion, using receiving arrays,
antennas, reflectors or similar means. It is possible to construct power
"relay units", consisting of PRU's powering PTU's, whose function is to
make the transmitted power available at further distances than would
normally bepossible.

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5.2 LONGDISTANCE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of
miles. A few proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space.
The Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP) unmanned plane
could run off power beamed from the Earth. The secret to the SHARP's long
flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter. A large, disc
shaped rectifying antenna, or rectenna, near the system changed the
microwave energy from the transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity.
Because of the microwaves' interaction with the rectenna, the system had a
constant power supply as long as it was in range of a functioning
microwave array. Rectifying antennae are central to many wireless power
transmission theories. They are usually made of an array of dipole
antennae, which have positive and negative poles. These antennae connect
to semiconductor diodes. Here's what happens:

1. Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, reach the

dipole antennae.

2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
3. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles
that let electrons flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the
rectenna circuitry.
4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need
them.

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6.WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM
William C. Brown, the pioneer in wireless power transmission technology,
has designed, developed a unit and demonstrated to show how power can
be transferred through free space by microwaves. The concept of Wireless
Power Transmission System is explained with functional block diagram
shown in Fig (6). In the transmission side, the microwave power source
generates microwave power and the output power is controlled by
electronic control circuits. The wave guide ferrite circulator which protects
the microwave source from reflected power is connected with the
microwave power source through the Coax – Waveguide Adaptor. The
tuner matches the impedance between the transmitting antenna and the
microwave source. The attenuated signals will be then separated based on
the direction of signal propagation by Directional Coupler. The transmitting
antenna radiates the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna.
In the receiving side, a rectenna receives the transmitted power and
converts the microwave power into DC power. The impedance matching
circuit and filter is provided to setting the output impedance of a signal
source equal to the rectifying circuit. The rectifying circuit consists of
Schottky barrier diodes converts the received microwave power into DC
power.

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7.COMPONENTS OF WPT SYSTEM

The Primary components of Wireless Power Transmission are Microwave
Generator, Transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna (Rectenna). Refer
the figure Fig (6).
7.1 MICROWAVE GENERATOR
The microwave transmitting devices are classified as Microwave Vacuum
Tubes (magnetron, klystron, Travelling Wave Tube (TWT), and Microwave
Power Module (MPM)) and Semiconductor Microwave transmitters (GaAs
MESFET, GaN pHEMT, SiC MESFET, AlGaN/GaN HFET, and InGaAS).
Magnetron is widely used for experimentation of WPT. The microwave
transmission often uses 2.45GHz or 5.8GHz of ISM band. The other choices
of frequencies are 8.5 GHz , 10 GHz and 35 GHz . The highest efficiency over
90% is achieved at 2.45 GHz among all the frequencies.
7.2 TRANSMITTING ANTENNAT
The slotted wave guide antenna, micro strip patch antenna, and parabolic
dish antenna are the most popular type of transmitting antenna. The
slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its
high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.
7.3 RECTENNA
The concept, the name rectenna‘ and the rectenna was conceived by W.C.
Brown of Raytheon Company in the early of 1960s . The rectenna is a
passive element consists of antenna, rectifying circuit with a low pass filter
between the antenna and rectifying diode. The antenna used in rectenna
may be dipole, Yagi – Uda, microstrip or parabolic dish antenna. The patch
dipole antenna achieved the highest efficiency among the all. The
performance of various printed rectenna is shown in Table I. Schottky
barrier diodes (GaAs-W, Si, and GaAs) are usually used in the rectifying
circuit due to the faster reverse recovery time and much lower forward
voltage drop and good RF characteristics. The rectenna efficiency for
various diodes at different frequency is shown inTable II.

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8.A COST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMDESIGN

Wireless power transmission is still in its infancy as a topic. Although
devices and applications have been designed that transmit power over
short distances, their price and design complexity keep them out of the
reach of ordinary users. There is a need for a simple, efficient and
costeffective system which can create the changing electromagnetic field
required to initiate wireless power transfer. In addition, this can be used to
heat vessels as an induction coil based stove. By suitably replacing the
induction coil element with an efficient antenna, the system can be applied
to deliver limited amounts of power wirelessly, for small applications like
the charging of mobile handsets, or laptops.
The aim is to design a system that can be constructed from easily available
and low cost electronic components, thus facilitating the transfer of this
technology for the benefit of humanity. The fundamental principle guiding
this system is the use of a suitable inverter circuit to convert D.C voltage
into an alternating supply. Such an alternating voltage would create a
rapidly changing magnetic flux, as per the equation: φ = B * A * Cosθ
Where φ‘ is the magnetic flux,
B‘ is the magnetic field density,
A‘ is the cross sectional area of the loop and
θ‘ is the angle between the magnetic field density and the surface of the
loop.

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This flux change induces an e.m.f (electromotive force) in any wire loop or
metal surface that cuts the magnetic flux lines. Such an e.m.f, if suitably
tapped, can be used either wireless power transfer.

8.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

The goal is to develop a system capable of operating at a frequency of 100
KHz, with an inverter supply voltage of 300V DC. This frequency is chosen
because efficient low cost power MOSFET switches can be operated
efficiently at these frequencies. If the frequency of operation is further
increased, we will have to use expensive power devices which would not be
readily available and would increase the cost of the system. The system as
designed by us can be partitioned into 4 functional blocks, as described in
Figure 6.

8.2 DESIGN OF CONTROL SIGNAL WAVEFORMS

It is required to produce two sets of non-overlapping pulses to drive the
inverter circuit. The SG3524 circuit manufactured by Philips
semiconductor is ideal for this purpose. It allows for duty ratio variation up
to a maximum of 40%. In addition, a blanking pulse to both outputs rules
out the possibility of pulse overlap. The SG3524 is connected as shown in
figure 2 with the output pulses seen at pins 11 and 14

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The SG2524 and SG3524 incorporate on a single monolithic chip all the
function required for the construction of regulating power supplies
inverters or switching regulators. They can also be used as the control
element for high power-output applications. The SG3524 family was
designed for switching regulators of either polarity, transformer- coupled
dc-to-dc converters, transformer less voltage doubles and polarity
converter applications employing fixed-frequency, pulse-width modulation
techniques. The dual alternating outputs allows either single-ended or
push-pull applications. Each device includes an on-ship reference, error
amplifier, programmable oscillator, pulse-steering flip flop, two
uncommitted output transistors, a high-gain comparator, and current
limiting and shut-down circuitry

8.3 PHYSICAL ISOLATION

The H-bridge inverter employs high side and low side switches (four
switches in all). The pulses used to drive the high side switches are derived
from the pulses used to drive the low side switches. However, physical
isolation using a suitable isolating technique needs to be implemented
before these pulses are used to drive the high side MOSFETs. This
precaution is essential, for if the same signal is used to drive both the high
side and low side MOSFETs in the circuit without physical isolation, a short
circuit will result due to creation of a parasitic path between the ground
and the source of the high side MOSFET. This can result in serious damage
to the MOSFET switches. Physical isolation of the high side drive
waveforms can be implemented using several methods. One such method is
to use a high side driver which is available from several manufacturers.

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However, we have used pulse transformers to realize this function in the

interests of simplicity, ease of availability and low cost. A 1:1:1 pulse
transformer is used. The output of the SG3524 is used to drive the primary
winding of the transformer after suitable current amplification. Current
amplification becomes necessary because the outputs of the SG3524 are
not designed to drive inductive loads directly. The drive waveform is
replicated at the two secondary windings which are physically isolated
from the primary windings. A freewheeling diode (BA 159) is connected
across the primary winding of the transformer. A combination of a resistor
and a zener diode is used across the secondary windings of the transformer
to obtain pulses suitable for driving the MOSFET switches. These details
are described in Fig (9).

8.4 INVERTER CIRCUIT

The outputs from the secondary windings of the pulse transformers are
sent to the H-bridge inverter circuit detailed in Fig (11). One of the
advantages of using an H-bridge inverter is that the load experiences a
peak-to-peak voltage of 2Vcc. The inverter works in the required manner
i.e. when Q is high, M1 and M2 are turned ON and current flows from Vcc to
Gnd via the path M1- - A -- Load -- B -- M2. At this stage, the Other two
MOSFETs will not be conducting because their input Q' will be low. When Q

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becomes low turning Off M1 and M2, Q' becomes high after sometime,
which turns on M3 and M4. Now, the current flows from Vcc to Gnd via the
path M3 -- B - - Load -- A -- M4. The power MOSFETs used to build the
inverter are of type IRFPG50. The VDS=1000 V, ID (max) = 6.1 Amp and on
resistance Ron =2 ohms.

MOSFET, N, 1000V, 6.1A, TO-247AC; Transistor Type:MOSFET; Transistor

Polarity; Voltage, Vds Typ:1000V; Current, Id Cont:6A; Resistance, Rds
On:2ohm; Voltage, Vgs Rds on Measurement:10V; Voltage, Vgs th Typ:4V;
Case Style:TO-247AC; Termination Type:Through Hole; Current, Idm
Pulse:24A; Lead Spacing:5.45mm; No. of Pins:3; Power Dissipation:180W;
Power, Pd:180W; Temperature, Current:25°C; Temperature, Full Power
Rating:25°C; Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case A:0.65°C/W; Transistors,
No. of:1; Voltage, Vds:1000V; Voltage, Vds Max:1000V

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8.5 LOAD DESIGN

(i) Induction Coil Design:
A wide variety of coil designs are available for several applications. The
choice of shape depends on the nature of radiation pattern to be
established (if the application is wireless power transfer) and the shape of
the vessel to be heated (if the system is also to be employed as an induction
cooking unit). We have found the pancake design to be most suitable for a
wide range of applications. Hence, we have designed and fabricated a
pancake coil shown in Fig (13) for use in this system. As a result of the
pancake coil design, the energy is focused in the region of space
immediately above the surface of the coil. It is well known that the coupling
efficiency increases with frequency. The coupling efficiency of pancake coil
with magnetic steel is 0.35 at a frequency of 10 Hz and this figure increases
to 0.5 at a frequency of 450 kHz. It is for this reason that we have chosen an
operating frequency of 100 kHz. The pancake coil is constructed out of
enamel-coated copper of size SWG 22. Giving a clearance of approx. 1.5 cm
on each side, and the gap between subsequent turns at 3mm, the length of
wire required is estimated to be 20m before braiding. Nails are placed on
the board in perpendicular directions at the specified interval to keep the
coil in place while winding. After winding is completed, further nails are
driven in to ensure no two consecutive turns are touching each other. In

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order to make the coil permanent, the gaps are filled with Araldite adhesive
and allowed to set overnight, after which the nails are removed. On
analyzing the coil characteristics, its parameters were found to be: L = 60.2
μH.R = 0 .790 Ω.

(ii) Snubber circuit

Due to the high speed switching coupled with the presence of an
inductive load, the switch experiences a huge amount of back e.m.f
during the turn off stage described by the equation:
E = -L*(di/dt).
Where E‘ is the induced e.m.f, L‘ is the inductance of the coil, and
di/dt‘ is the change in current with respect to time. This leads to the
spikes in voltage across the switches, which can damage the device in
the long term. In order to combat these spikes, turn-off snubber
circuits have been designed and put in place across every switch to
absorb the back e.m.f and protect the device. The value of Capacitance
and Resistance are given by the following equations:

C = iL * tf / (2Vcc)
Vcc/ (Icm-iL) < R < Ton-min/5C

Where iL is the load current at the collector, if is the fall time of the
signal, Icm is the maximum collector current rating of the MOSFET,
and Ton-min is the minimum time during which the MOSFET should
remain ON so that the capacitor can fully discharge. Assuming iL to be
3A and tf to be 0.12 μSec and since we are operating at a Vcc of 200V, C
is found to be 1nF with 1 kV rating. As per device characteristics, Icm
and Ton-min were found to be 8A and 4 μSec respectively since the
duty ratio is 40%. From these, we choose the resistance value to be

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470Ω. The addition of snubber circuits lead to signification

suppression of spikes across the switching devices as shown in fig
(17) and Fig (18). On connecting the circuit to the Induction Coil in
series with a 60W bulb at an operating voltage of 60V, the waveforms
listed in Fig 19, 20 and 21were observed. We increased the operating
voltage to 120 V. When a coil of wire (closed wire loop) connected to a
6V bulb was brought close to the Induction coil, it was observed to
light up. This is shown in Fig (20).

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9.DIFFERENT WAVEFORMS IN THE

CIRCUIT

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SEMINAR REPORT 2019-20

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A few observations were noted

 On increasing the distance between the loop and the coil, the glow of
the bulb gradually diminishes.
 For a given distance, the intensity of the bulb‘s glow is maximum
when the surface of the wire loop is parallel to the surface of the coil.
The intensity reduces when the loop is placed at an angle to the coil.
 For a given distance, the intensity of the bulb‘s glow is maximum
when the loop is placed near the center of the coil, and reduces as the
loop is moved away from the coil.

Thus, it is demonstrated that wireless power transmission is practically

possible on such a system. The system provides conclusive evidence that
despite the absence of an antenna of suitable directivity, a sizeable amount
of power can be wirelessly transmitted over short distances. The next step
in the development of this system is to design and build a helical
transmitter and receiver antenna system of suitable dimensions, which can
increase the distance of transmission by improving directivity and gain. By
increasing the operating voltage through repeated testing, the Coil can be
applied for use as a heating stove.

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10.ADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY
1. Completely eliminates the existing high-power transmission line cables,
towers etc…
2. The cost of transmission and distribution become less
3. WiTricity uses resonant magnetic fields to reduce wastage of power.
4. So efficiency of this method is very much higher than wired transmission.

5. The power failure due to short circuit and fault o cables would never
exist.
6. The power could be transmitted to the places where the wired
transmission is not possible.
7. Do not interfere with radio waves.
8. No need of power cables and batteries - WiTricity replaces the use of
power cables and batteries .

11.DISADVANTAGES OF WITRICITY
1. The resonance condition should be satisfied and if any error exists, there
is no possibility of power transfer.
2. If there is any possibility of very strong ferromagnetic material presence
causes low power transfer due to radiation.
3. The Capital Cost for practical implementation of WPT seems to be very
high and the other disadvantage of the concept is interference of
microwave with present communication systems

12.BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF
WITRICITY
Common beliefs fear the effect of microwave radiation. But the studies in

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this domain repeatedly proves that the microwave radiation level would be
never higher than the dose received while opening the microwave oven
door, meaning it is slightly higher than the emissions created by cellular
telephones. Cellular telephones operate with power densities at or below
the ANSI/IEEE exposure standards [18]. Thus public exposure to WPT
fields would also be below existing safety guidelines.

13.WITIRICITY APPLICATIONS
WiTricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide
variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to
transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products
by making them more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.
WiTricity technology can be used to provide:

 DirectWirelessPower—when allthepower a deviceneedsis

providedwirelessly and no batteries are required. This mode is for a
device that is always used within range of its WiTricity power source.
 Automatic Wireless Charging —when a device with rechargeable
batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a
power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device
that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power
source. WiTricity technology is designed for Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEM‘s) to embed directly in their products and
systems.
WiTricity technology will make your products:
More Convenient
 No manual recharging or changing batteries.
 Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.
More Reliable
 Never run out of battery power.
 Reduce product failure rates by fixing the weakest link‘: flexing
wiring.
More Environmentally Friendly

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 Reduce use of disposable batteries.

 Use efficient electric grid power‘ directly instead of inefficient battery
charging.

14.FREQUENTLY ASKING QUESTIONS

The concept being so new and innovative brings in so many questions.
Hereafter, some questionsare being answered on the basis of study done on
the topic and relevant topics.
Is WiTricity technology safe?
Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and
receiver do not hinder the transmission of power. WiTricity technology is a
non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic
near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms—
people and animals—and are scientifically regarded to be safe.WiTricity
products are being designed to comply with applicable safety standards
and regulations.
Howmuchpower canbe transferred?
Till now, Scientists has been able to transfer more than 60W power. The
technology by itself is capable of scaling from applications requiring mill
watts to those requiring several kilowatts of power.
Over what distance can WiTricity technology transfer power?
WiTricity technology is designed for ―mid-range‖ distances, which we
consider to be anywhere from a centimeter to several meters. The actual
operating range for a given application is determined by many factors,
including power source and capture device sizes, desired efficiency, and the
amount of power to be transferred.
HowefficientisWiTricitytechnology?
The power transfer efficiency of a WiTricity solution depends on the
relative sizes of the power source andcapture devices, and on the distance
between the devices. Maximum efficiency is achieved when the devicesare
relatively close to one another, and can exceed 95%.

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15.WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF

WITRICITY
MIT's WiTricit is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they
have to be twice as efficient tocompete with the traditional chemical
batteries. The team's next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a
laptopworking, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even
robots on factory floors.Theresearchers are also currently working on the
health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to
five years‘ time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial
use.
“WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live.Imagine
cellphones, laptops, digital camera’s getting self-charged! Engineers have
got job on hand to research and commercialize the technology. Till then, it
is a wait in anticipation”

16.CONCLUSION
The concept of Wireless Power Transmission system is presented. The
technological developments in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT), the
advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and applications of WPT are
also discussed. The system provides conclusive evidence that despite the
absence of an antenna of suitable directivity, a sizeable amount of power
can be wirelessly transmitted over short distances. The next step in the
development of this system is to design and build a helical transmitter and
receiver antenna system of suitable dimensions, which can increase the
distance of transmission by improving directivity and gain.
This concept offers greater possibilities for transmitting power with
negligible losses and ease of transmission than any invention or discovery
heretofore made. Dr. Neville of NASA states ―You don‘t need cables, pipes,
or copper wires to receive power. We can send it to you like a cell phone

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call – where you want it, when you want it, in real time‖. We can expect
with certitude that in next few years‘ wonders will be wrought by its
applications if all the conditions are favorable.

17.REFERENCES
[1] Nikola Tesla, ―The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires as
a Means for Furthering Peace, Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, p. 21,
1905.
[2] Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p.
91,1982.
[3] Thomas F. Valone, ― Tesla‘s Wireless Energy... For the 21st Century!!!
One Step Beyond Direct TV!!! Extra Ordinary Technology, 1, no. 4, Oct / Nov
/ Dec 2003.
[4] James O. McSpadden, ― Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration,
Texas A&M University, June, 1997.
[5] Thomas W. Benson , ― Wireless transmission of power now possible,
News Letter, pp1118 –9, March , 1920.
[6] Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), ― System and method for wireless
electrical power transmission, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004.
[7] Joe T. Howell, et. al , ―Advanced receiver / converter experiments for
laser wireless power transmission 5th. Wireless transmission conference,
pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain,2004.
[8] Nikola Tesla, ― The true wireless, Electrical Experiments ,May, 1919.
[9] Toby Grotz, Wireless transmission of power, Courtesy of the Tesla BBS
at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.
[10] L.Umanand and S.R.Bhat, ―Design of Magnetic Components for
Switched Mode Power Converters, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1992.
[11] Zinn and Semiatin, "Coil Design and fabrication", Heat Treating, p. 32-
36, June 1988.
[12] IRF840 datasheet, Fairchild Semiconductor, p. 1-2, January 2002.

[13] IRFPG50 datasheet, International Rectifier, p. 1-2, October 1997.

[14] SG3524 datasheet, Philips Semiconductors, p.1-2, August 1994.

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