INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

Submitted By:

Momin Shakeel
EE-20-62
7th Semester Electrical Engineering

SUBMITTED TO:

Department of Electrical Engineering

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AWANTIPORA, J&K
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report on 450 MVA 220/132/33kV Zainakote Grid
station is an authentic record of my own work as requirements of Industrial Training during the
period from 01-01-2024 to 31-01-2024 for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Electrical

Engineering), Islamic University of Science and Technology J&K, under the guidance of
Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE), Zainakote Grid Station Mr. Mohammad Rajab Bhat.

Momin Shakeel
EE-20-62

Date:

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge
and belief.

Examined by:

Head of Department

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMET

An achievement be scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts but the
guidance, encouragement and co-operation of intellectuals, elders and friends. A number of
personalities in their own capabilities have helped me in carrying out this internship on Zainakote
Grid Station. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all. I avail this opportunity to
express my profound sense of sincere and deep gratitude to Assistant Executive Engineer,(AEE)
Mr. Mohammad Rajab Bhat ,Zainakote sub station for giving me the opportunity to carry out
my four-weeks training in this organization. I am blissful to express my deep sense of gratitude to
Mrs. Nadia Gul(A.E) in this internship for her valuable time she devoted to us give us a lot of
knowledge and help regarding Zainakote Grid. They helped me a lot in giving minute details of
Design and Constructional Features of Grid Station and enlightened me with the knowledge of
Grid Station and its working.
Next, I would like to tender my sincere thanks to “Mr. Rayes Ahmad Lone” (Head Department
of Electrical Engineering) for his co-operation and encouragement.

Momin Shakeel
EE-20-62

ii
 ABSTRACT

The industrial training conducted at the 450MVA, 220/132/33kV Zainakote Srinagar Grid Station,
overseen by the Kashmir Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), encompassed a
broad spectrum of topics crucial for understanding and managing grid station operations.
Participants delved into fundamental principles including voltage regulation, load balancing, and
fault management, gaining a foundational understanding of grid operations. Practical sessions on
equipment maintenance provided hands-on experience with transformers, circuit breakers,
isolators, and switchgear, emphasizing preventive maintenance and troubleshooting techniques.
Safety protocols were rigorously enforced, ensuring participants were well-versed in personal
protective measures and emergency response procedures, fostering a culture of safety
consciousness. Furthermore, participants were acquainted with grid monitoring and control
systems, learning to navigate real-time monitoring tools and respond effectively to deviations or
disturbances. Emergency response training included simulated scenarios, allowing for the practical
application of learned skills in a controlled environment. Environmental considerations were also
woven into the training fabric, with discussions centered on the environmental impact of grid
operations and strategies for mitigation and sustainability. Overall, the industrial training program
provided participants with a holistic understanding of grid station operations, equipping them with
both theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for successful careers in the power
transmission sector. Additionally, it served as a platform for fostering collaboration and
contributing to the sustainable development of regional infrastructure.

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 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ZAINAKOTE GRID STATION...........................1

1.1 Introduction:..............................................................................................................................1

1.2 Zainakote Grid Station..............................................................................................................2

1.3 Single Line Diagram.................................................................................................................3

1.4 Details About Single Diagram..................................................................................................4

1.5 Number of Bays........................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2 APPARATUS AND SWITCH GEAR INSTALLATION IN THE

ZAINAKOTE GRID STATION ...............................................................7

2.1 Incoming Lines:........................................................................................................................7

2.2 Bus Bars:...................................................................................................................................7

2.2.1 Single line bus bar arrangement:.......................................................................................7

2.2.2 Double Bus Bar Arrangement:..........................................................................................7

2.3 Insulators:..................................................................................................................................8

2.3.1 Pin type insulator:..............................................................................................................8

2.3.2 Suspension Type Insulator:................................................................................................9

2.3.3 Post Type Insulator..........................................................................................................10

2.4 Isolating Switches:..................................................................................................................10

2.5 Circuit Breaker........................................................................................................................11

2.5.1 Classification of Circuit Breakers:...................................................................................11

2.6 Lightning Arresters:...............................................................................................................13

2.7 Wave Trap:.............................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 3 PROTECTIVE RELAY AND EARTHING......................................................16

3.1 Protective Relays:...................................................................................................................16

3.2 Types of Relays Installed in Substation ................................................................................16

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 3.3 Earthing:.................................................................................................................................17

3.4 Neutral grounding;..................................................................................................................17

3.5 Substation Auxiliary Supply:.................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS.............................................................20

4.1 Introduction to Instrument Transformers:...............................................................................20

4.2 Types of instrument transformers viz;....................................................................................20

4.2.1 Current Transformers:.....................................................................................................20

4.2.2 Potential Transformer:....................................................................................................22

4.2.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer:......................................................................................23

4.3 Power Line Carrier Communication System;.........................................................................24

CHAPTER 5 POWER TRANSFORMERS:..........................................................................26

5.1 Introduction: ...........................................................................................................................26

5.2 Tertiary Winding of Transformer:..........................................................................................27

5.3 Transformer Cooling;............................................................................................................28

5.4 Major components:................................................................................................................28

5.4.1 Conservator:.....................................................................................................................28

5.4.2 Breather:...........................................................................................................................29

5.4.3 Bushings..........................................................................................................................29

5.4.4 Tap Changer:....................................................................................................................30

5.5 Transformer Protection;........................................................................................................31

SHORTCOMINGS ……………………………………………………………...………………33
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….……………………………..34
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………...……35

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:1 Zainakote Grid station.......................................................................................................1

Figure 1:2 Single Line Diagram of Zainakote Grid………………….………………………………
3
Figure 1:3 220 kV Bays……………………………………………………….
……………………..5
Figure 2:1 Double busbar scheme......................................................................................................8
Figure 2:2 Pin Type Insulator……………………………………………………………………….9
Figure 2:3 Suspension Type Insulators……………………………………………………………..9
Figure 2:4 Post Type Insulator……………………………………………………….……………10
Figure 2:5 SF6 Circuit Breaker……………………………………………………………………
12
Figure 2:6 Vacuum Circuit Breaker……………………………………………………………..…
13
Figure 2:7 LA And Wave Trap………………………………………………………………….…
14
Figure 3:1Neutral Current Transformer(NCT).................................................................................18
Figure 3: 2 Boost Charger…………………………………….……………………………………
19
Figure 3:3 Battery Bank……………………………………………………………………………
19
Figure 4:1 Current Transformer(CT) ………………………………………………………………
21
Figure 4:2 Line Diagram of CT……………………………………………….……………………
21
Figure 4:3 Potential Transformer………………………………………………………………..…
22
Figure 4:4 Line Diagram of PT…………………………………………………….………………
23
Figure 4:5 Circuit Diagram of CVT…………………………………….……………….…………
24
Figure 5:1 50 MVA 220/132 kV Transformer.................................................................................26
Figure 5:2 Tertiary Winding……………………………………………………….………………27

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Figure 5:3 Conservator……………………………………………………………………..………
29
Figure 5:4 Breather……………………………………………...…………………………………29
Figure 5:5 Bushing…………………………………………………………………………………
30
Figure 5:6 On Load Tap Changer…………………………………………………………………30
Figure 5:7 Winding and Oil Temperature Indicator…………………………………………….…31
Figure 5:8 Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System ……………………………………………
32
Figure 5:9 Buchholz Relay……………………………………………………………………..….32

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. 220 kV Incoming Lines.....................................................................................................2

Table 1.2. 132kV Out Going
Lines………………………………………………………………….2
Table 1.3. 33kV Out Going Feeders………….…………………………………………………….2
Table 1.4. 220kV Bays………………………………………………………………………………6
Table 1.5. 132kV Bays………………………………………………………………………………
6

Table 1.6. 33kV Bays……………………………………………………………………………….6

viii
 TABLE OF ABBRIVATIONS

S.NO ABBREVATIONS FULL FORM

1. AC Alternating Current.

2. DC Direct Current.

3. kV Kilo Volt.

4. MVA Mega Volt Ampere.

5. CT Current Transformer.

6. PT Potential Transformer.

7. CVT Capacitive Voltage Transformer.

8. NCT Neutral Current Transformer.

9. WT Wave Trap.

10. LA Lightning Arrestor.

11. OLTC On Load Tap Changer.

12. PRV Pressure Release Valve.

13. WTI Winding Temperature Indicator.

14. OTI Oil Temperature Indicator

15. OSR Oil Surge Relay.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ZAINAKOTE GRID STATION
1.1 Introduction:
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted
and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power produced at the power
stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission and
distribution. At many places in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and
necessary to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, Power factor
etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by a suitable apparatus called sub-station. For
example, generation voltage (11kV or 6.6kV) at the power station is stepped up to high
voltage (say 220kV or 132kV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus
(e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the consumer’s
localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again
accomplished by a suitable apparatus called ‘substation.

1
 Figure 1:1 Zainakote Grid station

1.2 Zainakote Grid Station

The Zainakote Grid Station was commissioned in year a October 1998 with a capacity of 300
MVA
At 220kV level:

Line Name Length (km)

220 kV Wagoora-1 28.7
220 kV Wagoora -2

220 kV Amargrah-1 44

220 kV Amargrah-2
220 kV Alusteng-1 (Line in line out 42
(LILO))
220 kV Alusteng-2 (Line in line out
(LILO))
2
 (2 * 150 MVA) at 220/132 kV, consisting of six single-phase transformers, each with a
capacity of 50 MVA. Additionally, there is one spare unit, forming two transformer banks,
namely Bank I and II. Furthermore, three transformers, each with a capacity of 25 MVA at
the 132/33 kV level, along with one spare unit, were also commissioned. In November 2007,
the grid station was augmented by adding one more transformer bank of 150 MVA capacity
at 220kVside, known as III Bank, bringing the total capacity to 450 MVA. The lines emanate
from the 450 MVA, 220/132/33 kV Grid Station in Zainakote are as follow:

At 132kV Level
At 33kv level:
Line Name Length(km) Feeder Name
132 kV Bemina-1 6.5
33 kV HMT Feeder
132 kV Bemina-2
33 kV Narbal Feeder
132 kV 11
Waganpora-1 33 kV Sharifabad Feeder

132 kV Waganpora-2 Table 1.1. 220 kV Incoming Lines

132 kV LJHP-1 31 Table 1.3. 33kV Outgoing Feeders.
132 kV LJHP-2
Table 1.2. 132kV Outgoing Lines.

1.3 Single Line Diagram:

3
 Figure 1:2 Single Line Diagram of Zainakote Grid.

1.4 Details About Single Diagram;

4
 Figure attached shows a key diagram of a typical 220/132/33 kV Zainakote Grid Station. The
diagram of this grid station is explained as under: -
1. The grid station features a configuration with four interconnected 220 kV incoming lines
directly linked to the bus bars. This design allows for the simultaneous loading of all four lines,
effectively distributing the load across the grid station. The utilization of a four-line arrangement
significantly enhances the reliability of the entire system. In the event of a breakdown or failure in
one of the incoming lines, the continuity of the power supply is ensured through the seamless
transition to the remaining operational lines. This redundancy in the system contributes to a robust
and resilient power distribution setup, minimizing the impact of potential disruptions.
2. The grid station incorporates a dual bus bar system comprising a primary bus bar and a
secondary reserve bus bar. By utilizing circuit breakers and isolators, incoming lines can be
seamlessly switched between the bus bars. This design offers the benefit of uninterrupted power
supply during maintenance on one bus bar, as the load can be smoothly transferred to the alternate
bus bar.
3. There is an arrangement in Zainakote grid station to step down the incoming 220 kV supply to
132 kV by three transformer banks with capacity,
3 x 50 MVA = 150 MVA
3 x 50 MVA= 150 MVA
3 x 150 MVA= 150 MVA
Total = 450 MVA
1. All the Four incoming and outgoing lines are connected through circuit breaker having isolators
on either ends. Whenever repair is to be carried out over the line towers, the lines are first off
circuited and then earthed.
2. The P.T and C.T are suitably located for supply to metering and indicated instruments and
relay circuit. The P.T is right on the point where the line is terminated. The C.T are connected at
the terminals of each circuit breaker.
3.The lighting arresters are connected near the transformers terminals to protect those lighting
stroke.
4.Again, there is provision for further step down 132 KV supply to 33 KV by three transformers
with capacity. Also 25KV Spare transformer

3x 25 MVA =75 MVA

5.New three phase transformer 132/33 kV of capacity 50 MVA.

5
 Total capacity=125 MVA.
9.There are other auxiliary components in the grid station such as wave trap, capacitor bank
for power factor improvement, each connection, local supply connections, and DC supply
connections.
1.5 Number of Bays;
A bay in an electrical substation is a key functional unit where specific equipment like circuit
breakers, transformers, and transmission lines are connected and managed. It allows for the
control, protection, and isolation of electrical power equipment, facilitating the safe and efficient
operation of the power system.

Figure 1:3 220 kV Bays.

6
 1. Line Bay of 220 kV Wagoora-1.

2. Line Bay of 220 kV Wagoora-2.

3. Line Bay of 220 kV Amargrah-1.
4. Line Bay of 220 kV Amargrah-2.
5. Line Bay of 220 kV Alusteng-1.
6. Line Bay of 220 kV Alusteng-2.
7. Input Transformer Bay of 3 Single Phase Transformers of Capacity 150
MVA
8. Input Transformer Bay of 3 Single Phase Transformers of Capacity 150
MVA.
9. Input Transformer Bay of 3 Single Phase Transformers of Capacity 150
MVA.

10. Bus Coupler

Under 220 kV Bus bar the total number of bays are 10 as under:
Table 1.4. 220kV Bays.

1. Line Bay of 132kV Bemina-1.

2. Line Bay of 132kV Bemina-2.
3. Line Bay of 132KV Waganpora-1.
4. Line Bay of 132KV Waganpora-2.
5. Line Bay of 132KV LJHP-1
6. Line Bay of 132KV LJHP-2.
7. 132 kV Bus Coupler.
8. Transformer Bay (Output) 132/33kV.
Under 132kV Busbar the total number of bays are 8 as under

Table 1.5. 132kV Bays.

Under 33KV Busbar the total number of bays are 7 as under:

1. Line Bay Of 33 kV H.M.T Feeder.

2. Line Bay of 33kV Narbal Feeder.
3. Line Bay of 33kV Sharifabad Feeder
4. Bus Coupler
5. AUXILIARY SUPPLY BAY-1
6. AUXILIARY SUPPLY BAY-2
7. SPARE FEEDER

7
 Table 1.6. 33kV Bays.

CHAPTER 2
APPARATUS AND SWITCH GEAR INSTALLATION IN THE
ZAINAKOTE GRID STATION
There are the various electrical equipment’s installed at the substations. These are:
2.1 Incoming Lines:
These lines supply powers to the substations from source of generation or from transmission
lines at high voltages.
2.2 Bus Bars:
A busbar is an aluminum or copper conductor supported by insulators that interconnects the
loads and the sources of electric power in an electric power system. The choice of a
particular arrangement depends on various factors, system voltage and position of the
substation in the system flexibility, reliability of supply and cost.
The most used bus bars arrangements in substations are:
2.2.1 Single line bus bar arrangement:
It consists of single (three phase) bus bars to which the various feeders are connected. In case
of fault or maintenance of bus bar the entire bus bar must be de energized and total shutdown
results. The equipment connections are very simple, and it is very easy to operate. It is not
popular used for 33KV and above, except where the relative importance of the substation is
less, or the position of the substation does not justify elaborate schemes. This arrangement is
simplest and cheapest. However, it suffers from two major defects: -
1. Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.
2. Extension of substation without a shutdown is not possible.
2.2.2 Double Bus Bar Arrangement:
The double bus arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provides no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The
main and transfer bus works on other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever the maintenance is required on
any breaker, the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and controlled through bus coupler
breaker.
The scheme identical bus bars so that used two:
8
 1. Each load may be fed from either bus.

2. The load circuits may be divided into two separate groups if needed from the operational
considerations.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out for the maintenance and cleaning of insulators

Figure 2:2 Double busbar scheme

2.3 Insulators:
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the
ground so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The insulators
are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes
through the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line
conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In
general, the insulator should have the following desirable properties:
• High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
• High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to earth.
• High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is high.
• High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.
2.3.1 Pin type insulator:
The pin-type insulator, connected to a steel bolt or pin secured to a cross arm on a
transmission pole, features single or multiple shells (petticoats or rain sheds). These shells
are mounted on a spindle fixed to the cross arm to create a sufficient leakage path, increasing
the flashover voltage between power conductors and the insulator pin. The shell design
ensures that if the uppermost shell is wet, the lower shells remain dry, maintaining effective

9
 leakage resistance. Mechanical strength is essential for withstanding the combined forces of
wind pressure and span weight. Typically utilized up to 33KV, their use beyond 50KV is
discouraged due to the rapidly escalating cost compared to the voltage increase.

2.3.2 Suspension Type Insulator:

String insulators, designed for high voltage ratings, consist of multiple flexible units
connected to hang from supporting structures, supporting power conductors at their lowest
points. These composite units, known as string insulators, feature individual disc-shaped
porcelain pieces with grooves on the underside to enhance the leakage path between the top
metal cap and bottom metal pin. Due to their free-swinging nature, suspension insulators like
these require increased clearance between the power conductor and supporting structures
compared to pin type insulators. Each insulator is designed for 11KV, allowing the use of a
string of insulators for various operating voltages.

Figure 2:3 Suspension Type Insulators.

10
 Several important advantages follow from this system;
1. Each insulator is designed for a comparatively low working voltage, usually about 11,000 volts,
and the insulation for any required line voltage can be obtained by using a ‘string’ of a suitable
number of such insulators.
2. In the event of a failure of an insulator, one unit- instead of the whole string- has to be
replaced.
3. The mechanical stress is reduced, since the line is suspended flexibly with pin type insulators,
the grid nature of the attachment results in fatigue and ultimate brittleness of the wire, due to the
alternating nature of the stresses. Also, string is free to swing; there is an equalization of the
tensions in the conductors of successive spans
4. In the event of an increase in the operating voltage of the line, this can be met by adding the
requisite number of units to each string, instead of replacing all insulators, as would be necessary
with pin-type.
2.3.3 Post Type Insulator:
Post insulators, characterized by a metal bolt-down base rather than threads, are frequently
sighted as replacements in early multipart lines and serve a crucial role in substations by
providing insulation for high voltage switching gear and transformers. Currently lacking a
hobby numbering system, these insulators are primarily utilized for bus bars. Constructed
with a porcelain body, cast iron cap, and flanged cast iron base, the threaded hole in the cap
allows for the direct attachment of busbar.

Figure 2:4 Post Type Insulator.

2.4 Isolating Switches:

Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either line equipment,
power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the isolators, we are able to see
11
 the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye. The line isolators are used to isolate the
high voltage from flow through the line into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to
get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself. Isolator is a
type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are operated after the circuit
breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the isolator and after the circuit
breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated under no current condition.
2.5 Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is a device designed to open or close a circuit under normal and fault
conditions. It can be manually or remotely operated in normal situations and automatically
triggered during faults. The breaker comprises fixed and moving contacts (electrodes) that
stay closed during regular operation but can be opened manually or remotely. In the event of
a fault, trip coils energize, causing the moving contacts to separate and interrupt the circuit.
The construction involves the use of insulating fluid to facilitate contact separation, serving
dual functions;
1. It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit
breaker open.
2. It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth.
Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid chosen to depend upon the
rating and type of the circuit breaker.
The insulating fluids commonly used are: -
● Air at atmospheric pressure
● Compressed air
● Ultra-high vacuum
● Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction
● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
2.5.1 Classification of Circuit Breakers:
2.5.1.2 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
In such circuit breaker Sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium. The SF6
is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the
breaker an opened in a high- pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them.
The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively

12
 immobile negative ions. This loss of conduction electrons in the arc quickly builds up
enough insulating strength. The SF6 circuit breaker has been found to be very effect able for
high power and high voltage services.SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its
affinity for electrons i.e whenever a free electron collides with the neutral gas molecules to
form negatives ions, the electrons is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in two
ways

SF6 + e -> SF6

SF6 + e -> SF5 + F

The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free electrons and therefore
under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient energy to lead cumulative
ionization in the gas.
Some of the properties of SF6 are,

● Very high dielectric strength

● High thermal and chemical inertia

● Superior arc extinguishing capability

● Low decomposition by arcing.

13
 Figure 2:5 SF6 Circuit Breaker.

2.5.1.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

A breaker which uses vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit
breaker. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a permanently
sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum. It
is mainly used for medium voltage ranging from 11 KV to 33 Vacuum circuit breaker has a
high insulating medium for arc extinction as compared to the other circuit breaker. The
pressure inside the vacuum interrupter is approximately 10-4 torrent and at this pressure,
very few molecules are present in the interrupter.

14
 .

Figure 2:6 Vacuum Circuit Breaker.

2.6 Lightning Arresters:

A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and
earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline, HV equipment and substation to be protected. It
is a safety valve which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching overvoltage’s at the
substations, over headlines and HV equipment’s and provides a low resistance path for the
surge current to flow to the ground. The practice is also to install lightning arresters at the
incoming terminals of the line.
All the electrical equipment’s must be protected from the severe damages of lightning
strokes. The techniques can be studied under:-
● Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.
● Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke
● protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.
These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation and as near as
possible to the transformer terminals.

● LA will be provided on the support insulators to facilitate leakage current measurement and

to count the no of surges discharged through the LA.

15
● LA bottom flange will be earthed via leakage ammeter and surge counter. Leakage current

is to be recorded periodically. If the leakage current enters into the red range from the green
range, the LA is prone for failure. Hence, it is to be replaced.

● There should be independent earth pit for LA in each phase so as to facilitate fast

discharging and to raise the earth potential.

Figure 2:7 LA And Wave Trap.

2.7 Wave Trap:

Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave trap is
that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main
incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments in
the substation. Generally it is used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as
noise or other interference, of a wave.Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is
trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote
substation and diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control
room through coupling capacitor.This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication
(PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the
telecom company network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition,
16
 voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the high
frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation
bus bars. If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is more and
communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
2.7.1 Design and Types of Wave Traps;
Wave traps are typically comprised of a series inductor (L) and a parallel capacitor
(C).There are two primary types of wave traps based on their design: the tuned wave trap
and the broadband wave trap.
1. Tuned Wave Traps: These are designed to trap a specific range of frequencies. They
are tuned to resonate at the carrier frequency, absorbing the communication signals
and thus, preventing them from entering the substation.
2.Broadband Wave Traps: Unlike tuned wave traps, these are not frequency-specific.
Broadband wave traps can trap a wide range of frequencies, making them more
versatile but also more complex.

17
 CHAPTER 3
PROTECTIVE RELAY AND EARTHING
3.1 Protective Relays:
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere in
the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage
circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays
detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.The electrical quantities which
may change under fault conditions are voltage, frequency, current, phase angle. When a short
circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current flowing in the line increases to the
enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to
operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit
breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay
ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy
portion of the system.
3.2 Types of Relays Installed in Substation;
1. Differential Relay.
2. Over Current.
3. Distance Relay.
4. Buchholz Relay

1. Differential Relay;
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value.If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the
pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

2. Over Current Relay;

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.These

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relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This relay
operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

3. Distance Relay;
Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The
impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay
location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current
varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over current relays
become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is
constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.
4. Buchholz Relay;
It is a gas actuated relay used for the protection of oil immersed transformer against all types of
internal faults and makes use of the fact that fault decompose oil generating gases.
3.3 Earthing:
Connecting of an electrical equipment or apparatus to the earth with the help of a connecting wire
of negligible resistance is known as “ear thing” or “grounding”. In an electric installation, if a
metallic part of an electric appliance comes in direct contact with a bare or livewire, the neutral
being a good conductor of electricity is charged static charge on it will accumulate. Now if any
person comes in contact with this charged metal part, he will get a severe shock. But if the
metallic parts of the equipment or apparatus are earthed, the charge will be given to earth
immediately as the metallic part comes in direct contact with a bare or live wire or breakdown
occurs. And as the discharge takes place to the earth, the impedance of the path of the current is
low, heavy current flows to earth, the instant the current exceeds the limiting value the protective
device (usually a fuse) operates and isolates the appliance or equipment form the supply. Thus, to
provide safety to the users as well as for the operating and maintenance personals it is essential to
provide earthing.
3.4 Neutral grounding;
In practice, the neutral of a three- phase system is earthed at substation. This is known as neutral
earthing or grounding.It is provided with the help of neutral current transformer (NCT) An earthed
neutral system has the following advantages: -

1.It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because the neutral point is not shifted.

2.This system provides a better reliability of service.

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3.It is safer for personal and equipment.

4.It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed neural (isolated system).

5.In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.

Figure 3:3Neutral Current Transformer(NCT).

3.5 Substation Auxiliary Supply:

The purpose of auxiliary power supply systems is to cater for the necessary energy for the
operation of primary and secondary devices at the substation. The auxiliary power systems are
normally divided in two categories, namely the AC system and the DC system(s).
The Auxiliary loads would typically include the following:

● Substation building(s) climate control and lighting.

● Outdoor equipment and indoor panels desiccation heaters.

● Transformer cooling fans.

● Station battery (DC system) charger(s).

DC System;
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A substation can have more than one or several DC systems.The main components of the DC
system are battery, charger and distribution switchboard including the DC system monitoring
relay. In a typical installation, the batteries are installed in a separate battery room. The ventilation
of the battery room should be adequate, considering type and size of the batter.Temperature level
of the battery room should not exceed 25°C, since temperature above this significantly affects the
battery lives.Since the DC system supplying (especially to the relay protection, control and
interlocking circuits) is of paramount importance to the substation’s reliable and safe operation,
the energy supply has to be always available. The need of this reliable supply becomes even more
important during disturbances and faults in the high- or medium-voltage primary circuits.The
importance of this reliable DC-auxiliary power is crucial for the substation as such. The higher
(more important) role the substation plays from the complete distribution or transmission network
point of view, the higher are the demands for the substation’s DC auxiliary power systems.

21
 Figure 3: 2 Boost Charger.

CHAPTER 4
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
4.1 Introduction to Instrument Transformers:

The Figure 3:3 Battery Bank.

lines I substation operate at high voltage and carry current of 1000 of amperes. The measuring
instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages (for generally 110 volts) and
currents (about 5 A).Therefore, they do not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the lines;

22
this difficulty is overcome by installing instrument transformers on the power lines. The function
of his instrument transformers is to transfer voltage or current in the power lines to values which
are convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and relays.
4.2 There are two types of instrument transformers viz;
4.2.1 Current Transformers:
C.T is essentially a transformer which steps down current to a known ratio. The primary winding
of this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line.
The secondary consists of a large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring
instruments & relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the line. Suppose
current transformer rated at 100/5 A is connected in the line to measure current in primary the
current in primary the current in the line 100 A, then secondary of C.T will be 5.
A. Similarly, if current in the line is 50 A, then secondary of C.T will have current of 2.3
A .Thus C.T under consideration will step down the line current by a factor of 20.
Basic Design Principle of Current Transformers:
The basic principle induced in designing of current transformers is Primary ampere turns
Secondary ampere turns
Ip × Np = Is × Ns
Here, Ip - Primary current
Np - Primary Winding Turns
Is - Secondary Current; Ns - Secondary Winding Turns
● Ampere turns play a very important role in designing current transformers.

● Current transformers must be connected in series only.

● Current transformer has less no of turns in primary and more no of turns in secondary.

● The secondary current is directly proportional to primary current.

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 Figure 4:1 Current Transformer(CT)

Figure 4:2 Line Diagram of CT

The line diagram of a current transformer contains different components.

 Primary Winding: It is the winding which is connected in series with the circuit, the
current of which is to be transformed.
These are of two types:
1. Single turn primary winding 2. Multi-turn primary winding

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 Magnetic Core: Performance of any current transformer depends on its accuracy of
transformation and characteristics of the core material used.
Design of a current transformer depends on the frequency of excitation.
 Secondary Winding: The winding which supplies the current to the measuring instruments,
meters, relays, etc.
 Burden: The relay, instrument or other device connected to the secondary winding is termed
as 'burden' of a current transformer.
4.2.2 Potential Transformer:
An instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal conditions of use, is
substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero or an appropriate direction of the connections.
Basic Functions of Voltage Transformers are:

● To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring instruments
relays etc.
● To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage side an
installation.
● To sense abnormalities in voltage and give signals to protective relays to isolate the
defective system.

Figure 4:3 Potential Transformer.

Basic Design Principle Involved in Voltage Transformer’s:

The basic principle involved in the designing of Voltage Transformer is Voltage Ratio =
Turns Ratio
VP / VS = NP / NS

25
 Thus NS × VP = NP × VS

As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have more turns in
the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected in parallel only. Even if we
connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not going to be a short circuit as its primary
winding has very high resistance. Its core is a set of assembled laminations.

Simple Line Diagram of Voltage Transformer:

Figure 4:4 Line Diagram of PT

4.2.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to
step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or
operating a protective relay. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to
the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the
instrumentation or protective relay.
Principle of Operation;
As shown in Figure 4.5, the capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors
connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage
drop across C2. As the majority of the voltage drop is on C1, this reduces the required insulation
level of the voltage transformer. This makes CVTs more economical than the wound voltage
transformers under high voltage (over 100 kV), as the latter one requires more winding and
materials. The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave
traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication signals from power frequency. This
forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network, to communicate

26
between substations. The CVT is installed at a point after Lightning Arrester and before Wave
trap. A practical CVT is shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4:5 Circuit Diagram of CVT

Figure 4:6 CVT

4.3 Power Line Carrier Communication System;

For large Power System Power Line Carrier Communication is used for data transmission as well
as protection of Transmission Lines. Carrier current used for Power Line carrier Communication
has a frequency range of 80 to 500 kHz. PLCC in modern electrical Power System is mainly for
telemetry and telecontrol. Power Line Carrier Communication is used for the Carrier Tripping and

27
Direct Tripping in case of Distance Protection. Distance protection relay in relay panel at one end
of the transmission line gets the input from CT and CVT in line. The output of relay goes to
modem of PLCC which in turn is received by the PLCC system at remote end substation.
For communication between the two substations, each end of transmission line is provided
with identical PLCC equipment consisting of equipment:

● Transmitters and Receivers

● Hybrids and Filters

● Line Matching Unit

● Wave Traps
● Power Amplifier
● CVT

● PLCC Panel
● Connecting wires
● LMU

● Ground ports

APPLICATION OF PLCC:
PLCC in modern electrical power system substation is mainly used for following purpose:
1. Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that Inter trip command can be issued by
relay due to tripping of circuit breaker at any one end.To trip the line circuit breaker nearest to the
fault, this is done by:
a) Distance protection relay (V/I characteristics)
b) Differential comparison method
c) Phase comparison method
2. Station to station communication between operating personnel
3. Carrier telemetering, electrical quantities that are telemetered are kW, kVA, kVAR, Voltage
and Power factor etc.

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 CHAPTER 5
POWER TRANSFORMERS:
5.1 Introduction: -

A power transformer is used in a substation for step down the voltage. Expect at the power station,
all the subsequent substations used step down transformers to gradually reduce the voltage of
electrical supply and finally delivered it at the utilization voltage. The modern practice is to use 3
phase transformers in the substation, although 3 single phase banks of transformer can also be
used. The use of three phase transformer (instead of 3 phase bank of transformer) permits two
advantages. Firstly, only one 3 phase load tap changing mechanism can be used. Secondly its
installation is much similar to a single- phase transformer.. In Zainakote substation two rating of
transformers are installed 220/132/33 KV.Transformers is heart of power system and is most
important and costliest in power system.

Figure 5:1 50 MVA 220/132 KV Transformer.

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5.2 Tertiary Winding of Transformer:
In the inter connecting transformer, one winding in addition to its primary and secondary winding
is used. This additional winding, apart from primary and secondary windings, is known as Tertiary
winding of the transformer. Because of this third winding, the transformer is called three winding
transformer.

Figure 5:2 Tertiary Winding.

Advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in Transformer
Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power transformer to meet one or more of the
following requirements-

● It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase load.

● It redistributes the flow of fault current.

● Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in

addition to its main secondary load. This secondary load can be taken from tertiary
winding of three winding transformer.

● As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3 winding transformer, it

assists in limitation of fault current in the event of a short circuit from line to neutral.

Transformer Oil;
One of the most important factors, which determine the life, satisfactory operations of the
transformer are the oil in which it is immersed The transformer oil has two prime functions:

30
1. To create the acceptable level of insulation in conjunction with insulated conductors and
coils.
2.To provide a cooling medium capable of extracting quantities of heat without deterioration as
an insulating medium.
3.Transformers oil is a mineral oil obtained by fractional distillation of crude petroleum.
Vegetables and animal oils are not used in transformers. Some of the important characteristics
necessary in transformer oil are its dielectric, strength, resistance, to emulsion viscosity, purity,
and flash point and sludge formations.
5.3 Transformer Cooling;
Transformer is a static device that converts energy at one level to another voltage level. During
this process of energy transfer, losses occur in the windings and core of the transformer. These
losses appeared as heat. This heat is dissipated to the surroundings. The coolants used in the
transformers are: -
1. Air
2. Oil
The transformers using air as coolant are called dry type transformers while transformers using
oil as coolant are known as oil immersed transformers. In dry type transformers the heat
generated is conducted across the core and windings to be dissipated from the Outer surface of
the windings to the surrounding air through convection. In case of oil immersed transformers, the
heat produced inside the core and the windings are connected across them to their surfaces. The
heat is transferred from oil to the walls of the tank through convection. Finally, the heat is
transferred from the tank walls of the surrounding air by radiation and convection.
5.4 Major components:
This is essential to house the transformer oil, flitting and accessories such as terminal
arrangements, conservator, Breather, safety device etc. They should also withstand seismic
forces.
5.4.1 Conservator:
Conservator with valuation of temperature there is corresponding variation in oil volume. To
account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to hemp with a connecting pipe
to main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere through dehydrating

31
breathers in large transformer, an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with inside bag open
atmosphere through breathers and outside surface of bag in contact with oil surface.

Figure 5:3 Conservator.

5.4.2 Breather:
Both transformer oil and cellulose paper are highly hygroscopic paper being more
hygroscopic then mineral oil the moisture if not excluded from oil surface in conservator this
will find its way finally into paper insulation and causes reduced insulation strength of
transformer to minimize this the conservator is allowed to breath only through silica gel
column which absorb the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.

Figure 5:4 Breather.

5.4.3 Bushings:
Transformer are connected to HV lines and therefore care is to be taken to prevent flash-over
from high voltage connections to earthed tank Connections from cables are made in cable
boxes, but overhead connections are to be brought through bushing specially designed for
different classes of voltages.

32
 Figure 5:5 Bushing.
5.4.4 Tap Changer:
It is very essential to maintain system voltage within prescribed limits for better health of
electrical equipment’s voltage of system can be varied by changing the true ration of
transformer. The device tap changer is used for adding a cutting out turns of primary or
secondary winding of transformer.
It is of basically two types:

1. Off-Circuit tap changer

2. On-Load tap changer (OLT C)

Figure 5:6 On Load Tap Changer

33
Transformer Protection;
5.5 Temperature Indicators:
1.Oil Temperature Tndicator (OTI):
These devices are used to measure the top oil temperature. An OTI is used for the protection of a
transformer.
2.Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI):
This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. An WTI is used for the protection of
Transformer.
3. Pressure Release Valve(PRV):
The release valve is used to control or limit the pressure in the system which can be built for a
process upset. In case of instrument or equipment failure of fire the pressure is relieved by
allowing the pressurized fluid to flow from auxiliary passage out of the system.

Figure 5:7 Winding and Oil Temperature Indicator.

5.6 Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System (NIFPS) Transformer:

Unique Fire Protection System, which takes care of the health of Transformer and protects it from
any unwanted fire internally and externally. In a Transformer, Internal Fire can occur due to
arcing, in core and coil dielectric interruption, ruptures and twist of the winding, improper
grounding etc. While external fire erupts due to OLTC, oil leaks, gasket rupture, weld cord,
defects of forced cooling fans, Buchholz Relay, exit of the current transformers of the bushings,
bursting of bushings, improper / loosening of cable terminations, faults in transmission lines etc.
For internal fault Feedback / Trip Signals for activating the signal:
Differential Trip | IDMT E/F Trip | IDMT O/C Trip | Restricted E/F | WTI Trip | OTI Trip | PRV |
Buchholz Relay | Master Trip | Temperature Detector.
34
 Figure 5:8 Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System

5.7 Buchholz Relay:

Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to
conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is
attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in the
Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of mercury
switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower element consists of a baffle plate
and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of
Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high
pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
In addition to these main elements a Buchholz relay has gas release pockets on top. The electrical
leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block.

Figure 5:9 Buchholz Relay.

SHORTCOMINGS;
The industrial report on the Zainakote Grid Station identified several shortcomings:
35
1. Impedance Mismatch of Transformers: The impedance mismatch of transformers inhibits
parallel operation, limiting the station's capacity and flexibility in managing power distribution
efficiently.
2. Proximity to Residential Areas: The station's location surrounded by residential areas poses a
risk of potential incidents, raising concerns about safety and security for both the station and
nearby residents.
3. Small Bay Size: The small size of bays at the station restricts expansion and the installation of
additional equipment, potentially hindering future upgrades or improvements.These shortcomings
highlight challenges in optimizing the station's performance, ensuring safety, and accommodating
future growth. However, due to limited land availability, further mitigation or expansion options
are constrained, necessitating careful consideration of operational strategies and
risk management measures within existing constraints.

36
CONCUSLION;
The industrial training conducted at the Zainakote Srinagar Grid Station, overseen by the Kashmir
Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), encompassed a broad spectrum of topics
crucial for understanding and managing grid station operations. Participants delved into
fundamental principles including voltage regulation, load balancing, and fault management,
gaining a foundational understanding of grid operations. Practical sessions on equipment
maintenance provided hands-on experience with transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and
switchgear, emphasizing preventive maintenance and troubleshooting techniques. Safety protocols
were rigorously enforced, ensuring participants were well-versed in personal protective measures
and emergency response procedures, fostering a culture of safety consciousness.Furthermore,
participants were acquainted with grid monitoring and control systems, learning to navigate real-
time monitoring tools and respond effectively to deviations or disturbances. Emergency response
training included simulated scenarios, allowing for the practical application of learned skills in a
controlled environment. Environmental considerations were also woven into the training fabric,
with discussions centered on the environmental impact of grid operations and strategies for
mitigation and sustainability.Overall, the industrial training program provided participants with a
holistic understanding of grid station operations, equipping them with both theoretical knowledge
and practical skills necessary for successful careers in the power transmission sector. Additionally,
it served as a platform for fostering collaboration and contributing to the sustainable development
of regional infrastructure.

37
REFERANCES;
1. Power System Protection and Switchgear (Second Edition) by Badri Ram, Published by Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi.
2. Electric Machines (Fourth Edition) by DP Kothari and I J Nagrath, Published by Tata McGraw
Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi.
3.Principles of Power System (Forth Edition) by V.K Mehta and Rohit Mehta,Published by S
Chand& Co Ltd.

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