FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University

LAB#07
To become familiar with ETAP (Electrical Transient Analysis Program)
OBJECTIVE
To learn the modeling of an electrical power system on ETAP software

THEORY
ETAP SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION:

ETAP stands for Electrical Transient Analysis Program; this amazing software suite covers a
wide range of electrical engineering domains; from software for network analysis to power
distribution. The wide range of software modules from ETAP are one of the most beneficial and
effective for electrical engineers. The Arc flash analysis software from ETAP allows engineers to
use simulation models to identify and mitigate arc flash hazards in the electrical power system
and other arc flash related issues. Here we are using this software to analyze basic operation of
power system during transients, normal operation and fault conditions without actually
interfacing with practical power system.

ETAP is used for following purposes:

a) Designing electrical Power system

b) Load Flow analysis
c) Fault Analysis/ Short circuit analysis
d) Arc flash analysis
e) Contingency Analysis
f) Protection & Coordination
g) Network Optimization

POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN ETAP:

The main parts of a power system that we generally come across are as follows:

1. Power Grid

2. Bus bar

3. Power Cable

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

4. Transformer

5. Circuit breaker

6. Relays

7. Fuse

8. Load (motor)

The detailed meaning of them is given below:

1. Power Grid: An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity to

consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high voltage
transmission lines that carry electrical power from distance sources to demand centres
and distribution lines that connect individual consumers. It looks as shown below in
ETAP.

2. Bus bar: A bus as regard to the power system is an electrical junction (node) .It is a strip
or bar of copper, brass or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard,
distribution board, substation, battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose
is to conduct a substantial current of electricity.

3. Power Cable: A power cable is an assembly of one or more electrical conductors,

usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of
electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings,
buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. In ETAP it looks as:

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

4. Transformer: Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical

energy from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the
help of mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to
another without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage level. It steps up
or steps down the voltage by changing the number of windings in primary and secondary.

5. Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Mainly here we come across two
types of CB’s. They are
 High Voltage Circuit Breaker (HVCB): High-voltage breakers are nearly always
solenoid-operated, with current sensing protective relays operated through current
transformers of about 72.5KV or higher.

 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB): Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are
common in domestic, commercial and industrial application.

6. Relays: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet

to mechanically operate a switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. There are

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

mainly relays we use in ETAP. They are Over Current Relay, In-line Overload Protection
Relay, Voltage Relay, Differential Relay, Frequency Relay.
i) In-line Overload Relay: A relay that opens a circuit when the load in the circuit
exceeds a preset value, in order to provide overload protection; usually respondsto
excessive current, but ma y respond to excessive values of power, temperature, or
other quantities Also known as overload release. In ETAP it is denoted by 49
which is ANSI code for Inline overload relay.
ii) Over Current Relay: A digital over current relay is a type of protective relay
which operates when the load current exceeds a pickup value. The ANSI device
number is 50 for an instantaneous over current (IOC) and 51 for a time over
current (TOC). In a typical application the over current relay is connected to a
current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level.
When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip
(open) a circuit breaker.
iii) Voltage Relay: A relay which operates when the system voltage when the system
falls below or above a certain preset value. For an under voltage relay the ANSI
code is 27, which is used as a standard in ETAP.
iv) Differential Relay: A relay which responds to a difference in two voltages or
currents. For example, such a relay may have two coils and only respond when
the respective currents of said coils vary beyond a specified amount. It’s denoted
by the ANSI code no.87 in ETAP.
v) Frequency Relay: Relay which functions at a predetermined value of frequency;
may be an overfrequency relay, an under-frequency relay, or a combinationof
both. It is denoted by the ANSI code no. 81 in ETAP to determine it’s specific
function.

7. Fuse: A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to
provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it,
interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or
device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to
circuit breakers. It can be seen in ETAP as:

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

8. Load (Motor): The electric power delivered by a power source to a power user. If
variations in voltage are small, load can be characterized by magnitude of current. The
term “load” is also often applied to the device consuming the electric power—that is, to a
piece of equipment, such as a motor or a lighting device. In ETAP we come across
mainly Induction Motor, Synchronous Motor and Lumped load.

LAB TASK:

Design any Electrical Power System using ETAP and attach the SLD.

Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the lab, students will be able to:

LO1: Get familiar with ETAP software

LO2: To learn to design power system on ETAP

Lab Report:
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Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.