seminar

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
Seminar Report
Submitted By
DEVIKA G
Reg. No. SJC19EC019
to
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering
St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology
Palai-686 579
December 2021
St.Joseph’s College of Engineering
&
Technology, Palai
Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled WIRELESS POWER TRANS-
MISSION is a bonafide record of the SEMINAR presented by DEVIKA G (Reg.
No. SJC19EC019), Seventh Semester B.Tech in Electronics and Communication
Engineering student, under our guidance and supervision, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree, B.Tech Electronics and Commu-
nication Engineering of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala.
Mrs. Anu Jyothy Dr. Arun. P Dr. Arun P

Seminar Guide Seminar Coordinator Professor & Head
Assistant Professor Associate Professor Dept. of ECE
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION ii
Acknowledgement
I wish to record my indebtedness and thankfulness to all who helped me prepare

this Report titled WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION and present it in a sat-
isfactory way.
I would like to convey my special gratitude to Dr. V. P. Devassia, Principal,
SJCET, Palai,for the moral support he provided. I express my thankfulness to Dr.
Arun.P, Head of the department,Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for his co-operation and valuable suggestions. Also I express my
sincere thanks to my seminar co-ordinator Dr. Arun.P, for his helpful feedback
and timely assistance.
I am especially thankful to my guide Mrs. Anu Jyothy in the Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering for giving me valuable suggestions
and critical inputs in the preparation of this seminar report.
I also extend my thanks to all my friends who helped me by giving motivation.
Their smallest piece of advice was really valuable. Once again I convey my grat-
itude to all those persons who had directly or indirectly influenced my seminar
work as a whole.
DEVIKA G
Reg. No. SJC19EC019
St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology
Palai-686 579.
Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION iii
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is a diverse and complex process. The
amount of electricity produced is far insufficient to meet the demand. In most
cases, the generated power is transmitted via wires. Researchers have shifted their
focus to wireless energy transmission in order to reduce transmission and distribu-
tion losses. The current paper examines the history, evolution, types, research, and
benefits of wireless power transmission. For shorter distances, inductive coupling,
resonant inductive coupling, and air ionisation have been proposed; for longer dis-
tances, microwave and laser transmission have been proposed. Tesla, the field’s
pioneer, attempted to create a powerful, wireless electric transmitter more than a
century ago, which has since grown exponentially.In this paper, we conduct a pi-
lot study to present the existing wireless power transmission technologies, as well
as their recent technology and future trends. Furthermore, we describe a variety
of wireless transmission applications.This paper also examines the most recent
advancements in the wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The paper discusses
the classification of wireless power transfer, its application, trend, and impact on
society, as well as its benefits and drawbacks. It also provides a comparative anal-
ysis of existing research in the field of wireless power transfer, highlighting flaws
in various topologies, communication, and optimization methods used to improve
overall performance efficiency and provide direction for future research.

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION iv
Contents
Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Literature Review 4
3 MIT Experimental Design 6
4 How Does WPT Work 8

4.1 Principle of Operation Of WPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Basic Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Transfer Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Range and rate of coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Types of WPT 13
5.1 Near-Field Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Far-Field Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Main WPT interface standards and alliances 17

6.1 Qi by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 Rezence by the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) . . . . . . . 18
6.3 Power Matters Alliance (PMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION v
7 Applications 19
7.1 Wireless Charging of Implantable Pacemaker’s Battery . . . . . . 20
7.2 Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8 Advantages and Disadvantages 24

8.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.2 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9 Conclusion 26
9.1 Future Plan of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Bibliography 28
Index 32

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION vi
List of Tables
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION vii
List of Figures
1.1 Wireless Power Transmission [24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1 MIT Experiment [27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Efficiency as a function of distance [25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1 Block Diagram [26] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Typical arrangement of inductively coupled power transfer sys-
tem.[29] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Power efficiency for an inductive power transmission system con-
sisting of loop inductors in dependence on their axial distance z
with size ratio parameter.(for Q=100)[30] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 [31] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.1 Wireless charging of Pacemaker[11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7.2 EV Wireless Charging[28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
For a long time, electricity transfer was primarily accomplished through the use
of traditional wire systems. Traditional cable (wire) power transmission has is-
sues with ageing, wear, and producing electric sparks. Because of the negative
impact on safety and reliability, it is difficult to use the cable to transmit in certain
terrains such as high mountains and sea beds . Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)
has the potential to cause a paradigm shift by completely reinventing the mode
of power transmission. WPT is a massive strategy for transmitting electric power
over long distances through a vacuum or atmosphere without the use of tradi-
tional cables or any other substance.Wireless charging has progressed from being
a theoretical concept to becoming a standard feature on commercial products,
particularly mobile phones and portable smart devices . The year 2014 saw the re-
lease of cutting-edge high-end smartphones by mobile behemoths such as Huawei
and Samsung. These devices included wireless charging capabilities. Several
companies, including Qualcomm, Evatran, and WiTricity, have already devel-
oped products capable of transferring power with acceptable efficiency through
a 15-30 cm air gap.The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of
the wireless power transfer scheme.Trends in Wireless Power Transmission De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University, Taiwan, Moham-
mad Shidujaman, Hooman Samani, and Mohammad Arif arifayip91@gmail.com,
shantochn@gmail.com, hooman@mail.ntpu.edu.tw Abstract— Because of its po-
tential to bring high technology into our daily lives, wireless power transmission
(WPT) has drawn a wide range of subjects from various fields and has also be-
come a highly active research area. Wireless power transmission will be required
in the near future because it allows the transmission of electrical energy from
a power source to an electrical load across an air gap without the use of inter-

connecting wires. In this paper, we conduct a pilot study to present the existing
wireless power transmission technologies, as well as their recent technology and
future trends.
Figure 1.1: Wireless Power Transmission [24]
1.1 History
• Nikola Tesla is known as the ”Father of Wireless” because he invented ra-
dio. Nikola Tesla invented wireless power transmission and demonstrated
”the transmission of electrical energy without wires” based on electrical
conductivity as early as 1891.
• At the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Tesla demonstrated

the illumination of vacuum bulbs without the use of wires for power trans-
mission.
• Tesla designed and built the Wardenclyffe tower primarily for wireless trans-
mission of electrical power rather than telegraphy.
• In 1987, Canada reported the world’s first fuel-free aeroplane powered by

microwave energy from the ground. SHARP (Stationary High Altitude Re-
lay Platform) is the name given to this system.
• In 2007, a physics research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-

nology (MIT) led by Prof. MarinSoljacic demonstrated wireless powering

of a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency over a 2m (7ft) distance using two
60cm-diameter coils.
• In 2008, Intel replicated the MIT group’s experiment by wirelessly power-

ing a light bulb at a shorter distance with 75% efficiency.
• The MIT team experiments with wireless power transfer, which could be
useful for powering laptops and cell phones without the use of cords.
• Consider a future in which wireless power transfer is possible: cell phones,

household robots, MP3 players, laptop computers, and other portable elec-
tronics that can charge themselves without being plugged in, freeing us from
that final, ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices may not even re-
quire their bulky batteries to function.
• A team from MIT’s Departments of Physics, Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, and the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) has
taken an important step toward realising this vision of the future. They were
able to light a 60W light bulb from a power source seven feet (more than
two metres) away, despite the fact that there was no physical connection
between the source and the appliance.The MIT team refers to its concept as
”WiTricity” (as in wirelesselectricity).

Chapter 2
Literature Review
In [15], Zhang et al specifically considered the Electromagnetic or radio frequency

(RF) signal powered WPT. Because RF signals can transmit both information and
power, the authors conducted an integrated study on the simultaneous wireless
information and power transfer (SWIPT). The paper specifically investigated a
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)[16,17] wireless communication system
composed of three separate nodes, one of which harvests the power while the
other decodes the information separately from the transmitted signals shared by
the two receivers. Two scenarios were also investigated: one in which both re-
ceivers were isolated and saw different MIMO channels, and another in which
they were located together and saw the same MIMO channel from the same trans-
mitter.
The simultaneous transfer of power and information over wireless channels
could improve the usability of mobile devices. However, current practical re-
ceiver designs impose technical constraints on the realisation of such systems.
This is due to the fact that current hardware systems for harvesting energy from
RF signals are incapable of directly decoding information [18]. To gain theoret-
ical ground, the authors proposed a general collector task called dynamic power
splitting (DPS), which can divide the received signal with different power ratios,
decoding information and harvesting energy in different ways.
The critical review in [19] demonstrated the various research activities con-
ducted on magneto-inductive WPT with transmission distances greater than the
dimensions of the transmitter’s coil. The review provides a brief description of the
operating principles of a wide range of WPT systems, as well as an overview of the
principles of maximum power transfer and maximum energy efficiency. The im-
plications and differences between these two methods are explicitly discussed in

terms of transmission distance and energy efficiency. The differences between the
system’s energy efficiency and transmission efficiency are also discussed. Other
design issues, such as safety concerns and winding resistance reduction, were also
discussed in the paper.
In [20], Lee et al proposed an equivalent or corresponding circuit model for
the wireless transfer of power of 60W and above, and the system is examined
using the proposed model. Finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental results
were used to validate the proposed model. There was also research into the losses
in WPT systems for high-power applications. Losses due to proximity and skin
effects were found to be quite prominent in the system due to the high operating
frequency. The use of an aspatial coil layout to reduce losses due to proximity and
skin effects was discussed. Coupled inductors can transmit power or electricity
over short distances, with the distance proportional to the mutual inductance.[21]
addressed the problem of wireless power and information transfer over a noisy
coupled-inductor circuit. This circuit includes a frequency-selective channel with
additive white gaussian noise (AWGN). Using the total available power, the best
trade-off between transferred power and achievable rate can be determined. The
paper also discussed the practical applications of these systems.
Kurs et al questioned the use of the WPT radiative method. It contends that,
while radiation is an excellent method for transferring information, it presents
a number of challenges for power transfer applications due to the resulting low
power transfer efficiency [23]. When two resonant objects of the same resonant
frequency are coupled together, the authors argue that there is a higher efficiency
of energy exchange with relatively little dissipated energy.
While it should be noted that convenience and overall cost per watt for the
charging system are the primary advantages and drivers of wireless power trans-
fer technology, there are still various methods of achieving WPT. Magnetic field
resonance, for example, provides the best power transfer efficiency and larger
wireless power transmission at near-field distances. Kim et al. [22] concentrated
on the principles of magnetic field resonance WPT techniques while emphasis-
ing the effects of EM field noise from WPT and the related shielding methods
for various applications. The design of coils, low-loss circuits, matching circuits,
and shielding structures are all important factors to consider when using magnetic
field resonance.

Chapter 3
MIT Experimental Design
The MIT team built two identical helical copper coils for magnetic coupling, one
for the source and one for the load. They were able to achieve strong magnetic
resonance coupling between the two coils at a midrange distance by fine tuning
the height of the coils.The coils are coaxially aligned.In turn, the source coil was
inductively coupled to a single copper wire loop connected to a Colpitts oscillator.
A Colpitts oscillator is a simple electronic oscillator that determines frequency by
using two capacitors and one inductor. A copper wire loop connected to a 60W
light bulb was inductively coupled to the receiving magnetic coil. Direct couplings
between single loops S are insignificant.
Figure 3.1: MIT Experiment [27]
At 10MHz, the electric field strength is significantly reduced in comparison

to the selfresonant coils. Lowering the operating frequency to 1MHz reduces the

electric field, Poynting vector, and power radiated even more.
Figure 3.2: Efficiency as a function of distance [25]
As labeled on the figure 3.2, the experimental power transfer efficiency of the
coupled coils decayed with distance, as expected from the theory derived by the
MIT team. At the highest tested coil separation of 225 cm, the efficiency was just
below 40%.
Table 3.1:
Frequency Erms Hrms Srms Power Radiated Efficiency
10 185 21 0.08 3.3 83%
1 40 14 0.04 0.005 60%

Chapter 4
How Does WPT Work
Researchers used magnetic resonance coupling to power a 60-watt light bulb wire-
lessly. Two 60-centimeter copper coils tuned to the same frequency can transmit
electricity over a distance of two metres, through the air, and around an obstacle.
The researchers created two resonant copper coils and hung them about two me-
tres apart from the ceiling. When they plugged one coil into the wall, alternating
current flowed through it, resulting in the formation of a magnetic field. Even
with a thin wall between the coils, the second coil, tuned to the same frequency
and connected to a light bulb, resonated with the magnetic field, generating an
electric current that lit up the bulb. How wireless energy could be used-
”Resonance,” a phenomenon that causes an object to vibrate when a specific
frequency of energy is applied. Two resonant objects of the same frequency have a
strong tendency to couple. ” Musical instruments, for example, exhibit resonance.
”When you play a tune on one, another instrument with the same acoustic reso-
nance will pick up that tune and visibly vibrate,” says the author. Instead of acous-
tic vibrations, the system makes use of electromagnetic wave resonance. Radio
waves, infrared radiation, and X-rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation.
Systems that use electromagnetic radiation, such as radio antennas, are typically
unsuitable for efficient energy transfer because they scatter energy in all direc-
tions, wasting large amounts of it into free space.To overcome this problem, the
team investigated a special class of ”non-radiative” objects with socalled ”long-
lived resonances”. When energy is applied to these objects, it is retained rather
than escaping into space. Energy ”tails” that can be many metres long flicker
across the surface. If another resonant object of the same frequency is brought
close enough to these tails, it turns out that energy can tunnel from one object to
another. As a result, a simple copper antenna with long-lasting resonance could

transfer energy to a laptop with its own antenna resonating at the same frequency.
The computer would be completely mobile.Any energy that is not directed toward
a gadget or appliance is simply absorbed. The described systems would be ca-
pable of transferring energy over a distance of three to five metres. This would
work in a room, but it could also work in a factory. It could also be reduced to the
microscopic or nanoscopic realms.
4.1 Principle of Operation Of WPT
Figure 4.1: Block Diagram [26]
The power source generates microwave power in the transmission section.

While the waveguide circulator shields the source from reflected power transmit-
ted via the co-ax waveguide adaptor. The tuner compensates for the impedance
difference between the source and transmitting antennas, and the directional cou-
pler separates the attenuated signals. The transmitting antenna sends power to the
receiving antenna on a regular basis through free space. The antenna at the har-
vesting node receives the transmitted power and converts it to DC power using a
rectifier circuit. The impedance matching circuit ensures that maximum power is
transferred from the antenna to the rectifier, while the LPF filters out fundamental
and harmonic frequencies from the derived output.The metrics used to charac-
terise energy harvesting circuits are determined by their sensitivity and efficiency.
The power-conversion efficiency can be expressed as the useful power supplied
by the circuit as the output. Furthermore, it should be noted that cost, transmit

power, and efficiency all have a significant impact on equipment selection. Fur-
thermore, the antenna’s direction and polarity are determined by the specific areas
to which wireless power transfer is applied. However, compliance with regulatory
and safety standards is required.
4.2 Basic Principle

Figure 3 depicts the fundamental concept of an inductively coupled power transfer
system. It has a receiver coil L2 and a transmitter coil L1. The two loops structure
an arrangement of attractively coupled inductors. A magnetic field is created by
the transmitter coil’s alternating current, which causes a voltage in the receiver
coil. This voltage can be used to charge a battery or power a mobile device. The
quality (Q) of the inductors and the coupling (k) between them determine the
power transfer efficiency. The ratio of D2 to D2 and the distance (z) between the
inductors determine the coupling. The shape of the coils and the angle between
them also affect the coupling.
Figure 4.2: Typical arrangement of inductively coupled power transfer sys-

tem.[29]

4.3 Transfer Efficiency

Fig. 4.2 depicts the system’s calculated optimal efficiency in accordance with
Fig. 4.1 with a 100-percent quality factor assumed. The larger diameter coil
’D,’ which can be the transmitter or receiver, has been used as the scale for these
calculations. The values are presented as a function of the coils’ axial distance
(z/D). The smaller coil D2’s diameter is the variable. The graph demonstrates:
Figure 4.3: Power efficiency for an inductive power transmission system con-
sisting of loop inductors in dependence on their axial distance z with size ratio
parameter.(for Q=100)[30]
• At a greater distance (z/D ¿ 1) or a larger size difference between the coils

(D2/D 0.3), efficiency decreases significantly.
• On the other hand, high efficiency (¿90 percent) can be achieved at a close
distance (z/D 0.1).
This demonstrates that inductive power transmission is extremely inefficient
over a significant distance, such as entering a space. Today, we can’t stand
to squander energy for general power applications by utilizing such a frame-
work. In contrast, the graph demonstrates that, in close proximity settings,
inductive power transmission is comparable to wired solutions. Wireless
proximity power transmission meets today’s energy-saving requirements
while remaining comfortable and simple to use.

4.4 Range and rate of coupling

An appropriate analytical framework for modeling this resonant energy-exchange
is that of the well-known coupled-mode theory (CMT). The field of the system
of two resonant objects 1 and 2 is approximated by F(r,t)= a 1 (t)F 1 (r)+a 2 (t)F
2 (r), where F 1,2 (r) are the eigenmodes of 1 and 2 alone, and then the field
amplitudes a 1 (t) and a 2 (t). where Ω 1,2 are the individual eigenfrequencies,
Figure 4.4: [31]
Γ1,2 are the resonance widths due to the objects’ intrinsic (absorption, radiation
etc.) losses, and K is the coupling coefficient. At exact resonance ( Ω1 = Ω2 and
Γ1 = γ2 ), the normal modes of the combined system are split by ; the energy
exchange between the two objects takes place in time and is nearly perfect, apart
for losses, which are minimal when the coupling rate is much faster than all loss
rates 2K/ΠK. It is exactly this ratio 12/KΓΓ that we will set as our figure-of-merit
for any system under consideration for wireless energy-transfer, along with the
distance over which this ratio can be achieved. The desired optimal regime is
called “strong-coupling” regime.

Chapter 5
Types of WPT
WPT may be classified into two types, based on the distance of transmission.
We have the near-field or non-radiative technique, and the far-field or radiative
technique.
5.1 Near-Field Technique

The Near-field technique entails the wireless transmission of power via a magnetic
field via inductive coupling between separate wire coils. An electric field can also
be used to wirelessly transmit power by capacitive coupling of metal electrodes.
However, this technique has a limited range, with most applications requiring
contact or close proximity of a few centimetres between the power source and its
destination.
• Inductive Coupling: When two conductors are mutually inductively cou-
pled, a change in current flow through one wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the other wire via electromagnetic induction. In wireless transfer,
a portion of the magnetic flux established by one circuit interlinks with the
second circuit, and the energy is transferred from one circuit to the other
circuit via magnetic coupling. The transmitter and receiver coils are induc-
tively coupled, which is the fundamental principle of this process. In trans-
mitters, oscillators are used to convert DC current to AC current. The AC
current flowing through the transmitter coil creates a magnetic field, which
induces a voltage in the receiver coil. The magnetic field is concentrated in a
small volume between the transmitter and receiver.A rectifier in the receiver
converts AC to DC for use. The voltage regulator’s purpose is to keep the

voltage constant. By coiling the wire, the effect of inductance can be mag-
nified or amplified. Because there are no exposed conductors, inductive
coupling energy transfer poses a much lower risk of electrical shock than
conductive charging. In comparison to direct contact, the main disadvan-
tages of this method are its lower efficiency and increased resistive heating.
Inductive charging necessitates the use of drive electronics and coils, which
increases manufacturing complexity and cost. This concept underpins the
operation of wireless charging pads, electric brushes, and transformers.
• Resonant Inductive Coupling: Power is transmitted between two coils that

are tuned to resonate at the same frequency by resonant inductive coupling.
When the self-resonant frequency of coils equals the frequency of the AC
power supply, resonance occurs, and the equivalent circuits of coils in high
frequency have the lowest impedance. The majority of the energy will then
be transferred from the resonant path.Resonant transfer works by passing
an oscillating current through a capacitively loaded primary coil ring. This
causes an oscillating magnetic field to form. Because the coil is highly
resonant, any energy placed in it dies away slowly over many cycles; how-
ever, if a second coil is brought close to it, the coil can pick up most of
the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance away. The fields
used are mostly non-radiative . Magnetic resonant coupling can also be
used to deliver power from a large source coil to one or more small load
coils, with lumped capacitors at the coil terminals providing an easy way
to match the coils’ resonant frequencies.Losses occur in this method due
to ohmic resistance and radiation. Some of these wireless resonant induc-
tive devices are battery powered and operate at low milliwatt power levels.
Others have higher kilowatt power outputs. Current implantable medical
and road electrification device designs achieve more than 75% transfer ef-
ficiency at operating distances of less than 10 cm between the transmit and
receive coils. Magnetic fields are already generated by deployed systems,
such as induction cookers and contactless smart card readers.
• Air Ionisation: The most difficult method of energy transfer is ionisation of

air. Conditions are ripe for the air to begin breaking down when the electric
field becomes very strong, around 2.11MV/m. The electric field separates
the surrounding air into positive ions and electrons; the air is ionised. Ion-
ization does not imply that there are more negative (electrons) or positive
(positive atomic nuclei / positive ions) charges than before. This ionisation

simply means that the electrons and positive ions are separated from one
another more than they were in their original molecular or atomic struc-
ture.The significance of this separation/stripping is that the electrons are
now much more free to move than they were before the separation. As a
result, this ionised air is significantly more conductive than the previous
non-ionized air. In fact, the ability or freedom of electrons to move is what
makes any material a good electrical conductor (Ref 10). The benefits of
using this technique include no e-waste, being harmless if the field strength
is within limits, and requiring less maintenance. However, this system has
its own drawbacks. The main disadvantage is that ionisation cannot illumi-
nate a receiver over long distances. The initial cost is very high, and the
system’s feasibility is questionable.
5.2 Far-Field Technique

The far-field techniques are measuring the electrical load far from the power
source. These techniques aim at high power transfer and need line of sight.
It can be separated into two categories, which are microwave power trans-
mission and laser power transmission
• Microwave Power Transmission: Microwave transmission is the technology

of transmitting information or energy using electromagnetic waves whose
wavelengths are conveniently measured in centimetres; these waves are
known as microwaves. Wireless energy transfer with microwaves requires
an electromagnetic radiation source and a microwave receiver equipped
with a DC rectifier to convert microwave energy into DC electrical power.
Both the transmitting and receiving units must be in direct line of sight. Line
of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can only transmit and receive
data when the transmit and receive stations are directly visible to each other
and there is no obstacle between them.In the transmitter, electrical energy is
converted into microwave energy, which is then transmitted over a long dis-
tance to the receiver, which has a rectenna that converts these microwaves
back into electrical energy. In a transmitter, AC cannot be converted directly
to microwave. It must first be converted to DC using an oscillator. The out-
put DC from the rectenna is converted to AC for use in the receiver. The
difficulty with microwave power beaming is that the required aperture sizes
for most space applications are very large due to diffraction limiting antenna

directionality. The use of microwaves for wireless high-power transmission

is well established. Experiments in the tens of kilowatts were carried out in
1975 at Goldstone, California, and more recently (1997) at Grand Bassin,
Reunion Island.
• Laser Power Transmission: A laser is a device that emits light through an

optical amplification process based on the stimulated emission of electro-
magnetic radiation. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it
emits light in a coherent manner. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be fo-
cused on a small area. A laser’s radiation generation mechanism is based
on stimulated emission, in which energy is extracted from a transition in an
atom or molecule . Power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a
laser beam, which is then directed at a photovoltaic cell. This mechanism is
known as ”power beaming” because the power is beamed to a receiver that
can convert it to electrical energy.This system has numerous advantages.
It enables narrow beam cross-section area for long-distance transmission;
compact size; and no radio-frequency interference with existing radio com-
munication. There are some drawbacks as well. Laser radiation is extremely
dangerous. The conversion of electricity to light is inefficient. Photovoltaic
cells have an efficiency of 40% to 50%. Atmospheric absorption, as well as
absorption and scattering caused by clouds, fog, rain, and so on. It necessi-
tates a direct line of sight to the target. This technique has been employed
in military and aerospace applications.

Chapter 6
Main WPT interface standards

and alliances
Despite the fact that the WPT industry is relatively new, more than 5 mil-
lion WPT products were shipped in 2012, and that number is expected to
double in 2015. Sadly, three primary rival alliances have already started
the standards ”war”: PMA, WPC, and A4WP In addition, each alliance is
promoting its own intricate, incompatible designs, specifications, and tech-
nologies. As a result, in order to guarantee product compatibility, reduce
costs, and stifle innovation in this vastly expanding field, a universal, global
standard—as was done with Wi-Fi—is required.
6.1 Qi by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC)

The Qi standard is an inductive coupling power move interface standard cre-
ated by the Remote Power Consortium (WPC). In order to establish a global
standard for inductive charging technology, European, American, and Asian
businesses from various industries collaborated to establish the Consortium
in 2008. Motorola Mobility Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Nokia, ASUSTek
Computer Inc., LG Electronics, Sony Corporation, HTC Corporation, TDK
Corporation, and Texas Instruments are some of the most prominent mem-
bers.

6.2 Rezence by the Alliance for Wireless Power

(A4WP)
Rezence is a magnetic resonance power transfer standard developed by the
Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP). A single transmitter can power up
to eight receiver devices on mid-range distances. Communication between
transmitter and receiver is “out-of-band” and implemented via Bluetooth.
The A4WP was founded in early 2012 in order to develop a ubiquitous
WPT ecosystem. The most prominent members include Broad-com, Pana-
sonic, Microsoft Corporation, LG Electronics, Samsung, Logitech, WiTric-
ity, Qualcomm, Incorporated, Gill Electronics, Hewlett Packard, Integrated
Device Tech-nology, Inc., Intel and others.
6.3 Power Matters Alliance (PMA)

Standards for inductive and resonant power transfer are developed by the
non-profit Power Matters Alliance (PMA). In order to technologically har-
monize and advance multiple inductive WPT standards, promote WPT in
the automotive industry, and popular public infrastructure venues, the PMA
was established in 2012. Duracell Powermat, LG Innotek, Panasonic Cor-
poration, Samsung Electronics, Toshiba Corporation, Sony Corporation,
Energous Corporation, Freescale 14 Semiconductor Inc., Integrated Device
Technology (IDT), and Microsoft Corporation make up the majority of the
group’s most prominent members.

Chapter 7
Applications
• WPT has numerous applications in a variety of industries, each with its own
set of specifications such as power rating, distance, and size. However, the
fundamentals of metamaterials have been designed in such a way that fac-
tors such as chirality, permeability, and permittivity can be used to increase
energy efficiency for transmission.
• WPT can be used to charge moving targets such as fuel-free aeroplanes,

moving robots, and electric vehicles, thereby overcoming energy density
constraints and lowering the cost of energy storage systems, which account
for a significant portion of the cost of electric vehicles. WPT could be used
to overcome range, cost, and charging barriers. Hata et al. proposed using
WPT in electric vehicles to reduce energy storage size and increase electric
vehicle mileage range.
• WPT can also be used in medical implants for the detection and treatment of
human body ailments, as these devices require continuous power to function
properly over long periods of time. Using inductive coupling, the external
device charges the implanted medical device.
• WPT was also used in renewable energy applications such as Space Solar
Power System (SSPS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and Autonomous
Underwater Vehicles (AUV), among others. Satellites collect energy from
sunlight and send it back to earth via MPT in the Space Solar Power System,
which is a potential renewable energy solution for the planet. Furthermore,
WPT can be used in the design of a solar-powered cooling system for a

vehicle cabin, reducing the resulting greenhouse emissions that may occur
if the cabin engine is used.
7.1 Wireless Charging of Implantable Pacemaker’s

Battery
The pacemaker’s primary function is to pace the heart in the absence of
intrinsic impulses and to detect and limit pacing in the presence of intrinsic
cardiac electrical activity. Millions of people have benefited from systems
such as implantable cardiac pacemakers. These devices are typically used
to treat patients suffering from arrhythmia (irregularity in the heart beat).
However, there is a power supply constraint.
The current implantable pacemakers are powered by a lithium-iodine bat-
tery, which has a lifespan of 5 to 10 years or more - on average, about seven
years. When the battery is completely depleted, the patient should be ad-
vised to have the pacemaker replaced with a new unit, which is done through
surgery . Inductive coupling wireless power transmission (IC-WPT) is used
to overcome this limitation. The IC-WPT operates on the principle of mag-
netic induction, which produces an electromotive force in an electrical con-
ductor due to a varying magnetic field. The IC-WPT technique, combined
with a rechargeable lithium-iodine battery, has the potential to solve our
power supply issues. It also eliminates the risk of surgery and post-surgery
infection.
Figure 7.1: Wireless charging of Pacemaker[11]

Inductive coupling operates on the magnetic field induction principle be-

tween two coils. The primary coil is located outside the human body, while
the secondary coil is located within the body near the heart. Within the
eld, the primary coil of an energy transmitter generates a varying magnetic
eld across the secondary coil of the energy receiver. To improve charging
efficiency, the secondary coil should be tuned at the operating frequency.
Because the transferred power attenuates quickly at higher quality factor
values, the quality factor is usually designed in small values, usually less
than ten. To charge a battery, direct current is required. As a result, a sec-
ondary coil is connected to a rectifier to convert alternating current directly
into direct current. For regulation for regulation the voltage and current to
charge the battery of pacemaker , a charging circuit is added.
7.2 Electric Vehicles

Electricity is transferred from power stations to everywhere in the world
via wire. Wireless power transfer technology has the potential to reduce or
eliminate the need for wires and batteries. Wireless transmission is useful
for powering electrical devices when connecting wires would be inconve-
nient, dangerous, or impossible. The use of electric wire, which is made
of copper and aluminium metal, is reduced by wireless power transfer tech-
nology. Metals used to make electric wire will become extinct in the future.
The use of electric wire will be reduced if we implement wireless power
transfer technology. It would be advantageous if, in the future, we could
use wireless power transfer technology to transfer power from a power sta-
tion to anywhere without the use of a wire.Wireless charging is another
compelling reason to implement fleets of autonomous vehicles. Wireless
charging becomes a necessity rather than a convenience when there is no
one to plug in but the vehicle can drive itself to a charging spot. The use
of magnetic resonance-based wireless power transfer for electric vehicle
charging is examined in this paper. An overview of the technology used
in this application, performance data from a cutting-edge system, a look at
efforts to standardize the technology, and a look at some of the remaining
obstacles to widespread adoption are all included.
The Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology that moves power between
two coupled coils is the foundation of wireless EV charging; A wireless

charger has a primary coil that is connected to the electrical grid, and an
EV has a secondary coil that is separated from the primary coil by a rea-
sonable air gap. In such close field charging procedure, a sending loop of
the wirelesscharger produces an attractive field that moves energy through
enlistment to anearby getting curl of the EV. Power transfer is made pos-
sible in part by a portion of the transmitting coil’s generated magnetic flux
that reaches the receiving coil. Additionally, the quality factor and coupling
between the coils determine the transfer efficiency. Mainly, there are two
types of IPT for the wireless charging:
1. Static IPT is deployed when the vehicle is spotted in a parking lot.
2. Dynamic or Quasi-dynamic IPTs are deployed when the vehicle iseither
on move or a brief stop at the traffic red light respectively.
Figure 7.2: EV Wireless Charging[28]
Stationary Charging: Using a magnetic field, wireless inductive EV charg-

ing sends alternating current (AC) from a coil in the charging plate to the
car’s inductive ”pick-up.” The car’s voltage converter then converts the al-
ternating current into direct current (DC), which charges the battery pack. A
charging pad on the ground is connected to a power adapter that is mounted
on the wall. Over it, the car is parked. On the posterior of the vehicle
there is areceiver when charger identifies the beneficiary close enough, it
automaticallystarts charging.
Dynamic charging:Similar to the Stationary charging system the EV’s are
charged throughthe resonant coil but, here the vehicle can be charged while
moving onthe road. A Charging lane will be provided alongside the roads
where thepeople can move to charge their vehicles while driving.Dynamically

charging system cannot be provided through wired systemand their by the

WPTs is required to provide this method of charging.Every electric bus has
a wireless charging receiver. According to FigureWireless chargers are em-
bedded in the hard surface of a road or underthe road surface at regular
intervals. When the bus is stopped no need toplug in or no need to connect
with wireless chargers. It willautomatically have charged. It’s a motion bus.
These kinds of buses arealready tested in the UK, Italy, the Netherlands, and
South Korea.

Chapter 8
Advantages and Disadvantages
8.1 Advantages
• For centuries, various methods of wirelessly transmitting power have been
known. Non-particulate radiation, such as radio waves, is the most well-
known example. While such radiation is excellent for wireless knowledge
transmission, it cannot be used for power transmission. Because radiation
spreads in all directions, a massive amount of energy would be wasted into
free space.
• The previous high-tension power transmission line cables, towers, and sub-
stations involving the generating station and consumers would be com-
pletely eliminated, and the interconnection of electrical generation plants
on a global scale would be facilitated.
• It gives both the receiver and the transmitter more freedom. Mobile trans-
mitters and receivers may also be selected for the WPT system.
• Power could possibly be transmitted to locations where wired transmission
is not possible. The reduction in transmission is negligible with wireless
power transmission; thus, the efficiency with this method is much higher
than with wired transmission.
• Power can be purchased using the rectenna as long as the WPT is opera-
tional. Power failure due to a short or a fault on the cables cannot occur
during transmission, and power theft is not possible in any respect.

8.2 Disadvantages
• High capital costs for practical wireless power transmission implementa-
tion.
• Another potential disadvantage is microwave interference with the current

wireless communication system.
• The effect of microwave radiations at high doses is harmful to human health.

Chapter 9
Conclusion
The selected researchers have developed and tested a variety of compensation

methods for various applications based on the literature reviewed in this paper in
order to optimize the wireless power transfer system’s performance by employing
a variety of optimization methods. The current designed transmitter and receiver
coils are too large to be integrated into consumer devices and cannot be said to
be portable because the coil would occupy space in the working area. As a re-
sult, WPT’s full potential has not been realized up to this point in terms of transfer
power, distance, frequency, and coil dimensions despite the extensive research that
has been conducted in the field of wireless power transfer. As a result, research
in this area must continue because wireless power transfer has many promising
applications.The idea of transmitting power wirelessly is explained. Recently de-
veloped technological applications that enhance human life in the modern world
have been discussed. One of the topics being discussed in the near future is three
new wireless power technology standards that are already competing with one an-
other. Additional standards will soon be introduced. Among these three wireless
charging standards, the one that will prevail in the competition will be determined
by their most recent outstanding applications. The comparison table demonstrates
that A4WP standards, which have a large magnetic field and a long charging dis-
tance, must stay ahead of other standards, while Qi and PMA are also rapidly
improving. If wireless power keeps getting better, we won’t have to use it in our
daily lives for more of the applications in robotics and under study with wireless
power charging.

9.1 Future Plan of Action

In the future, we will be able to use electric appliances without having to wire
them. In the underneath, talking about some expected extent of utilizing wire-
lesspower move technology.
1. Satellite for solar power: A solar-paneled satellite is used to get the most
solar energy from the sun in space.
2.Home appliances powered by wireless: In the future, every appliance in a
home will receive power from a transmitting device.
3. Electric vehicle wireless charging while traveling: Electric cars won’t need
to be stopped to charge in the future. Charges can be made on the way.
4. Emergency power source for everyone.
5.Train with wireless traction: Trains may acquire power in the future wire-
lessly. The train will not require wire connections.

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WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Department of Electronics & Communication

Department of Electronics and Communication

Mrs. Anu Jyothy Dr. Arun. P Dr. Arun P

I wish to record my indebtedness and thankfulness to all who helped me prepare

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

3 MIT Experimental Design 6

4 How Does WPT Work 8

6 Main WPT interface standards and alliances 17

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

8 Advantages and Disadvantages 24

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

1.1 Wireless Power Transmission [24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 MIT Experiment [27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 Block Diagram [26] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7.1 Wireless charging of Pacemaker[11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

Figure 1.1: Wireless Power Transmission [24]

• At the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Tesla demonstrated

• In 1987, Canada reported the world’s first fuel-free aeroplane powered by

• In 2007, a physics research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

• In 2008, Intel replicated the MIT group’s experiment by wirelessly power-

• Consider a future in which wireless power transfer is possible: cell phones,

• A team from MIT’s Departments of Physics, Electrical Engineering and

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

In [15], Zhang et al specifically considered the Electromagnetic or radio frequency

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

MIT Experimental Design

Figure 3.1: MIT Experiment [27]

At 10MHz, the electric field strength is significantly reduced in comparison

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

electric field, Poynting vector, and power radiated even more.

Figure 3.2: Efficiency as a function of distance [25]

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

How Does WPT Work

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

4.1 Principle of Operation Of WPT

Figure 4.1: Block Diagram [26]

The power source generates microwave power in the transmission section.

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

4.2 Basic Principle

Figure 4.2: Typical arrangement of inductively coupled power transfer sys-

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

4.3 Transfer Efficiency

• At a greater distance (z/D ¿ 1) or a larger size difference between the coils

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

4.4 Range and rate of coupling

Figure 4.4: [31]

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

5.1 Near-Field Technique

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

• Resonant Inductive Coupling: Power is transmitted between two coils that

• Air Ionisation: The most difficult method of energy transfer is ionisation of

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

5.2 Far-Field Technique

• Microwave Power Transmission: Microwave transmission is the technology

Department of ECE St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Palai

directionality. The use of microwaves for wireless high-power transmission

• Laser Power Transmission: A laser is a device that emits light through an