INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON JABBAN POWER STATION

By

WALAYAT SHAH
cu-1018-2015

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar

OCT 2019
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, this report of the industrial training is a benefited report of the
work done by WALAYAT SHAH, in partial fulfillment of requirement for award of
degree in Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from CECOS University
Peshawar.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ACADEMIC COORDINATOR

COORDINATOR

ENGR. ALI M DURRANI ENGR. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM

CECOS University Peshawar CECOS University Peshawar

ii
 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the
thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.
I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

iii
 EXPERIENCE CERTIFICATE

Paste a clear and visible photocopy of here.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This report has been given by the authors to convey the information about different
departments of Jabban dam, which has been visited during our training. We have
discussed the different specifications, processing and Generation of the Dam we
visited. We have tried to give some history of the processes, literature, survey and
importance of the processing as well.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise to Almighty Allah, the most Gracious and compassionate. Who created the
universe and bestowed mankind with the knowledge and blessings of Allah be upon
the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) who guided mankind with the Holy Quran
and sunnah, the everlasting source of guidance and knowledge for humanity.

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to
extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to JABBAN Hydropower Station for their guidance and

constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project and also for their support in completing the project.

I would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & member of CHP for their
kind co-operation and encouragement, which help us in completion of this project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Mr. SHAH NAWAZ
(Resident Engineer) Mr. ABDUL HAMEED (fore man) for giving us such attention
and time. My thanks and appreciations go to our university in developing the project
and people who helped me with their abilities.

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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction of Hydro Electricity................................................................12
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................12
1.2 Generation of Hydropower in World.................................................................13
1.3 Advantages:........................................................................................................14
1.4 Generation of Hydropower in Pakistan..............................................................14
1.5 Electricity production:........................................................................................15
1.6 Why Hydro Power Is Important for Pakistan.....................................................16
Chapter 2 Company/ Firm Back ground......................................................................17
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................17
2.2 Salient Technical Features..................................................................................17
2.3 Power House Turbine:........................................................................................18
2.4 Generators:.........................................................................................................18
2.5 Step-Up Transformer:.........................................................................................18
2.6 Output Distribution.............................................................................................18
Chapter 3 Operation section......................................................................................20
3.1 Vertical Francis Type Turbine:..........................................................................21
3.2 Main Part of Turbine..........................................................................................22
3.3 Runner:...............................................................................................................22
3.4 Main Shaft:.........................................................................................................22
3.5 Turbine Guide Bearing:......................................................................................23
3.6 Pressure Oil Distribution Head:..........................................................................23
3.7 Wicket Gates:.....................................................................................................23
3.7.1 Wicket Gates Operation Mechanism:..........................................................23
3.8 Discharge Ring:..................................................................................................24
3.9 Draft Tube Liner:................................................................................................24
3.10 Over Speed Shutdown Device:.........................................................................24
3.11 Operation Involves:..........................................................................................25
Chapter 4 Component protection and instrumentation...............................................26
4.1 Generator............................................................................................................26
4.1.1 Main Parts of Generator in Mechanical Term:............................................26
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 4.1.2 Main Parts of Generator in Electrical Term:...............................................26
4.2 Synchronous Generators.....................................................................................27
4.2.1 Working Principle of Synchronous Generator:...........................................27
4.2.2 Rating of Installed Synchronous Generator:................................................27
4.2.3 Synchronous Speed:.....................................................................................28
4.2.4 Condition of Synchronization:.....................................................................28
4.2.5 Advantages...................................................................................................28
4.2.6 Salient Pole Generator:................................................................................29
4.2.7 Non-Salient Pole Generator:........................................................................29
4.3 Transformer:.......................................................................................................29
4.3.1 Basic principles:...........................................................................................29
4.3.2 Conservator Tank:........................................................................................30
4.3.3 Surge Arrester:.............................................................................................30
4.3.4 Tap Changer:................................................................................................31
4.3.5 Transformer Cooling System:......................................................................31
4.3.6 Expansion Replacing Tank:.........................................................................32
4.4 Governor and Its Operation:...............................................................................32
4.4.1 Response to Speed Sensors:.........................................................................33
4.4.2 Operating Form:...........................................................................................33
4.4.3 Governor Parts.............................................................................................33
4.4.4 Types of Fault in Governor:.........................................................................34
4.5 Bearing Used on Main Shaft:.............................................................................34
4.5.1 Guide Bearing for Turbine...........................................................................34
4.5.2 Guide Bearing for Generator.......................................................................34
4.5.3 Reverse Thrust Bearing...............................................................................34
4.5.4 Normal Thrust Bearing................................................................................34
4.6 Composition of Lubrication Oil System.............................................................34
4.6.1 Lubrication Oil Pump:.................................................................................35
4.6.2 Lubricating Oil Sump Tank:........................................................................35
4.6.3 Elevated Oil Tank:.......................................................................................35
4.6.4 Solenoid Valve in Pilot Check Valve:.........................................................36

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 4.6.5 High-Pressure Oil Pump:.............................................................................36
4.7 Instrument Transformers:...................................................................................36
4.7.1 Potential Transformer:.................................................................................37
4.7.2 Current Transformer:...................................................................................37
4.8 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).................................................................38
4.9 Relays.................................................................................................................38
4.9.1 Electromechanical Relay:............................................................................38
4.9.2 Solid State Relay:.........................................................................................38
4.9.3 Protection Relay:..........................................................................................39
4.9.4 Over Current Relay:.....................................................................................39
4.9.5 Distance Relay:............................................................................................39
4.9.6 Synchronism Check Relay:..........................................................................39
4.10 Transducer:.......................................................................................................40
4.11 Circuit Breakers:...............................................................................................40
4.11.1 Types of Circuit Breakers:.........................................................................40
4.11.2 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker:....................................................................41
4.11.3 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker:.............................................................41
4.11.4 High Voltage Circuit Breaker:...................................................................42
Chapter 5 comment issues and recommendation........................................................43
5.1 Comments...........................................................................................................43
5.2 Issues and Recommendation..............................................................................44
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................45
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................45
6.2 References..........................................................................................................46

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Inside a hydropower plant............................................................................12
Figure 2: comparison....................................................................................................16
Figure 3: machine hall..................................................................................................19
Figure 4: cross section of a hydroelectric power plant................................................20
Figure 5: Vertical Francis Turbine...............................................................................21
Figure 6: Systematic Diagram of Excitation Mechanism............................................25
Figure 7: transformer....................................................................................................29
Figure 8: primary & secondary winding......................................................................30
Figure 9: transformer....................................................................................................31
Figure 10: Block diagram for turbine’s oil lubrication system....................................36
Figure 11: 33kv potential transformer..........................................................................37
Figure 12: 33 KV current transformer........................................................................37
Figure 13: circuit breaker.............................................................................................40
Figure 14: medium voltage circuit breaker..................................................................41
Figure 15: high voltage sf6 circuit breaker..................................................................42

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Generation of Hydropower on World............................................................13
Table 2: Feature of Wapda Hydel Station....................................................................15
Table 3: specification of power transformer................................................................32

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 Chapter 1
Introduction of Hydro Electricity

1.1 Introduction

Hydroelectricity is the production of electric power through the use of gravitational

force of falling in flowing of water. It is form of renewable energy most hydro

electrical power is come from potential energy of Dammed water driving a water

turbine and generator. In this case, the energy Extracted from the water depend on the

volume and on the difference in height between the source and water, outflow this

Heights different is called head Water to the turbine delivered through the large pipe

card pin stock. This water due to its potential energy rotate the turbine blades, which

in turn rotate the turbine generator shop.

Figure 1: Inside a hydropower plant

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A generating station, which utilized the potential energy of water at high level for

generation of electrical energy known as hydroelectric station a cross sectional view

of power station is shown in Figure.

1.2 Generation of Hydropower in World

Worldwide hydroelectric power plant produces about 24% percent of world electricity

in supply more than 1 billion people with power the world hydropower plant outputs

are combined total EP 675000 Mw.

Some of major height of hydro plants across the world are shown in table
Table 1: Generation of Hydropower on World

Ran NAME COUNTRY RIVER CAPACITY ANNUAL

k ELECTRICTY
PRODUCTION
1. Three Gorges  China Yangtze 22,500 98.8
Dam
2. Itaipu Dam  Brazil Paraná 14,000 103.1
 Paraguay

3. Xiluodu  China Jinsha 13,860 55.2

4. Guri  Venezuel Caroní 10,235 53.41

a
5. Belo Monte  Brazil Xingu 10,011 39.5

6. Tucuruí  Brazil Tocantins 8,370 41.43

7. Grand Coulee  United Columbia 6,809 20

States
8. Xiangjiaba  China Jinsha 6,448 30.7

9. Longtan Dam  China Hongshui 6,426 18.7

10. Sayano-  Russia Yenisei 6,400 26.8

Shushenskaya
11. Krasnoyarsk  Russia Yenisei 6,000 15

12. Nuozhadu  China Mekong 5,850 23.9

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 13. Robert-  Canada La Grande 5,616 26.5
Bourassa
14. Churchill Falls  Canada Churchill 5,428[16] 35

15. Tarbela Dam  Pakistan Indus 4,888[17] 13

1.3 Advantages:
 Modern hydro turbine can convert as much as 90% of available energy into
electricity.
 Hydropower leave behind no waste hydropower does not produce greenhouse
gases or other air pollution.

1.4 Generation of Hydropower in Pakistan

Pakistan is very good potential in electric generation through water. Pakistan has a

potential of 40,000 MW hydropower, out of which economic hydropower potential is

around 20,000 MW where to keep it up 13 is it in HYDEL station as today 6444 MW

which is 35.88% of total installed generation of WAPDA (water and power

development authority) hydropower the present in the third Pakistan’s power

resources, however, periodic droughts effect availability of hydro power production.

WAPDA control the country major hydroelectric plants as shown in the table below.

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 Table 2: Feature of Wapda Hydel Station

s.no Name of project Capacity

1 Tarbela 3478
2 Ghazi barotha 1450
3 Mangla 1000
4 Warsak 240
5 Chashma 184
6 Malakand 22
7 Dargay 22
8 Rasul 22
9 Shadiwal 13.5
10 Chichoki Malian 13.5
11 Nandipur 13.5
12 Kurram gari 4
13 Reshun 2.8
14 Renala 1.1
15 Chitral 1
16 Jargan 30.4
17 Kathai 1.6
18 Kundel shahi 2
19 Leepa 1.6
20 Northern area 94
21 Small micro hydel station 3
Total 6595.7

Electricity in Pakistan generated, transmitted, distributed, and retail by two vertically

integrated public sector utilities WAPDA deals for all Pakistan except Karachi. The
Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for the city of Karachi and its
surrounding areas. there are around 16 independent power producers (IPPS).

1.5 Electricity production:

Electricity generation
 Electricity – generation: 123.25 GWH (2017)
 Electricity – generation by source (2019)
 Furnace oil: 14% of total
 Natural gas: 31% of total
 Coal: 16% of total
 Hydroelectric: 29% of total
 Nuclear: 4% of total
 Renewable (Solar & Wind) : 5% of total
 Others (Bagasse, Waste Heat Recovery etc.): 1% of total
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1.6 Why Hydro Power Is Important for Pakistan
The present crises start around 2006-7 as a gradual in demand outstripped power
generation. The installed generation capacity is 23,500 MW but any given time.

Figure 2: comparison

the actual available capacity has remained below 14,000 MW because the
independent power plant is not is been able to buy oil and production of old plant in
the public sector has dropped causing short fall 4,000 to 7,000 MW while it's true that
the IPPs are not producing enough power to meet the shortfall, it is only part of the
problem..

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 Chapter 2
Company/ Firm Back ground

2.1 Introduction
JABBAN (MALAKAND-I) Hydropower Plant (MHPP-I) is a small, low-head, run-
of-the-river hydroelectric power generation station of 22 megawatt generation
capacity (four units of 5.5 MW each), located at JABBAN, MALAKAND District,
KPK province of Pakistan on the flows of Swat River and about 210 km from
Pakistan's Capital Islamabad, 45 km from the city of MARDAN and 7 km upstream
of 20 MW DARGAI Hydropower Plant (MALAKAND-II). It is a small hydel power
generating plant constructed and put in commercial operation on July 1938 generating
Average Annual yield of 122 million units (GWH) of least expensive electricity.

JABBAN Hydropower Project is located on Swat canal in MALAKAND Division.

This run-of-river hydropower plant was built in 1937, and as such, it is the oldest
large hydropower plant in Pakistan. It discontinued its production after a fire broke
out in November 2006.

The infrastructure was rehabilitated and the capacity of the project increased from 19
MW to 22 MW. During construction, 200 people were employed at the worksite,
directly benefiting local population of MALAKAND District. After rehabilitation, the
plant will employ 50 workers, and will provide electricity to more than 240,000
people.

2.2 Salient Technical Features

 Installed capacity: 22 MW (4 Units of 5.5 MW each)

 Annual net electrical output: 122 GWH
 Design discharge: 34 m3/s (8.5 m3/s per unit)
 Rated net: head 76.8 m
 Generation voltage: 11 kV
 Transmission voltage: 132 kV
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2.3 Power House Turbine:

 Made by: ZHEJIANG JINLUN ELECTROMECHANIC CO.

LTD., JINHUA, ZHEJIANG, CHINA
 Type: vertical type
 Total turbines: 4

2.4 Generators:

 Made by: ZHEJIANG JINLUN ELECTROMECHANIC CO.

LTD., JINHUA, ZHEJIANG, CHINA
 Type: synchronous generator
 Total installed: 4
 Output: 22 MW

2.5 Step-Up Transformer:

 Made by: ZHEJIANG JINLUN ELECTROMECHANIC CO.

LTD., JINHUA, ZHEJIANG, CHINA
 Rated capacity:
 Unit 1 to 4

2.6 Output Distribution

The power generated in this plant is supplied to two grid station through 132kva
transmission line which are as:

1. CHAKDARA GRID STATION

2. JALALA GRID STATION

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SOME VIEW OF JABBAN POWER HOUSE

Figure 4: pin stocks of Jabban powerhouse

Figure 3: machine hall

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 Chapter 3
Operation section
Jabban is high head power station utilizing a head of 470ft.

In low head Kaplan type turbine are used. Here Jabban vertical turbines are used
which are very effective in low head.

Figure 4: cross section of a hydroelectric power plant

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3.1 Vertical Francis Type Turbine:
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.
Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts. An inward-flow reaction turbine combines radial
and axial flow concepts.

Figure 5: Vertical Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a
water head from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft.) and are primarily used for electrical
power production. The electric generators that most often use this type of turbine have
a power output that generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW, though
mini-hydro installations may be lower. Penstock (input pipes) diameters are between
3 and 33 ft. (0.91 and 10 m). The speed range of the turbine is from 75 to 1000 rpm. A
wicket gate around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner controls the rate of
water flow through the turbine for different power production rates. Francis turbines
are usually mounted with the shaft vertical to isolate water from the generator. This
also facilitates installation and maintenance.

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3.2 Main Part of Turbine

Figure 7: Main Part of Turbine

3.3 Runner:
 Inlet diameter is 6300mm
 Four adjustable blades
 Material is 13%cr 4Ni stainless steel
 Runner hub is made of cast steel
 In hub and runner cone hydraulic servomotor blades are accommodated

3.4 Main Shaft:

 Shaft diameter is 900 mm
 Material of main shop shaft carbon steel.
 Have two integrally forced coupling flanges.
 Carries to concentric pipes.
 For carries pressure oil for closing and opening operation runner blade
servomotor.
 Restoring Pipe for carrying lubricating oil from oil gravity tank to runner hub
It form two journal which are supported by turbine and generator guide
bearings.

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3.5 Turbine Guide Bearing:
Turbine Guide Bearing is of forced oil circulating types and is a half bearing with its
lower half only being lined by Babbitt metal. The upper half of the bearing is lined at
only it is both ends. After lubricating the bearing and lubricating oil passing to shaft
cover mounted on the turbine guide bearing. Then its return to lubricant oil tank. The
bearing shell is split into two parts in order to facilitate assembling and disassembling.
An oil deflector, which with thought of oil of bearing cover and prevent from leakage
out of coil, fitted in the main shop near the outlet end of the bearing. The turbine
guide bearing is equipped with three thermometer elements. Use for temperature relay
for shutdown and resistance type thermometer recording and indication.

3.6 Pressure Oil Distribution Head:

The distributing head shall be mounted on the upstream and of generator. Pressure
oil through distributing value from the Governor for controlling the runner
servomotor shall be distributed through concentric pipes used for leading the closing
directing oil and opening directing oil respectively. At the upstream side of
distributing head, feedback device runner blade opening is mounted. An oil deflector
which will through off oil to cover that is mounted at downstream side distributing
head and prevents from leakage out of oil.

3.7 Wicket Gates:

A wicket gate, or guide vane, is a component of water turbines to control the flow of
water that enters the turbine. A series of small openings of the wicket gates surrounds
the turbine. When the wicket gates are opened wider, more water will flow into the
turbine runner which results in higher power output. The control of wicket gate
opening and closing will allow the output energy generated by the turbines to be
controlled to match the desired output energy levels.

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3.7.1 Wicket Gates Operation Mechanism:
The wicket gate or the main mechanism of the turbine has blades with adjustable
position and its role is to speed up the current, guiding him in order to get the
optimum action angle on the runner blades. ... Water leaving the director device put
the turbine runner into rotational motion

3.8 Discharge Ring:

Charging is fabricated from 13% CR_4% NI stainless Steel plate is split horizontally.
Lower half up discharge ring has man hole. Before man whole is open, the water must
be checked with the test Cocks provider near man whole. At downstream and ring the
Lose point connected to draft to Liner is provided.

3.9 Draft Tube Liner:

We are a renowned Manufacturer and Supplier of Draft Tube Liner. We manufacture
the Draft Tube Liner using high quality Mild steel. Draft Tube Liner is used in
hydroelectric power plants to drain water back to the river. Draft Tube Liner is
attached with spiral casing. We have manufactured Draft Tube Liner ranging from 50-
250 MW. We also fabricate Draft Tube Liner in special grade steel depending on the
client requirement.

3.10 Over Speed Shutdown Device:

It consists of fly weight assembly which rotates with the main shaft and control valve
assembly. Fly weight assembly which attached the main shaft consists of fly weight,
he strikes rod and spring. The strike rod is connected to fly weight, and produce
outside according to increase rotational speed when the rotational speed reaches the
setting speed i-e 140 RPM the strike rod is strike liver of control valve assembly and
operate the control valve to strip water turbine. The rotational speed for turbine trip
can be adjusted clearness between strike rod and strike levers.

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 Figure 6: Systematic Diagram of Excitation Mechanism

3.11 Operation Involves:

1. First of all, when wicket Gates of turbine open, Water applies a force on
runner blades through which shaft rotates, which is connected to generator
rotor.
2. Generator rotor is excited by 110 of DC supply, generator produce a three
phases AC.
3. AVR (automatic voltage regulator) is convert AC to DC with the help of
thyristors, and this DC supply fed to the armature is excited it.
4. (Excited generator) excited ammeter induced EMF in stator and excited It.
5. Main generator produces 11 KV 3 phases AC, which come to the tap off
transformer.
6. Tap off Transformer give two paths to 11 KV.
 For auxiliaries
 for Step Up Transformer
7. Step up Transformer step of 11KV to 132 KV and fed to transmission lines.

xxv
 Chapter 4
Component protection and instrumentation

4.1 Generator
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts mechanical energy
into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy
include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines,
wind turbines and even hand cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday
disk, was invented in 1831 by British scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide
nearly all of the power for electric power grids.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an

electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can
be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable manual
generators.

4.1.1 Main Parts of Generator in Mechanical Term:

 Rotor: the rotating part of alternator, generator, dynamo, or motor.

 Stator: the stationary part of alternator, generator, dynamo, or motor.

4.1.2 Main Parts of Generator in Electrical Term:

 Armature: an armature is the component of an electric machine, which

carries alternating current. The armature can be rotor or stator.

 Field: the magnetic component of generator. The magnetic field provided by

either electromagnetic mounted on either rotor or the stator.

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4.2 Synchronous Generators
Definition: The synchronous generator or alternator is an electrical machine, which
converts the mechanical power from a prime mover into an AC electrical power at a
particular voltage and frequency. The synchronous motor always runs at the constant
speed called synchronous speed.

4.2.1 Working Principle of Synchronous Generator:

The synchronous generator works on the principle of Faraday laws of electromagnetic
induction. The electromagnetic induction states that electromotive force induced in
the armature coil if it is rotating in the uniform magnetic field The EMF will also be
generated if the field rotates and the conductor becomes stationary. Thus, the relative
motion between the conductor and the field induces the EMF in the conductor. The
wave shape of the induces voltage always a sinusoidal curve.

4.2.2 Rating of Installed Synchronous Generator:

 Output 26000KVA
 Voltage 11000V
 Current 1365A
 ex voltage 275V
 ex current 688A
 frequency 50HZ
 power factor 0.9
 rating CONTINUOUS
 poles 70
 Speed 85.7RPM
 maximum temp of stator 120
 maximum temp of rotor 130

xxvii
4.2.3 Synchronous Speed:
Synchronous speed is the speed at which the magnetic field rotates. Depending
on motor design, the actual mechanical speed may be equivalent (synchronous
motor) or slightly smaller (asynchronous motor).

The synchronous speed is a function of =S

The electrical frequency used, typically 60 Hz or 50 Hz. = f

The number of poles the motor has. =p

The formula for calculating synchronous speed is:

Sync. Speed (in RPM) = 120 x Frequency (Hz) / number of poles

4.2.4 Condition of Synchronization:

The following three conditions are considered for synchronization

 The alternator must have equal line voltage to the bus voltage.
 The alternator must have equal frequency to the bus frequency.
 The alternator must have equal phase sequence to the bus phase sequence.

4.2.5 Advantages
 One of the major advantages of using synchronous motor is the ability to
control the power factor.
 In synchronous motor, the speed remains constant irrespective of the loads.
 Synchronous motors can be constructed with wider air gaps than induction
motors which makes these motors mechanically more stable
 In synchronous motors electro-magnetic power varies linearly with the voltage
 Synchronous motors usually operate with higher efficiencies (more than 90%)
especially in low speed and unity power factor applications compared to
induction motors
There are two types of generator are used and they are salient pole and non-salient
poles generator.

xxviii
4.2.6 Salient Pole Generator:
Salient pole generator are those generators in which no. of pole are high and speed are
very low.

4.2.7 Non-Salient Pole Generator:

Non-salient pole generators are those generators in which no. of pole are low and
speed are very high.

4.3 Transformer:
A transformer is a static device, which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used
to step up or step-down voltage levels between circuits.

Figure 7: transformer

4.3.1 Basic principles:

A transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and secondary
winding. The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each other.
When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating
magnetic flux is produced around the winding.

xxix
 Figure 8: primary & secondary winding

The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding. Most of the flux is linked with the secondary winding, which is called as
'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux, which is not linked with secondary winding,
is called as 'leakage flux'. As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is
continuously changing), EMF is induced in the secondary winding according to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This EMF is called 'mutually induced
EMF', and the frequency of mutually induced EMF is same as that of supplied EMF.
If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows
through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from primary to secondary.

4.3.2 Conservator Tank:

Transformers have a cylindrical tank, known as the conservator tank, mounted on
the roof of its main tank to provide adequate space for expansion of oil within the
transformer. When the temperature rises, the volume of oil inside the transformer also
increases; thus, it is this conservator tank that acts as a reservoir for the expanded oil.

4.3.3 Surge Arrester:

Surge arresters are installed on a transformer to protect it from over-voltage
transients. A surge arrester is connected to each phase conductor just before it enters
the transformer. ... At normal operating voltages, the surge arrester must behave like
an insulator, isolating the phase conductor from ground

xxx
4.3.4 Tap Changer:
A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers, which allows for variable turn ratios
to be selected in discrete steps. In addition, with this mechanism obtain this variable
turn ratio by connecting to a number of access points known as taps along either the
primary or secondary winding.

4.3.5 Transformer Cooling System:

The full form of ONAN is “Oil Natural Air Natural”. Here natural convectional
flow of hot oil is utilized for cooling. In convectional circulation of oil, the hot oil
flows to the upper portion of the transformer tank and the vacant place is occupied by
cold oil. This hot oil, which comes to upper side, will dissipate heat in the atmosphere
by natural conduction, convection and radiation in air and will become cold. In this
way the oil in the transformer tank continually, circulate when the transformer put
into load.

Figure 9: transformer

4.3.6 Expansion Replacing Tank:

A tank is place on E.L 196.80 m for water normal condition its level remain
constant. It is divided in three portions,

xxxi
  Air coring of generator
 Bearing cooling of water
 Transformer cooling water
For expansion replacing tank water flow by gravitational force maintain volume of
water (in cooling water surface) constant. Expansion replacing tank filled if low water
level found.

Table 3: specification of power transformer

High voltage Low voltage

Rated power 71 MVA 71 MVA
Rated voltage 140±10%-5 KV 13.8 KV
Rated current 113.2 A 1443.2 A
Highest voltage for 145 V 17.5 V
equipment
Connection WYE ¥ DELTA Ʌ
Type of cooling ODWF

4.4 Governor and Its Operation:

The turbine governor is a system that regulates the inlet of water into turbine.
Which in turn rotate the Governor to produce electricity in order to maintain the
required generated frequency of 50HZ. the speed of rotation must be kept constant
here in JABBAN hydro power project plant this speed is always maintain is 85 RPM
the Governor received the information about the current speed of the turbine from the
system of speed sensor of the turbine shaft and adjust water flow by opening and
closing the Wicket Gate to maintain the required Speed of the turbine.

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4.4.1 Response to Speed Sensors:
This is a servo motor linked to your throttle in control by the in electronic module
that since turbine speed by counting electrical pulse emitted by a switch connected to
turbine shaft through gears or magnetic pickup. Frequencies are this pulse is directly
proportional to the shaft speed allow control electronic module to apply proportional
voltage to the servo motor to regulate the engine speed. Due to their rapid response to
the speed changes electronic governor are often fitted engine driven generator as the
generator output frequency must be held within narrow range to avoid malfunction.

4.4.2 Operating Form:

The normal operating form is remote surveillance control. While it is controlled
locally at the unit control cubicle located in the power plant if necessary. In
otherworld the operator can perform start in stop operation of the generating unit
master control switch. While watching the indicator in the unit control cubicle. When
equipment related to the generating unit is faulted. the corresponding protection relay
is operated and gives alarm.

4.4.3 Governor Parts

 GDA (gate driver amplifier) interfacing card
This electronic card is used to controlled the position
 BDA (blade driver amplifier) interfacing card
This electronic card is used to control the position of wicket gates.
 ZVPU (zero velocity pickup) interfacing card
Third electronic card is used to sense the speed of turbine through the speed
sensor at generator turbine shaft.
 MPU (magnetic pickup) interfacing card
This card is used to sense the generator frequency through the sensing the
rotation of the shaft on amount of this seven-sensor connected in series in
feedback. The resistance of each is collect by DCS (digital control system of
the governor.

4.4.4 Types of Fault in Governor:

There are three critical faults are the governor to shoot down it self
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 1. Runner blade fault
2. Wicket gate fault
3. Speed sensor fault

4.5 Bearing Used on Main Shaft:

The bearings used on the main turbine shaft are as follows:

4.5.1 Guide Bearing for Turbine

Used to absorb vertical deflection of shaft on turbine side.

4.5.2 Guide Bearing for Generator

Used to absorb vertical deflection of shaft on generator side.

4.5.3 Reverse Thrust Bearing

Used to with stand thrust produced in reverse direction shaft.

4.5.4 Normal Thrust Bearing

Used to withstand normal thrust in shaft.

4.6 Composition of Lubrication Oil System

The oil lubricating system is composed of the following main components and
devices.

Units of lubricating oil pump driven by electric motor.

 One unit of lubricating oils sump tank.

 One elevated oil tank.
 Two unit of oil cooler.
 One solenoid valve.
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  Three flow relays.
 Two unit of high-pressure oil pump driven by electric pump.

4.6.1 Lubrication Oil Pump:

Two Units of horizontal gear type pump. Each directly coupled with electric motor
and mounted upon the lubricating oil sump tank. one unit being used normal
lubricating oil pump in other is standby.

Each pump unit is provided with safety relief valve which is to protect

Pump again being expose to excessive pressure.

4.6.2 Lubricating Oil Sump Tank:

The lubricating oil sump tank is oil reserve oil for lubricating oil system and its
same time use is mounting bed for oil pump unit. The volumetric capacity is sufficient
contain 110 % of total necessary lubricating oil quantity. This sump tank is provided
with a float type level indicator with level switches (33qbh.33qb11.33qb12). there are
micro switches and operated through cams.

4.6.3 Elevated Oil Tank:

The Elevated oil tank is used to feed lubricating oil gravity to the bearing. Also
used when the lubricating oil pumps are in trouble or AC power is lost. In this case
the stored lubricating oil permits oil bearing for that time required stopping turbine
safely.

4.6.4 Solenoid Valve in Pilot Check Valve:

The pilot check valve control by solenoid valve (20qbs) is used to prevent the oil in
elevated tank flowing into the sump tank and to the through the bearing while turbine
is not operated. When the turbine is not to be operated for the month are more.
Solenoid valve should be periodically open by hand to lubricate the bearing with oil.

4.6.5 High-Pressure Oil Pump:

High-pressure oil pump is used to lift of turbine/generator shaft when unit stop and
start. Two units of horizontal gear type pumps each directly coupled with in electric

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motor and install near side of lubricating sump tank. One unit been used in normal
lubricating oil pump in other is stand by.

Figure 10: Block diagram for turbine’s oil lubrication system

Normal high-pressure oil pump is driven only when the unit is stop or started.

4.7 Instrument Transformers:

Instrument transformers are special transformers that are used in electrical power
system for stepping down currents and voltages of the system for measuring and
protection purposes.

4.7.1 Potential Transformer:

A Potential transformer is actually an instrument transformer that used in power
systems to step down primary current voltages and secondary voltages from a higher
level to lower secondary potential output voltage level.

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 Figure 11: 33kv potential transformer

4.7.2 Current Transformer:

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or
multiply an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is
proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or
potential transformers are instrument transformers.

Figure 12: 33 KV current transformer

4.8 Automatic
Voltage Regulator (AVR)
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
xxxvii
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or
DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies
where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators
control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage
regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all
customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the
line.

4.9 Relays
A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current
that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an
electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows
through it).

4.9.1 Electromechanical Relay:

An electromechanical relay is a device that controls one electrical circuit by
opening and closing contacts in another circuit. Depending on design, relays normally
do not control power-consuming devices directly, except for small loads which draw
less than 15 A.

4.9.2 Solid State Relay:

A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that switches on or off
when a small external voltage is applied across its control terminals. SSRs consist of a
sensor which responds to an appropriate input (control signal), a solid-state electronic
switching device which switches power to the load circuitry, and a coupling
mechanism to enable the control signal to activate this switch without mechanical
parts. The relay may be designed to switch either AC or DC to the load. It serves the
same function as an electromechanical relay, but has no moving parts.

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4.9.3 Protection Relay:
a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is
detected.[1]:4 The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on
coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions
such as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and under-
frequency

4.9.4 Over Current Relay:

Overcurrent relay. An overcurrent relay is a type of protective relay which operates
when the load current exceeds a pickup value.

4.9.5 Distance Relay:

The relay whose working depends on the distance between the impedance of the
faulty section and the position on which relay is known as the impedance relay or
distance relay. It is voltage-controlled equipment.

 Three step distance protection

 Switch distance protection
 Accelerative interrupt protection
 Block distance protection

4.9.6 Synchronism Check Relay:

(Synchronism Check Relay) are relays that allow unattended synchronization of a
machine with a system. Today these are digital microprocessor instruments, but in the
past electromechanical relay systems.

4.10 Transducer:
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a
transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.[1]

Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and

control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical

xxxix
quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of
converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.

4.11 Circuit Breakers:

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.

Figure 13: circuit breaker

4.11.1 Types of Circuit Breakers:

 Low voltage circuit breaker.
 Medium voltage circuit breaker.
 High voltage circuit breaker.

4.11.2 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker:

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial
and industrial application, and include: Low-voltage power circuit breakers can be
mounted in multi-tiers in low-voltage switchboards or switchgear cabinets

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4.11.3 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker:
Medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be assembled into
metal-enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor use, or may be individual components
installed outdoors in a substation. Air-break circuit breakers replaced oil-filled units
for indoor applications, but are now themselves being replaced by vacuum circuit
breakers (up to about 40.5 kV).

Figure 14: medium voltage circuit

breaker

Like the high voltage circuit breakers described below, these are also operated by
current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers. The
characteristics of MV breakers are given by international standards such as IEC
62271. Medium-voltage circuit breakers nearly always use separate current sensors
and protective relays, instead of relying on built-in thermal or magnetic overcurrent
sensors.

4.11.4 High Voltage Circuit Breaker:

Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high-
voltage breakers. The definition of high voltage varies but in power transmission
work is usually thought to be 72.5 kV or higher, according to a recent definition by
the International Electro technical Commission (IEC). High-voltage breakers are
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nearly always solenoid-operated, with current sensing protective relays operated
through current transformers. In substations the protective relay scheme can be
complex, protecting equipment and buses from various types of overload or
ground/earth fault.

Figure 15: high voltage sf6 circuit

breaker

High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium used to extinguish the
arc:

 Bulk oil
 Minimum oil
 Air blast
 Vacuum
 SF6
 CO2

xlii
 Chapter 5
comment issues and recommendation

5.1 Comments
We all know that practical experience at the best, and internship give students that
hands on experience they need. I feel that quality I internship are essential to develop
key skills that you can’t get in a class room. Skills such as multitasking,
communicating, learning to deal with diversity, and dealing with deadlines are
different when you are working for someone else, not yourself like you do in college.
Internship are also a great way to network with people in the industry. My supervisor
and coo workers were great about giving me on text in refereeing to me open position
in the industry.

I thoroughly enjoy my internship this summer and now have very valuable
experience under my belt. I know this will help in looking for job and needing
references. I was dreading it in the beginning, but now I am so happy it was required.
As much as the curriculum changes, I hope that class remain constant.

I learn many of things during mu internship. I work on maintenance of many

machinery and also get a lot of knowledge about hydro power plant. I feel very
excited during working practical with my hands. I work on different machines that
boost my knowledge and will come beneficial for me and future.

I think that internship as extremely valuable to a student. It is a small test of real

world. It help reinforce my knowledge of responsibility, focus, drive and ambition. I
learn focus. I got tired, but didn’t give up. Only way to gain experience, and move up
in the working world is to be driven, focused and to have a will to never give up.

Open communication was of the strongest and most apparent skills that I learn
during my internship. When I first started as a internee, I was intimidated and nervous
to ask to many questions because I did not want to admit that I didn’t understand or
that I needed extra help with something. Luckily I got over that pair quickly because
asking questions is the only way to learn what you are really supposed to be doing. I

xliii
found that my supervisor and fellow staff members appreciated at more if I ask to
many questions to make sure I really understood want I was doing and that I did it
correctly. If I had no work with such cooperative and helpful people, I probably
would have been to intimidated to ask questions and my next job. Now that I know it
is not bad to ask questions, I won’t have to struggle with it my future job. Without
open communication between very one in an office, I don’t see how any work can be
done.

4.12 Issues and Recommendation

1. The staff of Jabban dam is very low company should take many employee.
2. The company should replace old equipment is often broken with the new
equipment.
3. Employees should provide guidance and good cooperation in working together
with coach.
4. To study the ability of the work place environment whether it is able to
provide continuity coaches and permanent employees.
5. Workers employed qualified and accordance with their respective field.
6. The transport system Jabban is very bad I suggest that it should provide an
excellence transport system.
7. I recommend that there should be install air condition in rest home of
employee.
8. Company should give chance to more student for internship in Jabban dam
without any approach.
9. The roads inside Jabban Dam are measurable that should be repair.
10. The elevator system technology is very old I recommend to install new
elevator system.
11. Company should give more jobs to the job less.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 5

5.1 Conclusions
As an undergraduate of the University of CECOS, I would like to say that this training
program was an excellent opportunity for me to get to the ground level and experience
the things that we would have never gained through going straight into a job. I am
grateful to the CECOS University for giving me this wonderful opportunity. The main
objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to
identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in the real industry. It is
not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe management
practices and to interact with fellow workers. It is easy to work with sophisticated
machines, but not with people. The only chance that an undergraduate has to have this
experience is the industrial training period. I feel I got the maximum out of that
experience. In addition, I learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance of
being punctual, the importance of maximum commitment, and the importance of team
spirit. the Internship at JABBAN power station was very informative theoretically as
well practically as I was able to see the functioning of different electrical equipment's.
I had a sound knowledge of the Production of electricity. therefore, indeed it was
great experience learning under the supervision of the JABBAN Dam Staff. I work in
Jabban as much time but only three month I learned many of things which I never
seen before.

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5.2 References
[1] Detail and History of Jabban Hydropower Plant Malakand [1] available on
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabban_Hydropower_Plant [accessed on 24 Oct 2019]

[2] Al-Fajr International (AFI) is one of the Pioneers in development of small Hydro
Power Projects in the northern part of Pakistan www.alfajr.com.pk/my-
product/jabban-hepp/ [accessed on 25 Oct 2019]

[3] Detail Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower available on.

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity / [accessed on 28 Oct 2019]

[4] This is a list of Power Stations in Pakistan which produce electricity available on
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan/ [accessed on 30
Oct 2019]

[5] This is list of the largest hydroelectric power stations in the world available on.
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations [accessed
on 30 Oct 2019]

[6] What is turbine and how it works types of turbines, turbines used, principle of
turbine? Available on. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine [accessed on 30 Oct
2019]

[7] The complete Detail of Major Components of Hydro Power Plant available on
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/water/hydropower-station/top-6-major-components-of-
hydro-power-plant/61028 [accessed on 4 Nov 2019]

[8] the Rehabilitation and Inauguration of the Jabban Hydropower Plant available on
www.pk.ambafrance.org/Pak-French-Hydropower-Project [accessed on 08 Nov 2019]

[9] Detail and history of Jabban hydropower plant by wapda available on

www.fp.brecorder.com/2012/10/201210071245486/ [accessed on 08 Nov 2019]

xlvi