ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-MEKELLE

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMMPUTER ENGINEERING

SEMESTER PROJECT ON:

Design &Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for
Handheld Cell Phones

BSc in Electrical and Computer Engineering With specialization in

Electronics & Communication

Submitted by
Group Member Id.No.
1. Ajebush Tikuye 261478
2. Meaza Gezahegn 262498
3. Dawit G/wahid 161823
4. Nigus Menasbo 162772

Supervised by: INS.Munira Ahmed

July 01, 2017
 DECLARATION
WE, the undersigned, declare that the work which is being presented in the project entitle,
“Design & Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Handheld Cell Phones”

The requirements of the bachelor degree of engineering in communication submitted to

electronics and communication stream chair school of electrical and computer engineering,
Mekelle University, is an authentic record of our own work carried out under supervisor of
Mrs.Munira Ahmed .

Submitted by:

NAME OF STUDENTS SIGNATURE

1. AJEBUSH TIKUYE ________________________

2. MEAZA GEZAHEGN __________________________

3. DAWIT G/WAHID _________________________

4. NIGUS MINASBO _________________________

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 ACKNOLEDGMENTS
Before we get into the thick of things, we present our whole hearted compliments, with higher
regards and warm thanks to one and all, who were the bone behind the sinews of this project. We
wish to express sincere gratitude to our lord because without his support we are nothing, and this
project would not have finished yet by only our strength.

The last but not the least parts that have a great role in our project are our families. So, we would
like to thank our families they give us a great strength and support, and they are also always
standing besides us.

We would like to thank Dr.Mohammed Ismail for his support and tell us how to do our project
Instructor Merkebu Tekaw, Instructor Tekle Brhane and Mr. Abram Grmay,he help us how to
simulate in HFSS.

Lastly we are thankful for our group for our interaction and cooperation to do this project.

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 ABSTRACT
Micro strip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless applications due to
their low-profile structure, Light weight& low volume, low fabrication cost, hence can be
manufactured in large quantities. Therefore they are extremely compatible for embedded
antennas in handheld wireless devices.

In this project the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed for operating frequency of
1.9 GHZ and the substrate used is FR4 epoxy having low dielectric constant of 4.4, dielectric
loss tangent of 0.002& the substrate thickness is 1.6mm. The sizes of the patch, the substrate
(ground plane), the gap & the feed line are calculated using transmission line model (MATLAB)
&simulated by HFSS.

This design is used to obtain the most suitable configuration in terms of desired values of RL,
VSWR, and bandwidth by using r=4.4 and varying the length inset feed. We get the RL is –
23.8282 dB, VSWR is 1.1376 this indicates there is no losses, the gain is unity (0dB), the
directivity is 2.2291 and the BW is 125.1MHZ by using the inset feed line is 9.8291mm. When
the inset feed line decreases to 8mm the RL is -15.0769 dB, VSWR is 1.4280 and the BW
is78.6MHZ. Therefore the BW is enhanced from 78.6MHZ to 125.1MHZ.

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 Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... iii
Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... iv
Lists of figures ............................................................................................................................................ vii
Lists of tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background Of The Study .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Literature Review................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Statement Of The Problem.................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2Specific Objective ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6. Project Organization .......................................................................................................................... 4
CHPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 5
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 INTODUCTION TO ANTENNAS............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 TYPES OF ANTENNAS ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 RADIATION MECHANISM ................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Fundamental parameters of antennas ............................................................................................ 8
2.1.3.1 Radiation Pattern ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3.2 RADIATION POWER DENSITY ......................................................................................... 12
2.1.3.3 RADIATION INTENSITY ............................................................................................................ 12
2.1.3.4 Directivity ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3.5 Gain ......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3.6 Antenna Efficiency ................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.3.7 Input Impedance...................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.3.8 Polarization ............................................................................................................................. 15

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 2.1. 3.9 Beamwidth ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.3.10 Bandwidth ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.1.3.11 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ................................................................................ 16
2.1.3.12 Return Loss (RL) .................................................................................................................. 18
2.2 INTRODUCTION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS ......................................................... 18
2.2.1 Feed Techniques ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.2.1.1) Microstrip Line Feed ............................................................................................................. 20
2.2.1.2 Coaxial Feed ........................................................................................................................... 21
2.2.1. 3 Aperture Coupled Feed .......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.1.4 Proximity Coupled Feed ......................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Methods of Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.2.1Transmission Line Model ......................................................................................................... 25
2.2.2.2Cavity Model ............................................................................................................................ 28
2.2.2.3Full Wave Solutions-Method of Moments............................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 31
SYSTEM MODEL AND SIMULATION ............................................................................................................ 31
3.1 Design Specifications........................................................................................................................ 31
3.2 Design Procedure Using Transmission Line Model ......................................................................... 32
3.3 Simulations ....................................................................................................................................... 35
3.3.1Matlab Simulation To Calculate The Design Parameter ............................................................. 35
3.3.2 HFSS DESIGN MODEL ................................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 38
4.1 Return Loss and Antenna Bandwidth Calculation and VSWR ........................................................... 39
4.2 Comparisons the reference (design A) and the proposed antenna (design B) in terms of VSWR, RL,
and BW .................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.3 RADIATION PATERN OF DESIGN B .......................................................................................... 46
4.3.1 GAIN: ........................................................................................................................................ 46
4.3.2 DRICTIVITY ............................................................................................................................. 47
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 49
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ............................................................................................................. 49
5.1 CONCULUSION .............................................................................................................................. 49

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 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE.............................................................................................................................. 49
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 50
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 51

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 Lists of figures
Figure 2.1: Radiation lobes and beam widths of an antenna pattern ........................................................ 10
Figure 2.2: Antenna field regions ................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 2.3: Three- and two-dimensional power patterns (in linear scale) of U (θ) = ( ) (3 ) ..... 16
Figure 2.4: Equivalent circuit of transmitting antenna ............................................................................... 17
Figure 2.5: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna .................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.6: Microstrip Line Feed ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.7: Probe fed Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna ................................................................... 22
Figure 2.8: Aperture-coupled feed ............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 2.9: Proximity-coupled Feed ............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 2.10: microsrip line ......................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.11: Electric field lines ................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2.12: Microstrip Patch Antenna ....................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.13: Top View of Antenna and Side View of Antenna .................................................................... 27
Figure 3.1: The overall flowchart ................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 3.2: Perspective view of the proposed rectangular patch antenna with full ground plane ............ 32
Figure 3.3: Front view of the proposed patch antenna with full ground plane ......................................... 33
Figure 3.4: the model for the proposed design using HFSS ........................................................................ 36
Figure 4.1: RL versus Frequency (GHZ) plot ................................................................................................ 40
Figure 4.2: VSWR versus frequency (GHZ) .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 4.3: RL versus frequency (GHZ) plot ................................................................................................ 42
Figure 4.4: VSWR versus frequency (GHZ) plot........................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.6: VSWR comparisons for design A and design B ......................................................................... 45
Figure 4.7: Gain (dB) in 2D .......................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 4.8: gain (dimensionless) in 3D or polar plot ................................................................................... 46
Figure 4.9: Directivity (dimensionless) in 2D .............................................................................................. 47
Figure 4.10: directivity (dimensionless) in 3D or polar plot ........................................................................ 47

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 Lists of tables
Table 2.1: Comparing the different feed techniques……………………………………………24
Table 3.1: Optimized design parameters of the proposed antenna calculated using
MATLAB……………………………………………………………………………………....35
Table 4.1: RL, VSWR, BW, and other parameters comparisons of two designs of patch
antenna…………………………………………………………………………………………...42

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 Abbreviations
BW…………………………………………….Band Width
IEEE……………………………………………Institutes Of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
FNBW…………………………………………First Null Beamwidth
HPBW…………………………………………Half Power Beamwidith
HFSS………………………………………….High Frequency Simulation Software
MMIC……………………………………….....Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
MIC………………………………………….. ..Microwave Integrated Circuit
RL………………………………………………Return Loss
VSWR…………………………………………..Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Γ……..…………………………………………ReflectionCoefficient

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 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in the world of communication systems
today and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the
operation and fabrication of antennas. Therefore we are going to study and know about the
microstrip patch antenna.

Microstrip antennas are used in high-performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, and missile
applications, and also in mobile radio and wireless communications, where size, weight, cost,
performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile are constraints, low-profile antennas.
These antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, simple and
inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust when
mounted on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs. Major operational disadvantages of
micro strip antennas are their low efficiency, low power, high Q (sometimes in excess of 100),
poor polarization purity, poor scan performance, spurious feed radiation and very narrow
frequency bandwidth.

Mobile communication application: Mobile communication requires small, low-cost, low

profile antennas. Micro strip patch antenna meets all requirements and various types of micro
strip antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems.

Mobile phones antenna design

Mobile phones consist of several antennas for several purposes such as Wi-Fi antenna, GPS
antenna, low and high frequencies antennas.

GPS antenna is an omnidirectional small antenna with only receive mode that can be one of main
design’s considerations. The GPS antenna is placed on the top of the mobile phone to guarantee
best performance: that’s because the users hold the mobile phone vertically when they want
check current location for example, and in that case their hands will be on lower part of phone,
far from GPS antenna.

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Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antennas work by transmitting and receiving the electromagnetic waves
from the antenna to the receiver. They are one of the most useful services in the new smart
phones, Wi-Fi antenna is the smallest antenna could be finding in the mobile phones because it
works with the highest frequencies.

In case the primary antenna of the mobile phone does not cover the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
frequencies the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antenna integrated on the top of the phone close to the GPS
antenna due to the hand held of the user.

This project comprises the design of microstrip patch antenna for handheld cell phone.The
design focus on the rectangular shape of microstrip patch antenna using microstrip line feed and
transmission line model. The design is implemented by simulating software HFSS.HFSS
simulation shows s-parameters of design system, return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain, radiation
intensity and other antenna parameters.

1.2 Literature Review

To do this project we refer a number of projects, thesis, and different text book, for instance one
of from these thesis is [3] Punit S. Nakar, Thesis on Design of a compact microstrip patch
antenna for use in wireless (cellular devices), in Florida State University, 2004, from this thesis
we get many advantages, because this thesis deals with a compact microstrip patch antenna is
designed for use in a cellular phone at 1.9 GHz.

From [2] Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 3 rd
edition, 2005,and another text book we understand about antennas ,and microstrip patch antennas
applicable in many different application areas. As we see and observed from these references
microstrip patch antennas have many advantage, and also have some drawbacks such as narrow
bandwidth, low gain, and low efficiency. We are motivated to improve at least one fromthese
drawbacks, which is to enhance the narrow bandwidth.

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1.3 Statement Of The Problem
Despite the many advantages of microstrip patch antennas, they do have some considerable
drawbacks, there are narrow in bandwidth, low gain, low efficiency.

From those drawbacks we are motivated to study and understand the design of patch antenna in
order to enhance the narrow bandwidth mainly, and in addition to eliminate losses, and to
increase directivity(gain) by using the following techniques using lower permittivity substrate
,and increasing the substrate thickness.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 General Objective

To design, model and analyze a microstrip patch antenna for handheld cell phone or mobile
phones at a resonant frequency of 1.9GHZ.

1.4.2Specific Objective
 To design a microstrip patch antenna
 To model the designed microstrip patch antenna using HFSS.
 To analyze the performance of designed model in terms of VSWR, RL, gain, and
directivity.

1.5 Methodology
The main goal of this project is by studying the HFSS software to improve the bandwidth, to
increase gain and directivities. So we can achieve this goal by following the formal
methodologies:
 Literature review: we refer antenna theory and design 3rd edition, different thesis,
projects, and different HFSS tutorials.
 Mathematical modeling : using transmission line model and MATLAB
 Simulation of the mathematical models developed:
 Simulating the patch antenna by HFSS
 Analysis and Interpretation of the results: analysis of the results obtained.

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1.6. Project Organization
This project consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the introductory concepts, literature
review, problem of statement, objectives, and methodology used related to the project. Chapter 2
describes the theoretical basics of antenna, types of antennas, fundamentals parameters of
antenna. Chapter 3 describes the main part of this project; in this section definition of micro strip
patch antenna, feeding techniques and methods of analysis of microstrip patch antenna is
described. Chapter 4 deals with the microstrip patch antenna design, results and discussions.
Chapter 5 this is the last chapter of the project, and describes conclusions and future scope.

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 CHPTER 2
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS
2.1 INTODUCTION TO ANTENNAS
Antennas are metallic structures designed for radiating and receiving electromagnetic energy. An
antenna acts as a transitional structure between the guiding device (e.g. waveguide, transmission
line) and the free space.
The official IEEE definition of an antenna as given by Stutzman and Thiele [1] follows the
concept: “That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive
electromagnetic waves”.
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors

 Transmitter - Radiates electromagnetic energy into space

 Receiver - Collects electromagnetic energy from space
The antenna or aerial are a means for radiating or receiving radio waves. In other words the
antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device.

The guiding device or transmission line may take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe
(waveguide), and it is used to transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to
the antenna or from the antenna to the receiver. In the former case, we have a transmitting
antenna and in the latter a receiving antenna.

The losses due to the line, antenna, and the standing waves are undesirable. The standing waves
can be reduced, and the energy storage capacity of the line minimized, by matching the
impedance of the antenna (load) to the characteristic impedance of the line.

2.1.1 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

1. Wire Antennas

Wire antennas are familiar to the layman because they are seen virtually everywhere on
automobiles, buildings, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, and so on. There are various shapes of wire

5
antennas such as a straight wire (dipole), loop, and helix. Loop antennas need not only be
circular. They may take the form of a rectangle, square, ellipse, or any other configuration. The
circular loop is the most common because of its simplicity in construction.

2. Aperture Antennas

Aperture antennas may be more familiar to the layman today than in the past because of the
increasing demand for more sophisticated forms of antennas and the utilization of higher
frequencies. Antennas of this type are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications,
because they can be very conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of the aircraft or spacecraft.

Example: - Pyramidal horn

-conical horn
- Rectangular waveguide

3. Microstrip Antennas

These antennas consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. However, the rectangular and
circular patches are the most popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication, and their
attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation.

The microstrip antennas are low profile, comfortable to planar and non-planar surfaces, simple
and inexpensive to fabricate using modern printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust when
mounted on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs, and very versatile in terms of
resonant frequency, polarization, pattern, and impedance.

These antennas can be mounted on the surface of high-performance aircraft, spacecraft,

satellites, missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile telephones.

4. Array Antennas

Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a single
element. It may, however, be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in an electrical and
geometrical arrangement (an array) will result in the desired radiation characteristics. The
arrangement of the array may be such that the radiation from the element adds up to give a

6
radiation maximum ina particular direction or directions, minimum in others, or otherwise as
desired.

5. Reflector Antennas

Because of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated forms of antennas had to
be used in order to transmit and receive signals that had to travel millions of miles. A very
common antenna form for such an application is a parabolic reflector. Antennas of this type have
been built with diameters as large as 305 m. Such large dimensions are needed to achieve the
high gain required to transmit or receive signals after millions of miles of travel. Another form of
a reflector, although not as common as the parabolic, is the corner reflector.

6. Lens Antennas

Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident divergent energy to prevent it from spreading in
undesired directions. By properly shaping the geometrical configuration and choosing the
appropriate material of the lenses, they can transform various forms of divergent energy into
plane waves.

2.1.2 RADIATION MECHANISM

If the wire is of length l, then
l =l =l
This is the basic relation between current and charge, and it also serves as the fundamental
relation of electromagnetic radiation. It simply states that to create radiation, there must be a
time-varying current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge.

To create charge acceleration (or deceleration) the wire must be curved, bent, discontinuous, or
terminated.

Periodic charge acceleration (or deceleration) or time-varying current is also created when
charge is oscillating in a time-harmonic motion, as for a λ/2 dipole. Therefore:

1. If a charge is not moving, current is not created and there is no radiation.

2. If charge is moving with a uniform velocity:

7
a. There is no radiation if the wire is straight and infinite in extent.

b. There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated, or truncated.

3. If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the wire is straight.

2.1.3 Fundamental parameters of antennas

2.1.3.1 Radiation Pattern
The antenna radiation pattern, or antenna pattern, is defined as ``a mathematical function or a
graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space
coordinates”. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, phase or polarization.

A trace of received electric or magnetic field at a constant radius is called amplitude pattern. A
graph of the spatial variation of the power density along a constant radius is called an amplitude
power pattern. The radiation pattern can be presented in two forms:

 Azimuth Pattern
 Elevation Pattern
The top view of the energy radiated by an antenna is known as Azimuth Pattern while the
graphical side view is called an Elevation.

Following Are Some Important Terms For An Antenna:

Field Pattern (in linear scale): represents a plot of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic
field as a function of angular space.
Power Pattern (in linear): typically represents a plot of the square of the magnitude of the
electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
Power Pattern (in decibels): represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field in
decibels, as a function of the angular space.
Radiation Pattern Lobes
Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as lobes, which may be sub classified into
major or main, minor, side, and back lobes.

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A Radiation Lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak
radiation intensity.”

A Major Lobe (also called main beam) is defined as “the radiation lobe containing the direction
of maximum radiation. In some antennas, such as split-beam antennas, there may exist more than
one major lobe. A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe. All the lobes with the exception of
the major can be classified as minor lobes.

A Side Lobe is “a radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe.” (Usually a side
lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in the direction of the main beam.)
A back lobe a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a direction opposite to that of the
major (main) lobe.

Isotropic, Directional, and Omni directional Patterns

An Isotropic Radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
directions.” It is often taken as a reference for expressing the directive properties of actual
antennas.

A Directional Antenna is one “having the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic

waves more effectively in some directions than in others.

Omni Directional is defined as one “having an essentially non directional pattern in a given
plane (in this case in azimuth) and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane (in this case in
elevation).” An omnidirectional pattern is then a special type of a directional pattern.

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 Figure 2.1: Radiation lobes and beam widths of an antenna pattern

Field Regions

The field patterns, associated with an antenna, change with distance and are associated with two
types of energy: - radiating energy and reactive energy. Hence, the space surrounding an antenna
can be divided into three regions.

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 Figure 2.2: Antenna field regions

The three regions are:

Reactive Near-Field Region: In this region, the reactive field dominates. The reactive energy
oscillates towards and away from the antenna, thus appearing as reactance. In this region, energy
is only stored and no energy is dissipated. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance
R1, where R1is the distance from the antenna surface, D is the largest dimension of the antenna
and λ is the wavelength.

Radiating Near-Field Region (also called Fresnel region): This is the region which lies
between the reactive near-field region and the far field region. Reactive fields are smaller in this
field as compared to the reactive near-field region and the radiation fields dominate. In this
region, the angular field distribution is a function of the distance from the antenna. The

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outermost boundary for this region is at a distance R2, where R2is the distance from the antenna
surface.

Far-Field Region (also called Fraunhofer region): The region beyond R2is the far field region.
In this region, the reactive fields are absent and only the radiation fields exist. The angular field
distribution is not dependent on the distance from the antenna in this region and the power
density varies as the inverse square of the radial distance in this region.

2.1.3.2 RADIATION POWER DENSITY

The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic wave is the
instantaneous poynting vector defined as:

= instantaneous pointing vector ( )

𝓔= instantaneous electric field intensity ( ⁄ )
ℋ= instantaneous magnetic field intensity ( ⁄ )
The Pointing vector is a power density, the total power crossing a closedSurface can be obtained

∯ ∯ ^

Ῥ=instantaneous total power (W)

ˆn = unit vector normal to the surface
da= infinitesimal area of the closed surface
The time average Pointing vector (average power density) can be written as
( ) [ ( )] = Re[E ]

2.1.3.3 RADIATION INTENSITY

Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an antenna per
unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can be obtained by
simply multiplying the radiation density by the square of the distance.

In mathematical form it is expressed as

U=

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The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity, as given in the above equation,
over the entire solid angle of 4π.
∫ ∫
For anisotropic source U will be independent of the angles θ and φ, as was the case for Wrad.
Thus can be written as
=∯ d𝛺 = ∯ 𝛺4
The radiation intensity of an isotropic source as

2.1.3.4 Directivity
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity averaged over all
directions.

Mathematically directivity can be expressed as

D=

The directivity of a non-isotropic source is equal to the ratio of the its radiation intensity in a
given direction over that of isotropic source

The partial directivity of an antenna for a given polarization is, the part of the radiation intensity
corresponding to that polarization, divided by the total radiation intensity averaged over all
directions.
For the partial directivity, then in a given direction “the total directivity is the sum of the partial
directivities for any two orthogonal polarizations.”
=

2.1.3.5 Gain
The gain of the antenna is related to the directivity of the antenna. Gain takes into account the
directional capabilities as well as the efficiency of the antenna.

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The gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “the ratio of the intensity, in a given
direction, to the radiation intensity that would result if the power fed to the antenna were radiated
isotropically”.
( )
Gain= 4 =4

2.1.3.6 Antenna Efficiency

The total antenna efficiency eo is used to take into account losses at the input terminals of the
antenna. Such losses may be caused by:

 Reflections because of the mismatch between transmission line and antenna.

 I2R losses (conductive and dielectric).

In general, overall efficiency can be written as:

Since ec and ed are difficult to separate, they are lumped together to form the ecd efficiency
which is given as:

Ecd is called as the antenna radiation efficiency and is defined as the ratio of the power delivered
to the radiation resistance Rr, to the power delivered to Rr and RL .

2.1.3.7 Input Impedance

The impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to current at a
pair of terminals.

ZA = RA + jXA

RA is the real part and XA is the imaginary part. The resistive part relates to the power
dissipation, while the imaginary (reactive) part relates to power stored in the near field of the
antenna.

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2.1.3.8 Polarization
The polarization is the orientation of the electric field far from the source. It describes the time-
varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector. Polarization for an antenna
in a given direction is defined as the polarization of the E-field transmitted (radiated) by the
antenna.

The polarization of a wave radiated by an antenna, in a specified direction, at a point in the far
field, is defined as the polarization of the plane wave which is used to represent the radiated
wave at that point.

Polarization may be classified as linear, circular, elliptical, circular left hand, circular right hand,
elliptical right and elliptical left hand.

2.1. 3.9 Beamwidth

The beam width of an antenna is defined as the angular separation between two identical points
on opposite sides of the pattern maximum. There are a number of beamwidths in the antenna
pattern.
Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW), which is defined by IEEE as: “In a plane containing the
direction of the maximum of a beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half value of the beam.”
First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW)is the angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern.

15
Figure 2.3: Three- and two-dimensional power patterns (in linear scale) of U (θ) =
( ) (3 )

2.1.3.10 Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as “the range of frequencies within which the
performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified
standard”. The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of frequencies on either side of the
center frequency where the antenna characteristics are close to those at the center frequency.

The bandwidth of a broadband antenna can be defined as the ratio of the upper to lower
frequencies of acceptable operation. The bandwidth of a narrowband antenna can be defined as
the percentage of the frequency difference over the center frequency.

( ) [ ] 100

2.1.3.11 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

16
 Figure 2.4: Equivalent circuit of transmitting antenna

Maximum power transfer can take place only when the impedance of the antenna (Zin) is
matched to that of the transmitter (Zs). According to the maximum power transfer theorem,
maximum power can be transferred only if the impedance of the transmitter is a complex
conjugate of the impedance of the antenna under consideration and vice-versa.

Thus, the condition for matching is:

Where

If the condition for matching is not satisfied, then some of the power maybe reflected back and
this leads to the creation of standing waves, which can be characterized by a parameter called as
the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
| |
VSWR= | |

𝚪= =

Where Γ is called the reflection coefficient

Vr is the amplitude of the reflected wave
Vi is the amplitude of the incident wave

17
The VSWR is basically a measure of the impedance mismatch between the transmitter and the
antenna. The higher the VSWR, the greater is the mismatch. The minimum VSWR which
corresponds to a perfect match is unity. A practical antenna design should have an input
impedance of either 50 Ω or 75 Ω since most radio equipment is built for this impedance.

2.1.3.12 Return Loss (RL)

The Return Loss (RL) is a parameter which indicates the amount of power that is “lost” to the
load and does not return as a reflection.
RL= -20

2.2 INTRODUCTION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

In its most basic form, a Micro strip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a
dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side.

The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any
possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate.

Figure 2.5: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna

18
The shapes of the patch are generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or
some other common shape .we chooses the rectangular one.

For a rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually 0.3333 λo<L <0.5λ o where λo is the
free-space wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that t << λo(where t is the patch
thickness). The height h of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 λo ≤ h ≤ 0.05λo. The
dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) is typically in the range 2.2 ≤εr ≤ 12 .

Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the patch edge
and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low
dielectric constant is desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better
radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In order to design a
compact microstrip patch antenna, higher dielectric constants must be used which are less
efficient and result in narrower bandwidth. Hence a compromise must be reached between
antenna dimensions and antenna performance.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Patch Antennas

Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless applications due to
their low-profile structure. Therefore they are extremely compatible for embedded antennas in
handheld wireless devices such as cellular phones, pagers etc... The telemetry and
communication antennas on missiles need to be thin and conformal and are often Microstrip
patch antennas.

Some of their principal Advantages of microstrip patch antennas are given below:

 Light weight and low volume.

 Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface.
 Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
 Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
 Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
 Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
 Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
Some of their major Disadvantages are given below:

19
  Narrow bandwidth
 Low efficiency
 Low Gain
 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions
 Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas
 Low power handling capacity.
 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions
 Surface wave excitation

Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna quality factor (Q). Q represents the losses
associated with the antenna and a large Q leads to narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. Q can
be reduced by increasing the thickness of the dielectric substrate. But as the thickness increases,
an increasing fraction of the total power delivered by the source goes into a surface wave. This
surface wave contribution can be counted as an unwanted power loss since it is ultimately
scattered at the dielectric bends and causes degradation of the antenna characteristics.

2.2.1 Feed Techniques

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. These methods can be classified
into two categories- contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting method, the RF power is
fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element such as a microstrip line.

In the non-contacting scheme, electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power between
the microstrip line and the radiating patch. The four most popular feed techniques used are the
microstrip line, coaxial probe both are contacting schemes, aperture coupling and proximity
coupling both are non-contacting schemes

2.2.1.1) Microstrip Line Feed

In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the
microstrip patch. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the patch and this kind
of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to
provide a planar structure.

20
 Figure 2.6: Microstrip Line Feed

The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch
without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling
the inset position. Hence this is an easy feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and
simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching. However as the thickness of the dielectric
substrate being used, increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation also increases, which
hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized
radiation.

2.2.1.2 Coaxial Feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Micro strip patch
antennas. As seen from Figure 2.7, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through
the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the
ground plane.

21
 Figure 2.7: Probe fed Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna
The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired
location inside the patch in order to match with its input impedance. This feed method is easy to
fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, its major disadvantage is that it provides
narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the
connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick
substrates ( h >0.02λo ). Also, for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes the input
impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems.

2.2.1. 3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the microstrip feed line are separated by
the ground plane as shown in Figure. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made
through a slot or an aperture in the ground plane.

22
 Figure 2.8: Aperture-coupled feed
The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower cross polarization due
to symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is
determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane separates the
patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized. Generally, a high dielectric material is
used for the bottom substrate and a thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top
substrate to optimize radiation from the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed technique is
that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness.
This feeding scheme also provides narrow bandwidth.

2.2.1.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme; the two
dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between the two substrates and the
radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The main advantage of this feed technique is that
it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides very high bandwidth (as high as 13%), due to
overall increase in the thickness of the microstrip patch antenna. This scheme also provides
choices between two different dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to
optimize the individual performances.

23
 Figure 2.9: Proximity-coupled Feed

Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width-to-line ratio of
the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult to fabricate because of
the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment. Also, there is an increase in the overall
thickness of the antenna.

Table 3.1: Comparing the different feed techniques

Characteristics Microstrip Line Coaxial Feed Aperture Proximity
Feed coupled Feed coupled Feed

Spurious feed More More Less Minimum

Radiation

Reliability Better Poor due to Good Good

Soldering

Ease of Easy Soldering and Alignment Alignment

Fabrication drilling needed Required Required

Bandwidth 2-5% 2-5% 2-5% 13%

(achieved with
impedance
matching)

24
2.2.2 Methods of Analysis
The most popular models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the transmission line
model, cavity model, and full wave model (which include primarily integral equations/Moment
Method). The transmission line model is the simplest of all and it gives good physical insight but
it is less accurate. The cavity model is more accurate and gives good physical insight but is
complex in nature.

The full wave models are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and
infinite arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. In this project
transmission line model is used as method of analysis.

2.2.2.1Transmission Line Model

This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height h, separated by
a transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a non homogeneous line of two
dielectrics, typically the substrate and air.

Figure 2.10: microsrip line

Figure 2.11: Electric field lines

As shown figure above, most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of some
lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure transverse electric-magnetic
(TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities would be different in the air and the
substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode. Hence, an
effective dielectric constant (εreff) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and the

25
wave propagation in the line. The value of εreffis slightly less then εr because the fringing fields
around the periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread
in the air.

The expression for εreffis given by

* +

Where εreff = Effective dielectric constant

εr = Dielectric constant of substrate
h = Height of dielectric substrate
W = Width of the patch

For a rectangular microstrip patch antenna of length L , width W resting on a substrate of height
h , the co-ordinate axis is selected such that the length is along the x direction, width is along the
y direction and the height is along the Z direction is in the figure bellow:

Figure 2.12: Microstrip Patch Antenna

In order to operate in the fundamental TM10 mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less
than λ / 2 where λ is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to λo/ where λo is
the free space wavelength. TheTM10mode implies that the field varies one λ / 2 cycles along the
length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch. In the Figure 2.13 shown below,
the microstrip patch antenna is represented by two slots, separated by a transmission line of

26
length L and open circuited at both the ends. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is
maximum and current is minimum due to the open ends. The fields at the edge scan be resolved
into normal and tangential components with respect to the ground plane.

Figure 2.13: Top View of Antenna and Side View of Antenna

It is seen from Fig b that the normal components of the electric field at the two edges along the
width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is λ / 2 long and hence they
cancel each other in the broadside direction. The tangential components (seen in Fig 2.13), which
are in phase, means that the resulting fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to
the surface of the structure. Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating
slots, which are λ / 2 apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground
plane. The fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the
patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions.

The dimensions of the patch along its length have now been extended on each end by a distance
ΔL,

27
 ( )( )
( )( )

The effective length of the patch Leff now becomes:

For a given resonance frequency f o, the effective length is given by:

For a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any TM mn mode is
given by:

[( ) ( ) ]
√

Where: m and n are modes along L and W respectively.

For efficient radiation, the width W is given by:

W=
√

2.2.2.2Cavity Model
Microstrip antennas resemble dielectric-loaded cavities, and they exhibit higher order
resonances. The normalized fields within the dielectric substrate (between the patch and the
ground plane) can be found more accurately by treating that region as a cavity bounded by
electric conductors (above and below it) and by magnetic walls (to simulate an open circuit)
along the perimeter of the patch. This is an approximate model, which in principle leads to a
reactive input impedance (of zero or infinite value of resonance), and it does not radiate any
power. However, assuming that the actual fields are approximate to those generated by such a
model, the computed pattern, input admittance, and resonant frequencies compare well with
measurements. This is an accepted approach, and it is similar to the perturbation methods which
have been very successful in the analysis of waveguides, cavities, and radiators. To shed some
insight into the cavity model, let us attempt to present a physical interpretation in to the

28
formation of the fields within the cavity and radiation through its side walls. When the microstrip
patch is energized, a charge distribution is established on the upper and lower surfaces of the
patch, as well as on the surface of the ground plane, as shown in Figure below. The charge
distribution is controlled by two mechanisms; an attractive and a repulsive mechanism. The
attractive mechanism is between the corresponding opposite charges on the bottom side of the
patch and the ground plane, which tends to maintain the charge concentration on the bottom of
the patch.

Figure2. 14: Charge distribution and current density creation on microstrip patch

The repulsive mechanism is between like charges on the bottom surface of the patch, which
tends to push some charges from the bottom of the patch, around its edges, to its top surface. The
movement of these charges creates corresponding current densities J band Jt, at the bottom and
top surfaces of the patch, respectively, as shown in above. Since for most practical microstrips
the height-to-width ratio is very small, the attractive mechanism dominates and most of the
charge concentration and current flow remain underneath the patch. This model produces good
normalized electric and magnetic field distributions (modes) beneath the patch. If the microstrip
antenna were treated only as a cavity, it would not be sufficient to find the absolute amplitudes of
the electric and magnetic fields. In fact by treating the walls of the cavity, as well as the material
within it as lossless, the cavity would not radiate and its input impedance would be purely
reactive. Also the function representing the impedance would only have real poles. To account
for radiation, a loss mechanism has to be introduced. These two resistances (the radiation
resistance Rr and loss resistance RL) allow the input impedance to be complex and for its
function to have complex poles; the imaginary poles representing, through R rand RL, the

29
radiation and conduction-dielectric losses. To make the microstrip lossy using the cavity model,
which would then represent an antenna, the loss is taken into account by introducing an
effsective loss tangent δeff. The effective loss tangent is chosen appropriately to represent the
loss mechanism of the cavity, which now behaves as an antenna and is taken as the reciprocal of
the antenna quality factor Q (δeff = 1/Q)

Because the thickness of the microstrip is usually very small, the waves generated within the
dielectric substrate (between the patch and the ground plane) undergo considerable reflections
when they arrive at the edge of the patch. Therefore only a small fraction of the incident energy
is radiated; thus the antenna is considered to be very inefficient.

2.2.2.3Full Wave Solutions-Method of Moments

One of the methods, that provide the full wave analysis for the microstrip patch antenna, is the
Method of Moments. In this method, the surface currents are used to model the microstrip patch
and the volume polarization currents are used to model the fields in the dielectric slab. It has
been shown by Newman and Tulyathan how an integral equation is obtained for these unknown
currents and using the Method of Moments, these electric field integral equations are converted
into matrix equations which can then be solved by various techniques of algebra to provide the
result. A brief overview of the Moment Method described by Harrington is given below. The
basic form of the equation to be solved by the Method of Moment is:

F(g) = h , where F is a known linear operator, g is an unknown function, and h is the source or
excitation function. The aim here is to find g, when F and h are known. The unknown function

g can be expanded as a linear combination of N terms to give:

g=∑ ngn= a1g1+ a2g2+……+aNgN

Where an is an unknown constant and n g is a known function usually called a basis or

expansion function. Substituting equations and using the linearity property of the operator F, we
can write

∑ nF(gn)=h

30
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM MODEL AND SIMULATION

In this chapter, the procedure for designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is explained.
Next, a compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed for use in cellular phones.
Finally, simulating using HFSS. Figure 3.1 shows the overall flowchart of the work in this
project.

Start

Design Specification

Modeling the Patch antenna

Evaluating the performance of

the Patch antenna

Conclusion

End

Figure 3.1: The overall flowchart

3.1 Design Specifications

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna are:

• Frequency of operation ( ): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected

appropriately. The Personal Communication System (PCS) uses the frequency range from 1850-
1990 MHz. Hence the antenna designed must be able to operate in this frequency range. The
resonant frequency selected for this design is 1.9 GHz.

31
• Dielectric constant of the substrate ( ): The dielectric material selected for this design is FR4
epoxy which has a dielectric constant of 4.4. A substrate with a low dielectric constant has been
selected since it improves the bandwidth of the antenna.

• Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the microstrip patch antenna to be used in cellular
phones, it is essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence, the height of the dielectric substrate is
selected as 1.6 mm.

Hence, the essential parameters for the design are:

f o= 1.9 GHZ
=4.4
h=1.6mm

3.2 Design Procedure Using Transmission Line Model

Figure 3.2: Perspective view of the proposed rectangular patch antenna with full ground plane

32
 Figure 3.3: Front view of the proposed patch antenna with full ground plane

Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W):

The width of the Microstrip patch antenna is given as:

W=
√

Substituting c = 3* , = 1.9* HZ , = 4.4

W = 48.04858mm = 48mm
Step 2: Calculation of Effective dielectric constant (εreff):
The effective dielectric constant is:

* +

Substituting = 4.4, h=1.6mm , W = 48mm

=4.365
Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length ( Leff):
The effective length is:

33
Substituting =4.365, c = 3* , = 1.9* HZ
=37.787mm
Step 4: Calculation of the length extension (ΔL):
The length extension is:
( )( )
( )( )

Substituting h=1.6mm , W = 48mm, =4.365

= 0.73537mm
Step 5: Calculation of actual length of patch (L):
The actual length is obtained by:

L=
L = 37.787mm-2*0.73537mm
L=36.3mm = 36mm
Step 6: Calculation of the ground plane dimensions ( ):
The transmission line model is applicable to infinite ground planes only. However, for practical
considerations, it is essential to have a finite ground plane. It has been shown by [2] that similar
results for finite and infinite ground plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane is
greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness all around
the periphery. Hence, for this design, the ground plane dimensions would be given as:
= 6h + L = 6*1.6mm + 36mm = 45.6mm
= 6h + W = 6*1.6mm + 48mm = 57.6
Step 7: Determination of Inset feed depth (y0):
An inset-fed type feed is to be used in this design. As shown in Figure 4.1, the feed depth is
given by y0. The feed point must be located at that point on the patch, where the input
impedance is 50 ohms for the resonant frequency. Hence, a trial and error method is used to
locate the feed point.
(y = y 0) = (y = 0) (π*y0/L)
Where, (y=0) = 0.5 / (G1 ± G12)

34
 ( )
{
( )

( )
= ∫ [ ] ( )

Assuming that the characteristic impedance of 50 Ω.

Where
(y=y0) =50Ω
We get: y0 = 9.8291mm

3.3 Simulations
The software used to model and simulate the microstrip patch antenna is HFSS. It has been
widely used in the design of MICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless
antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the parameters, VSWR, and the radiation
patterns.

3.3.1Matlab Simulation To Calculate The Design Parameter

Table 3.1: Optimized design parameters of the proposed antenna calculated using MATLAB
NO Parameter Value
1 Substrate dielectric constant, 4.4
2 Dielectric loss tangent 0.02
3 Substrate thickness, h (mm) 1.6
4 Ground plane length, 49.8966
5 Ground plane width, 57.6458
6 Patch length, L (mm) 40.2966
7 Patch width, W (mm) 48.0458
8 Width of feed, ωo (mm) 2
9 Inset feed line, (mm) 9.8291
10 Inset gap, G (mm) 0.74705

35
3.3.2 HFSS DESIGN MODEL
By using the above parameters we design the microstrip patch antenna for handheld cell phones
at the operating frequency of 1.9GHZ in the HFSS, and we finally get the design model as shown
in figure below.

Figure 3.4: the model for the proposed design using HFSS

36
37
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

38
In this chapter, the results obtained from the HFSS simulations are demonstrated, from these
results RL, VSWR, the radiation pattern plot that means the gain and directivity are discussed.

4.1 Return Loss and Antenna Bandwidth Calculation and VSWR

The proposed antenna consists of rectangular patch etched on top of the substrate and a ground
plane on the other side. The parametric studies have been performed by using Parameter Sweep
option in HFSS to obtain the suitable position and width of the ground plane.
We will observed that the changing dimension, length and position of the inset-feed or feed line,
and gap cause noticeable changes in antenna performance; that means improved bandwidth and
decreased return loss which indicated better impedance matching.
Bandwidth is calculated in the s-parameter plot or RL graph at -10dB, which is the range
frequency between higher and lower frequency and the operating frequency is placed at the
center.
BW =

FOR DESIGN A:
When the inset feed line is 8mm the remaining design parameters are the same to the
proposed antenna design. This is used as reference to compare the RL, VSWR, and bandwidth
with the original design or design B.

39
 Name X Y XY Plot 1 Best1 ANSOFT

m0.00
1 1.9000 -15.0769 Curve Info
m2 1.9399 -9.9231 dB(St(1,1))
m3 1.8613 -9.9231 Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
dB(St(1,1))

-8.00

m3 m2
-10.00

-12.00

-14.00
m1

-15.75
0.65 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 3.65
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.1: RL versus Frequency (GHZ) plot

Name X Y XY Plot 2 Best1 ANSOFT

300.00
m1 1.9000 1.4280 Curve Info
VSWRt(1)
Setup1 : Sw eep

250.00

200.00
VSWRt(1)

150.00

100.00

50.00

m1
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.2: VSWR versus frequency (GHZ)

40
41
The center frequency is selected as the one at which the return loss is minimum.
In figure 4.1 the best result of return loss from S-parameter is m1= –15.0769 dB at resonant
frequency 1.9 GHz, = 4.4, and h=1.6mm.
The bandwidth (BW) is the range of frequency from maximum to lower at the RL of -10dB.
BW= m2-m3 = 1.9399GHZ – 1.8613GHZ = 0.0786GHZ = 78.6MHZ. This is used as a
reference.
Figure 4.2, VSWR = 1.4280 at 1.9 GHZ, this VSWR is acceptable because which is in the
range between 1 and 2.

FOR DESIGN B:
The original design when the inset feed line length is 9.8291mm.

Name X Y XY Plot 1 Best ANSOFT

m10.00 1.9628 -9.9483 Curve Info

m2 1.8377 -10.0129 dB(St(1,1))
m3 1.9000 -23.8282 Setup1 : Sw eep

-5.00

m2 m1
-10.00
dB(St(1,1))

-15.00

-20.00

m3

-25.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.3: RL versus frequency (GHZ) plot

42
 Name X Y XY Plot 2 Best ANSOFT
350.00
m1 1.9000 1.1376 Curve Info
VSWRt(1)
Setup1 : Sw eep
300.00

250.00

200.00
VSWRt(1)

150.00

100.00

50.00

m1
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.4: VSWR versus frequency (GHZ) plot

The proposed antennas designed properly considering all the dimensions, positions, lengths,
widths, and all the design parameters of ground plane/ substrate, patch, gap, and feed line.
Therefore figure 4.3 is the RL of this project, S-11 at m3 is –23.8282 dB at 1.9 GHz,
=4.4and h=1.6mm, the bandwidth (BW) is:
BW = m1-m2 = 1.9628GHZ-1.8377GHZ = 0.1251GHZ = 125.1MHZ
The VSWR obtained in figure 4.4 is 1.1376 at frequency 1.9 GHZ, which is indicates proper
design because the VSWR is almost unity this indicates there is no loss.

43
4.2 Comparisons the reference (design A) and the proposed antenna
(design B) in terms of VSWR, RL, and BW

Name X Y XY Plot 1 Best1 ANSOFT

m10.00 1.9000 -15.0769 Curve Info

m2 1.9000 -23.8282 dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
dB(St(1,1))_1
Imported
-5.00

-10.00
Y1

m1
-15.00

-20.00

m2

-25.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]
Figure 4.5: RL comparisons for design A and design B

From the above figure the red color is the RL for design A, the blue color is the RL for design B.

44
 Name X Y XY Plot 1 Best ANSOFT
350.00
m1 1.9000 1.1376 Curve Info
m2 1.9000 1.4280 VSWRt(1)
Setup1 : Sw eep
300.00 VSWRt(1)_1
Imported

250.00

200.00
Y1

150.00

100.00

50.00

m2
m1
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.6: VSWR comparisons for design A and design B

From the above figure the red color is the VSWR for design A, the blue color is the VSRW for
design B.

When we generalized using table:

Table 4.1: RL, VSWR, BW, and other parameters comparisons of two designs of patch antenna

Parameters FOR DESIGN A FOR DESIGN B

1.9GHZ 1.9GHZ
4.4 4.4
H 1.6 1.6
Same Same
8mm 9.8291mm
RL –15.0769 dB –23.8282 Db
VSWR 1.4280 1.1376
Bandwidth (MHZ) 78.6 125.1
Gain 1.1107 1.109
Directivity 2.1517 2.2291

45
4.3 RADIATION PATERN OF DESIGN B

4.3.1 GAIN:
The gain observed in this project is 0dB, this dB used for handheld mobiles antennas in the
transmitter and receiver because patches in mobiles operate at unity gain.

Radiation Pattern 1 Best ANSOFT

0 Curve Inf o
dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
0.00 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-180deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-5.00 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-170deg'
-60 60 dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-10.00 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-160deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-15.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-150deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-90 90 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-140deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-130deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-120deg'
-120 120
dB(GainTotal)

-150 150

-180

Figure 4.7: Gain (dB) in 2D

Figure 4.8: gain (dimensionless) in 3D or polar plot

46
4.3.2 DRICTIVITY
The maximum directivity is 2.2291.
Name Theta Ang Mag Radiation Pattern 2 Best ANSOFT

m1 360.0000 -0.0000 2.2291 Curve Info

0
m1 DirTotal
-30 30 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
2.00 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-180deg'
DirTotal
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
1.50 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-170deg'
-60 60 DirTotal
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
1.00 Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-160deg'
DirTotal
0.50 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-150deg'
DirTotal
-90 90 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-140deg'
DirTotal
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-130deg'
DirTotal
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.95GHz' Phi='-120deg'
-120 120
DirTotal

-150 150

-180

Figure 4.9: Directivity (dimensionless) in 2D

Figure 4.10: directivity (dimensionless) in 3D or polar plot

47
Generally from the above results and discussions we obtained these parameters: such as the RL,
VSWR, BW, gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency of the design micro strip patch antennas
for handheld cell phones at the operating frequency of 1.9GHZ:

 RL = -23.8282dB
 VSWR = 1.1376
 BW = 125.1MHZ
 Gain =1.109
 Directivity = 2.2291
 Antenna efficiency percentage= 100%

= 100%

= 49.75%

48
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 CONCULUSION
It has been designed rectangular microstrip patch antennas operating at 1.9GHZ for handheld cell
phones and the characteristics of proposed antennas have been investigated through different
parametric studies using HFSS. The design microstrip patch antennas have achieved better
operating bandwidth of 125.1MHZ, considerable reduction in return loss which is – 23.8282 dB
and VSWR is 1.1376 which indicated better impedance matching, stable radiation patterns, unity
gain, directivity of 2.291, and the antenna efficiency is 49.75% by using microstrip feed line
technique and transmission line model as method of analysis for lower substrate dielectric
materials of FR4 epoxy and the inset feed line is 9.8291mm.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

In future we are going to study further in antenna and extend this concept to microstrip patch
array operating at multiband frequency for many applications for instance cellular phones,
remote sensing, communications, and search radar etc.

49
 REFERENCES

[1] Stutzman, W.L. and Thiele, G.A., Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 3rd
1998.
[2] Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 3 rd edition,
Canada, 2005.
[3] Punit S. Nakar, Thesis on Design of a compact microstrip patch antenna for use in wireless
(cellular devices), 2004

[4] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook,
ArtechHouse, 2000.

[5] K. F. Lee, Ed., Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, John Wiley, 1997.

[6] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas: The Analysis and Design of
Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press, 1995.

[7] F. E. Gardiol, “Broadband Patch Antennas,” Artech House.

50
 Appendix
Matlab code in order to calculate rectangular microstrip patch design parameters using
transmission line model

clearall
formatlong
disp('Design Rectangular Microstrip Antenna by Transmmision line model using Matlab');
disp('..............................................................................');
er=input('Enter the dielecric constant:');
h=input('Enter the substrate thickness (in mm):');
f=input('Enter the oprating frequency (GHZ:');
z=input('Enter the input impedance(ohm):');
disp('Calculating. please wait. ');
f=f*1e9;
%calculating the width
wid=(3e8/(sqrt((er+1)/2)*2*f))*1000; % in mm
%calculating the effective dielecric constant
e_eff=((er+1)/2)+(((er-1)/2)*(1+((12*h)/wid))^-0.5);
%calculating the extension length
del_l=(((e_eff+0.3)*((wid/h)+0.264))/((e_eff-0.258)*((wid/h)+0.8)))*(0.412*h);
%calculating effective length
l_eff=(3e8/(2*f*sqrt(e_eff)))*1000;
%calculate the actual length
L=l_eff+(2*del_l);
la=(3e8/f)*1000;
k=(2*pi)/la;
x=k*(wid);
i1=2+cos(x)+(x*sinint(x))+(sin(x)/x);
g1=i1/(120*pi*pi);
a=@(th)(((sin((x./2).*cos(th))./cos(th)).^2).*(besselj(0,(k.*L.*sin(th)))).*(sin(th)).^3);
a1=integral(a,0,pi);
g12=1/(120*pi*pi);

51
r_in=1/(2*(g1+g12));
inset=(L/pi)*(acos(sqrt(z/r_in)));s
Lg_min=6*h+L;
Wg_min=6*h+wid;
B=60*pi*pi/(z*sqrt(er));
m1=2*B-1;
m=log(m1);
n=log(B-1);
W=(2*h/pi)*(B-1-m+(((er-1)/(2*er))*(n+(0.39*0.61)/er)));
g=(3e8*4.65e-9)/(sqrt(2*e_eff)*f*10^-9);
disp('Rectangular Patch:');
disp(['The widith of the patch(Wp)is :',num2str(wid),'mm'])
disp(['The length of the patch (Lp) is:',num2str(L),'mm'])
disp(['The inset feed point(F1)is:',num2str(inset),'mm'])
disp(['The width of the feed line(Wf) is:',num2str(W),'mm'])
disp(['The gap of the feed line(Gpf) is:',num2str(g),'mm'])
disp(['The minimum length of ground plane is:',num2str(Lg_min),'mm'])
disp(['The minimum width of ground plane is:',num2str(Wg_min),'mm'])

52