A PLANAR LOW PROFILE LOG

PERIODIC ARRAY USING CAVITY

BACKED SLOT FOR 5G

A Mini-Project Report Submitted in the

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for AECS LAB

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

M. Narendra Kumar Roll no: 20011P0413

ECE-IDP 3RD YEAR SEMESTER-1

SUPERVISOR
DR.ASHA RANI
PROFESSOR

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DECEMBER, 2022
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled A PLANAR LOW PROFILE

LOG PERIODIC ARRAY USING CAVITY BACKED SLOT FOR

5G is carried out by

M.Narendra Kumar 20011P0413

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

during the year 2022-23.

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the HOD

Dr.ASHA RANI Dr. R A J I N I
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Professor and Head, ECE

Kukatpally (V), Medchal-Malkajgiri (M), Ranga Reddy (Dist.)–500085, Hyderabad,

T.S.Ph: 08413-253335, 253201, Fax: 08413-253482, www.jntuh.org
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task

would be put incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts
with success.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to DR.ASHA RANI,

ASSO- CIATE PROFESSOR and Project Supervisor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, for his able
guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the project in
time.

We are particularly thankful to Dr. G.A.E. Satish Kumar, the Head of

the Department, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
his guidance, intense support and encouragement, which helped us to mould
our project into a successful one.

We show gratitude to our honorable Principal Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi, for

providing all facilities and support.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and heart-
ful thanks to Dr. Teegala Vijender Reddy, Chairman and Sri Teegala
Upender Reddy, Secretary of VCE, for providing a congenial atmosphere to
complete this project successfully.

We also thank all the staff members of Electronics and Communication

Engineering department for their valuable support and generous advice. Finally
thanks to all our friends and family members for their continuous support and
enthusiastic help.

M NARENDRA KUMAR

i
 Abstract

A planar low-profile log-periodic antenna based on cavity-backed slot is

proposed in this letter. The slot element is made of a microstrip patch on a
large ground plane with three edges shorted and one edge open. It is excited
by a probe protruding into the cavity from the back of the ground. Through
choosing different length and width, each slot element of the array can reso-
nant at different frequency with a same height. A meandered microstrip line
on the bottom is used to feed the array, achieving end-fire radiation with
wide bandwidth. The proposed antenna has been fabricated using printing
technology. Measured results show that an operating frequency band from
6.9 GHz to 17.4 GHz (2.52:1) for VSWR ¡ 2.2 and a low profile of 0.047 L
at the lowest operating frequency are obtained. The proposed array has a
good overall performance of wide bandwidth, low profile, and planar structure
with easy printing fabrication process,which may be useful for the demand of end-
fire radiation with low profile.

Keywords: ky1; ky2; ky3; ky4

ii
 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................... i
Abstract................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures ........................................................................................ v
Abbreviations................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................. 1
1.1 Antenna ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Microstrip antenna ......................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Meandered Feeding Line ............................................................. 2
1.2 Antenna Parameters .................................................................................. 3
1.2.1 Gain ................................................................................................ 3
1.2.2 Bandwidth ...................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Radiation pattern .......................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Beam width ................................................................................... 4
1.3 Simulation Tools ........................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 Literature Survey ......................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 ANSYS HFSS SOFTWARE ....................................... 8
3.1 About HFSS ........................................................................................ 8
3.2 Different Applications of HFSS ................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 4 A Planar Low-Profile Log-Periodic Array Based
on Cavity-Backed Slot for 5G................................................................... 10
4.1 Proposed Antenna Design ....................................................................... 10
4.2 scale=0.3 .................................................................................................. 10
4.2.1 Assigning boundaries.................................................................... 11
4.2.2 Assigning Excitation .............................................................. 12
4.2.3 Setting solution setup and solution frequency ......................... 13
CHAPTER 5 Results......................................................................... 14
5.1 Base Paper Results ................................................................................. 14
5.2 Final Optimized Results ......................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and References ................................... 17
6.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 17
iii
6.2 References ................................................................................................ 17
 List of Figures

1.1 Log Periodic Antenna ............................................................................... 2

1.2 Meandered Feeding Line .......................................................................... 3

3.1 HFSS Design ........................................................................................8

4.1 ANSYS deign tool .................................................................................. 11

4.2 Micro strip construction ......................................................................... 11
4.3 Assigning boundaries .............................................................................. 12
4.4 Assigning Excitation .......................................................................... 12
4.5 Setting solution setup and solution frequency .................................... 13

5.1 Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the

proposed antenna. ................................................................................... 14
5.2 Gain plot results ..................................................................................... 14
5.3 Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the
proposed antenna. ................................................................................... 15
5.4 Gain plot results at 26GHz ................................................................... 15
5.5 Gain plot results at 28GHz ................................................................... 16
5.6 radiation pattern ..................................................................................... 16

v
 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

JNTUH Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Antenna
A antenna is characterized by Webster’s Dictionary as ”a generally metallic
device (as a bar or a wire) for emanating or getting radio waves.” The IEEE
Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145–1983) characterizes
the antenna as ”a method for emanating or getting radio waves”, at the end
of the day the antenna is the momentary structure between free-space and a
device. The guiding device or transmission line may appear as a coaxial line
or an hollow pipe (waveguide), and it is utilized to transmit electromagnetic
energy from the communicating source to the antenna or from the antenna
to the device. Usually, we have a transmitting antenna first and in the end
a receiving antenna. There are generally six types of antennas they are:

• Wire antenna

• Aperture antenna.

• Microstrip antenna

• Array antenna

• Reflector antenna

• Lens antenna.

1.1.1 Microstrip antenna

In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed an-

tenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques
on a printed circuit board (PCB).It is a kind of internal antenna. They
are mostly used at microwave frequencies. An individual microstrip antenna
consists of a patch of metal foil of various shapes (a patch antenna) on the

1
surface of a PCB (printed circuit board), with a metal foil ground plane on
the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple
patches in a two-dimensional array. The antenna is usually connected to the
transmitter or receiver through foil microstrip transmission lines.

Figure 1.1: Log Periodic Antenna

The radio frequency current is applied (or in receiving antennas the received
signal is produced) between the antenna and ground plane. Microstrip antennas
have become very popular in recent decades due to their thin planar profile
which can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and
missiles; their ease of fabrication using printed circuit techniques; the ease of
integrating the antenna on the same board with the rest of the circuit, and
the possibility of adding active devices such as microwave integrated circuits
to the antenna itself to make active antennas Patch antenna

1.1.2 Meandered Feeding Line

A coplanar waveguide-fed meander-line-loaded corrugated-slot structure was

proposed to produce CP. By opening the lower left part of the square slot,
BBCP performance has been achieved. An L-shaped radiator or a wide slot is
also gaining attention in achieving BBCP. Protruding numbers of inverted-L
grounded strips in the opposite corners or the same corner of the square slot
are reported in for wide AR bandwidths, which can be further elevated by
engraving the square or spiral slots. Despite the many advantages of the single-
feed antenna, dual feeding continues to be developed for the design of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 2

wideband CP antennas .

Figure 1.2: Meandered Feeding Line

1.2 Antenna Parameters

Antenna measurement techniques refers to the testing of antennas to ensure
that the antenna meets specifications or simply to characterize it. Typical
parameters of antennas are:

• Gain

• Bandwidth

• Radiation pattern

• Beam width

• Polarization

• Impedance

1.2.1 Gain

The ratio of the antenna’s radiation intensity in a specific given direction

to the total input power supplied to the antenna is called antenna gain.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 3

Gain as a parameter measures the directionality of the specified antenna. An
antenna with a low gain emits radiation in all directions impartially, whereas
a high gain antenna will preferentially radiate in some particular directions.
Specifically, the Gain or Power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in a given specified
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 5 direction at an
arbitrary distance divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by
an isotropic antenna. Gain is a dimensionless unit.

1.2.2 Bandwidth

The range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna,with

relevance some characteristic, conventional to a specified standard.” In other
words, bandwidth depends on the general effectiveness of the antenna through
a spread or band of frequencies. An antenna bandwidth is known as the
unique set of frequency bands or frequencies the antenna operates in. There
are two types of band widths-broad and narrow on each side of the central
frequency. B.W= Fh-Fl.

1.2.3 Radiation pattern

The radiation pattern is a graphical representation of the relative field

strength transmitted from or received by the antenna that shows side lobes
and back lobes. As antenna radiates in open space, often some curves
are necessary to describe the antenna. If the radiation of the antenna is
symmetrical about an axis as is the case in dipole, helical and some parabolic
antennas a single graph is sufficient. The radiated power per unit surface area
is proportional to the square of electrical field of the electromagnetic wave. It
is also possible to represent the directive gain of the antenna as a function of
the direction. Usually, the gain is given in decibels

1.2.4 Beam width

In the radiation pattern of an antenna, the main lobe is the main beam
of the antenna where maximum and constant energy radiated, by the antenna

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 4

flows. Beam width is the aperture angle from where most or maximum of the
power is radiated. The two main considerations of this beam width are Half
Power Beam Width (HPBW) and First Null Beam Width (FNBW)

1.3 Simulation Tools

There are many software’s which can be used to simulate and implement
the project. They are: HFSS IE3D Microwave studio FEKO ADS. Here we
use HFSS software for the implementation. HFSS is high frequency structure
simulator and it gives accuracy in the result. It has the reliability for tackling
3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic adaptive meshing technique and
sophisticated solvers as shown in Fig 1.2, which can be accelerated through
high performance computing (HPC) technology

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 5

 CHAPTER 2

Literature Survey

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology

of China under the project ‘National Key Research and Development Plan’
(Grant ref: 2016YFB1200402-019). (Corresponding author: Songbo Cao) Z.
Hu is with the School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology,
Guangzhou 510006, China (e-mail: ezhenxinhu@163.com). S. Cao is with
the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan University of Finance and
Economics, ChangSha 410025, China (e-mail: caosongbo@163.com). M. Liu
and C. Hua are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. Z. Chen is with the School
of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou
510006, China (e-mail: zhuozhuchen@gdut.edu.cn). Digital Object Identifier
with wideband and low-profile. In, a flush-mounted surface-wave antenna was
proposed. It consists of a wideband surface wave launcher and a tapered
ceramic slab, achieving a 2.95:1 impedance bandwidth with an antenna height
of 0.065L. It may be mentioned that a higher dielectric constant is needed
to achieve a lower profile. On the contrary, a lower dielectric constant would
lead to a higher profile. The easily available dielectric material with different
dielectric constant is not sufficient in reality, which limits the design flexibility.
In addition, the thickness of the dielectric slab needs to vary all the way
along the wave propagation direction for wideband radiation, which leads to
a fabrication complexity. In, an H-plane horn antenna based on ridged SIW
was designed with a profile of 0.07L and a 2.73:1 bandwidth was obtained.
It contains a dielectric sheet as loading in front of the horn aperture to
achieve a good match. The pattern performance was improved by employing
a partially detached dielectric slab. The common problem of these H-plane
horns is the complicated feeding structure, which usually contains a transition
from coaxial line to ridged SIW. Recently, top-loaded monopole array shows a

6
great potential to achieve low profile with wide bandwidth. In , a top-hat Yagi
monopole obtains a low profile of 0.033L and a bandwidth of 20.5, achieving a
profile of 0.047L and a 4.53:1 bandwidth. Soon after that, a 2-18 GHz array
utilizing multiple elements of monopole, top-hat monopole, and top-hat folded
monopole was designed with a profile of 0.053L. Such monopole type array
usually has a top layer supported only by the vertical posts, therefore, the
whole array is not a planar structure and not solid. In, a Yagi antenna based
on microstrip magnetic dipole elements was designed with a very low profile
of 0.025L and a bandwidth of 13.1easy feeding and fabrication technology. In,
a 5-element series-fed magnetic dipole array was proposed with a low profile
of 0.026L and a bandwidth of 28.6compact cavity-backed slot antenna was
presented in. It achieved a bandwidth of 17.7profile is relatively large since
a cavity with a big height was used. In, a wideband log-periodic slot array
backed by a single cavity was presented. However, the profile of the array
is as thick as 0.2L. In this letter, a planar log-periodic array antenna based
on cavity-backed slot is proposed. The array consists of a superstrate with
thirteen slot elements and a substrate with a microstrip feeding line. The slot
element is made of a rectangular microstrip patch with three sides shorted and
one side open. The feeding line is meandered to achieve the right length for
the required phase difference between two adjacent elements. Each element is
connected to the feeding line by probes protruding into both the superstrate
and substrate. By choosing appropriate dimensions, each slot element of the
array can work in different frequency obeying the logarithm function with
a same height. The final optimized antenna has a planar structure and an
extremely low profile of 0.047L. A prototype has been fabricated and tested.
Measured results show a good agreement with simulated ones.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 7

 CHAPTER 3

ANSYS HFSS SOFTWARE

3.1 About HFSS

HFSS is one amongst several commercial tools used for antenna design, and
the planning of complex radio frequency electronic circuit elements including
filters, transmission lines, and packaging. It was originally developed by Pro-
fessor Zoltan Cendes and his students at Carnegie Mellon University.ANSYS
HFSS works as a 3D Full-wave EM-Field Solver for High-frequency and high-
speed Electronics Component Designs. HFSS utilizes a 3D full-wave finite
Element Method (FEM) field solver to compute the electrical behavior of
complex components of arbitrary shape and user-defined material properties.
It’s a billboard finite element method solver for Electromagnetic structures
from ANSYS corporation as shown in Fig 3.1. HFSS commonly used for
Antenna analysis, Antenna placement, calculation of EMC problem ,scattering
problem, Analysis of other RF components. It’s essential for design of high-
frequency and High-speed component design. We’ve got HFSS, IE3D, FEKO,
ADS simulators for designing antennas. But during this simulators HFSS is
good because in terms of study design. The quantity of control we will have
over the design makes the analysis more accurate. In HFSS we assign every-

Figure 3.1: HFSS Design

8
thing ranging from material to boundaries and it even has fast, interpolation
and discrete solution setups which is beneficial for both narrow and wide band
problems. Discrete solution gives us the precise result which matches with the
Fabrication results. It’s useful for solve all kinds of microwave problems. Auto-
mated solution process can are often achieved in HFSS simulator. It provides
potential access and unlimited for solving critical problems. It increases the
product functionality, and better data rates and frequencies are often achieved
and it identifies the meshes scaling challenges in simulation to push for bigger,
better, faster andit always presents to meshing and solving like 5G milli meter
wave modules ina computer to check a complex system with multiple printed
(PCBs) boards, including connectors and cables. Mesh fusion with multiple
fusion with same design and same reliability will be solved by HFSS simulator.

3.2 Different Applications of HFSS

It reduces the design cycle time and boosts your product’s reliability and
performance. EMI/EMC analysis. For RF and microwave HFSS is employed
to calculate antenna radiation, radar cross section microwave circuits and
paracetic biomedical simulations and more the 3D modeler is employed for full
3d geometries and the 3d layout editor is used for microwave circuits HFSS are
often coupled with ANSYS thermal mechanical and fluid dynamic simulators
providing a whole bi-directional Multi physics solutions. The embedded linear
circuit simulator allows multiple electromagnetic results to be cascaded into
larger systems useful for antenna feed networks microwave circuits matching
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 12 wireless radio
channels and plenty of other RF applications. HFSS tool delivers harmonic
balance for non-linear microwave circuits filter synthesis oscillator load pull
and envelops circuit analysis.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9

 CHAPTER 4

A Planar Low-Profile Log-Periodic Array Based

on Cavity-Backed Slot for 5G

4.1 Proposed Antenna Design

A planar low-profile log-periodic antenna based on cavity-backed slot is
proposed in this letter. The slot element is made of a micro strip patch
on a large ground plane with three edges shorted and one edge open. It is
excited by a probe protruding into the cavity from the back of the ground.
Through choosing different length and width, each slot element of the ar-
ray can resonant at different frequency with a same height. A meandered
micro strip line on the bottom is used to feed the array, achieving end-fire
radiation with wide bandwidth. The proposed antenna has been fabricated
using printing technology. Measured results show that an operating frequency
band 25GHz . The proposed array has a good overall performance of wide
bandwidth, low profile, and planar structure with easy printing fabrication pro-
cess, which may be useful for the demand of end-fire radiation with low profile

4.2 Design steps in HFSS

we designed an antenna which consists of micro strip antenna build with
a ground plane between two substrates where, the top substrate consists of a
log periodic antenna and the bottom feed consists of a meandered feed

the above figure depicts the layout of the project of planar low-profile log-
periodic antenna based on cavity-backed slot which is built on the ANSYStool
where we have take two rectangular boxes of dimensions 175x150x1.5 and
superimpose them on each other then take a rectangular sheet of dimensions

10
 Figure 4.1: ANSYS deign tool
175x150 and place it in between these two boxes to complete the base structure.

Figure 4.2: Micro strip construction

4.2.1 Assigning boundaries

We assign perfect E boundary to the ground plane and rectangular patch

as shown in figure

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 11

 Figure 4.3: Assigning boundaries

4.2.2 Assigning Excitation

A port is created and given a lumped port excitation for which the bridge
is given as ground reference as shown in the figure below

Figure 4.4: Assigning Excitation

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 12

4.2.3 Setting solution setup and solution frequency

The sweep is defined from 60GHz with 451 points in it in the discrete
mode as shown in figure

Figure 4.5: Setting solution setup and solution frequency

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 13

 CHAPTER 5

Results

5.1 Base Paper Results

Figure 5.1: Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the
proposed antenna.

Figure 5.2: Gain plot results

5.2 Final Optimized Results

14
Figure 5.3: Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the
proposed antenna.

Figure 5.4: Gain plot results at 26GHz

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 15

 Figure 5.5: Gain plot results at 28GHz

Figure 5.6: radiation pattern

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 16

 CHAPTER 6

Conclusions and References

6.1 Conclusion
A planar log-periodic antenna with a very low profile for 5G has been
proposed in this letter. It consists of thirteen cavity-backed slots on the top
substrate layer which are fed by a meandered microstrip line on the bottom
substrate layer through metallic probes. A prototype of the proposed array
antenna has been fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results are
in good agreement. The proposed array antenna can be flush mounted on a
large conducting plane and may be useful in applications such as vehicles and
aircrafts due to its planar structure and low profile.

6.2 References
[1] Kraus, J.D. and R.J. Marhefka. Antennas: For All Applications, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003 [2] R. W. Hougardy and R. C. Hansen, “Scanning
surface wave antennas-oblique surface waves over a corrugated conductor,” IRE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 370–376, Oct. 1958. [3] T. F.
Carberry, “Beam tilt-angle compensation for a rotatable flush-mounted surface-
wave antenna on an asymmetrical ground plane,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 135–136, Jan. 1968. [4] Z. Chen and Z. Shen,
“Wideband flush-mounted surface wave antenna of very low profile,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2430–2438, Jun. 2015. [5]
J. W. Eberle, C. A. Levis, and D. McCoy, “The flared slot: A moderately
directive flush-mounted broad-band antenna,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 461–468, Sep. 1960. [6] Y. Zhao, Z. Shen, and W.
Wu, “Wideband and low-profile H-plane ridged SIW horn antenna mounted
on a large conducting plane,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no.

17
11, pp. 5895–5900, Sep. 2014. [7] Y. Cai, et al., “Design of compact air- vias-
perforated SIW horn antenna with partially detached broad walls,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 2100–2107, Jun. 2016. [8] Z. Hu, Z.
Shen, W. Wu, and J. Lu, “Low-profile top-hat monopole Yagi antenna for
end-fire radiation,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 5484–
5491, Dec. 2015. [9] Q. Song and Z. Shen, “Log-periodic monopole array with
uniform spacing and uniform height,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66,
no. 9, pp. 4687–4694, Sep. 2018. [10] Y. Zhao, Z. Shen, and W. Wu,
“Wideband and Low-Profile Monocone Quasi-Yagi Antenna for EndFire
Radiation,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 325-328,
2017. [11] Z. Hu, Z. Shen, W. Wu, and J. Lu, “Low-profile log-periodic
monopole array,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 5484–
5491, Dec. 2015. [12] Q. Chen, Z. Hu, Z. Shen, and W. Wu, “2-18
GHz conformal low-profile log-periodic array on a cylindrical conductor,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 729–736, Feb. 2018. [13] Z.
Hu, W. Wang, Z. Shen, and W. Wu, “Low-profile helical quasi-Yagi antenna
array with multibeams at the endfire direction,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 1241-1244, 2017. [14] J. Liu and Q. Xue,
“Microstrip magnetic dipole Yagi array antenna with endfire radiation and
vertical polarization,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1140–
1147, Mar. 2013. [15] L. Yang, J.-D. Zhang, and W. Wu, “Wideband microstrip
series-fed magnetic dipole array antenna,” Electron. Lett., vol. 50, no. 24, pp.
1793-1795, 2014. [16] M. A. Basit, G. Wen, N. Rasool, and X. Xue, “A Wide-
band cavity-backed slot antenna for end-fire radiation,” Microw. Opt. Tech.
Lett., vol. 58, pp. 193, 2016. [17] Y. Huang, J. Li, G. Wen, and
H. Zhang, “A 6-18 GHz cavity-backed log-periodic-slot end-fire antenna for
conformal application,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. USNC-URSI
Nat. Radio Sci. Meeting, 2017, pp. 1549–1550. [18] Z. Chen and Z. Shen,
“Conformal cavity-backed slot antenna embedded in a conical platform for end-
fire radiation,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. USNC-URSI Nat.
Radio Sci. Meeting, 2017, pp. 2239–2240

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 18