SEMINAR REPORT

ON

ON ROAD CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

SUBMITTED BY

AHAMMED MUJTHABA P M

Reg.no:- 20051045

S5 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

A report submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , KILIMANOOR

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695612

2022-2023
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MGM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , KILIMANOOR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report on “ON ROAD CHARGING OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES” submitted by AHAMMED MUJTHABA P M ,
Register Number-:20051045 to the MGM Polytechnic College , Kilimanoor , Kerala in
partial fulfillment for the award of diploma in Automobile Engineering is a bonafide
record of the work carried out by him under our supervision during the year 2022-2023.

Mr. SALIL RAJ S Mr. SALIL RAJ S

Lecturer.of Automobile Engg. (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)
(GUIDE)

Mr. SALIL RAJ S

Lecturer Dept. of Automobile Engg.
(CO-ORDINATOR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an

opportunity to excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.

I express my sincere thanks to Principal Mr. RAJU G for giving me an

Opportunity to do the seminar and for the facilities offered to me during
endeavor.

I was extremely happy to mention a great word of gratitude to

Mr. SALIL RAJ S, Head of the Department of Automobile engineering for
providing me with facilities for the completion for this work.
The main motivation and driving force behind this report is our guide
Mr. SALIL RAJ S, Department of Automobile Engineering, I am deeply
indebted for the inspiration inoculated in me and forthe apt guidance.

AHAMMED MUJTHABA P M

Reg.no:- 20051045
 ABSTRACT

In recent years with the rapid development of the electrical vehicle (EV) of new energy
industry, higher requirements are put forward for convenience, safety and reliability of the
charging of electric vehicles. Contactless Power Transfer (CPT) systems are applicable for
charging electric vehicles (EVs) without any physical interconnection. These systems can
be installed on roadways in order to charge the vehicles while driving. The implementation
of such on-road charging systems in order to extend the driving range and decrease the EV
battery size is investigated in this paper. The percentage of road that should be covered
and the power transfer capability of the system are estimated. Some design
considerations, such as the distribution and the length of the CPT segments over the road,
are explained. Finally, the total power demand for all the passing-by vehicles using the
system is calculated and the possibility of powering the EVs directly from renewable
energy sources is discussed.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 WIRELESS CHARGING 2-11

TECHNOLOGY

3 WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM 12-17

OVERVIEW

4 HUMAN SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 18

5 ADVANTAGE, DISADVANTAGE AND 19-20

THE FUTURE

6 CONCLUSION 21

7 REFERENCE 22
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE.NO

1.1 Wireless Power Transmission 2

2.1 illustration representing the earth's magnetic field 5

 ON ROAD CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

WPT technique requires no physical contact between vehicle and charging device,
therefore overcomes the inconvenience and hazards caused by traditional conductive
method. The initial objective is replacing conductive charging method by the novel WPT
technology, while maintaining a comparable power level and efficiency. The long-term goal
is to dynamically power the moving vehicles on road. This will lead to a much reduced
battery pack but extended driving range. Then, the main concerns of EV, namely the high
battery price and the range anxiety, will be addressed.

The growing EV market stimulates the demand for more convenient and reliable
means to recharge the Great effort has been put on WPT technology. Feasibility of its
application on wireless EV charging has been proved by institutes through various
demonstrations. Leading manufacturers and major global automobile suppliers are seeking
opportunities for commercialization. Nissan and Chevrolet have developed wireless
charging system in corporation with Evatran for their EV models, the Nissan LEAF and
Chevrolet Volt. Meanwhile, Audi, Toyota, and Mitsubishi are integrating magnetic
resonance WPT technology into their EV models in collaboration with Delphi, and
WiTricity, using the technologies from MIT. In 2011, Qualcomm acquired the former
HaloIPT company owned by the University of Auckland and announced the biggest pre-
commercial trial of wireless EV charging in Europe. In this paper, current WPT
technologies will be reviewed on the perspective of electric vehicle charging. For each
technology, basic principle will be explained with summary of its potential and constraints
on EV charging. For the two promising techniques, namely coupled magnetic resonance
and magnetic gear; key issues, research challenges the latest developments will be noted.
Finally, the technology trends will be introduced.

Fig. 1.1- An example of wireless power transmission.

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.
CHAPTER 2

WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY

2.1 BACKGROUND:

The idea of transmitting power through the air has been around for over a
century, with Nikola Tesla’s pioneering ideas and experiments perhaps being the
most well-known early attempts to do so. He had a vision of wirelessly
distributing power over large distances using the earth’s ionosphere. Most
approaches to wireless power transfer use an electromagnetic (EM) field of some
frequency as the means by which the energy is transferred. At the high frequency
end of the spectrum are optical techniques that use lasers to send power via a
collimated beam of light to a remote detector where the received photons are
converted to electrical energy. Efficient transmission over large distances is
possible with this approach; however, complicated pointing and tracking
mechanisms are needed to maintain proper alignment between moving transmitters
and/or receivers. In addition, objects that get between the transmitter and receiver
can block the beam, interrupting the power transmission and, depending on the
power level, possibly causing harm. At microwave frequencies, a similar approach
can be used to efficiently transmit power over large distances using the radiated
EM field from appropriate antennas. However, similar caveats about safety and
system complexity apply for these radiative approaches. It is also possible to
transmit power using non-radiative fields. As an example, the operation of a
transformer can be considered a form of wireless power transfer since it uses the
principle of magnetic induction to transfer energy from a primary coil to a
secondary coil without a direct electrical connection. Inductive chargers, such as
those found commonly in electric toothbrushes, operate on this same principle.
However, for these systems to operate efficiently, the primary coil (source) and
secondary coil (device) must be in close proximity and carefully positioned with
respect to one another. From a technical point of view, this means the magnetic
coupling between the source and device coils must be large for proper operation.
But what about going over somewhat larger distances or having more freedom in
positioning the source and device relative to each other? That’s the question that a
group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) asked themselves.

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They explored many techniques for transmitting power over “mid-range”

distances and arrived at a non-radiative approach that uses resonance to enhance
the efficiency of the energy transfer. High quality factor resonators enable efficient
energy transfer at lower coupling rates, i.e., at greater distances and/or with more
positional freedom than is otherwise possible (and therefore, this approach is
sometimes referred to as “highly resonant” wireless energy transfer or “highly
resonant” wireless power transfer (HR-WPT)). The MIT team demonstrated the
highly resonant technique using a magnetic field to transfer energy over a mid-
range distance of 2 meters, and an industry was born. In some instances, this
technology is also referred to as “magnetic resonance”, and it is often contrasted to
“induction” for its ability to efficiently transfer power over a range of distances
and with positional and orientational offsets. Since that initial demonstration, the
use of HR-WPT, or magnetic resonance, has enabled efficient wireless energy
transfer in a wide range of applications that was not possible before.

2.2. THE BASICS

WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance
without wires. with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up
to the WiTricity technology.

2.2.1 ELECTRICITY
The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges
through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from
one place to another

2.2.2 MAGNETISM
A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to
attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator
and the earth's magnetic field, are examples of objects having constant magnetic
fields. Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by
alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of
magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic
field lines.

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Fig.2.1-An illustration representing the earth's magnetic field

2.2.3 ELECTROMAGNETISM

When electric current passes through a conductor, a circular

electromagnetic field is created around it. The direction of the current decides the
direction of rotation of the created magnetic field. The current strength as well as
length of the conductor decides the force of electromagnetism developed. Change
of the magnetic field can produce electricity.

Fig.2.2 As electric current, I flow in the circuit it gives rise to a magnetic field,
which wrap around wire and when current is reversed magnetic field also get
reversed.

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2.2.4 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The process by which an object or material is magnetized by an external
magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will
generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second
conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture" some portion of
that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric
current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to
power devices. This type of electricalpower transfer from one loop or coil to
another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common
examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and
electric generators.

Fig.2.3- the blue lines represent the magnetic field when current flows through a
coil and current is reversed, magnetic field also gets reversed.

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2.2.5 ENERGY/POWER COUPLING

In electronics and telecommunication, coupling is the desirable or

undesirable transfer of energy from one medium, such as a metallic wire or an
optical fiber, to another medium. Energy coupling occurs when an energy source
has a means of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a
locomotive pulling a train car the mechanical coupling between the two enables
the locomotive to pull the train, and overcome the forces of friction and inertia that
keep the train still and, the train moves. Magnetic coupling occurs when the
magnetic field of one object interacts with a second object and induces an electric
current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a
power source to a powered device. In contrast to the example of mechanical
coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling does not require any physical
contact between the object generating the energy and the object receiving or
capturing that energy.

Fig. 2.4 An electric transformer is a device that uses magnetic induction to

transfer energy from its primary winding to its secondary winding, without the
winding being connected to each other. It is used to transform AC current at one
voltage to AC current at a different voltage.

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2.2.6 RESONANCE

Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It

can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be
added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating
system involving potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and
forth at a rate that is determined by the length of the swing. The child can make
the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the
motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the
simple movements of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system.
In this example, the wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound
waves traveling through the air are captured by the glass, and the sound energy is
converted to mechanical vibrations of the glass itself. When the singer hits the
note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy,
begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the
glass depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in
it.

2.2.7 Resonant Magnetic Coupling

Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their
varying oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural
frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

Fig. 2.5 Two idealized resonant magnetic coils, shown in yellow. The blue and red
colour bands illustrate their magnetic fields. The coupling of their respective
magnetic fields is indicated by the connection of the colour bands.

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2.2.8 WiTricity (WIRELESS ELECTRICITY) TECHNOLOGY

WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially designed

magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the
magnetic near-field. These proprietary sources and device designs and the
electronic systems that control them support efficient energy transfer over
distances that are many times the Size of the sources/devices themselves.

Fig. 2.6 The WiTricity power source left is connected to AC power. The blue lines
represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. The yellow lines
present the flow of energy from the source to the WiTricity capture coil, which is
shown powering a light bulb.

2.3 METHODS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL

POWER
2.3.1 Induction

The principle of mutual induction between two coils can be used for the
transfer of electrical power without any physical contact in between. The simplest
example of how mutual induction works is the transformer, where there is no
physical contact between the primary and the secondary coils. The transfer of
energy takes place due to electromagnetic coupling between the two coils.

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2.3.2 Electromagnetic Transmission

Electromagnetic waves can also be used to transfer power without wires.
By converting electricity into light, such as a laser beam, then firing this beam at a
receiving target, such as a solar cell on a small aircraft, power can be beamed to a
single target. This is generally known as “power beaming”.

2.3.3 Evanescent Wave Coupling

Researchers at MIT believe they have discovered a new way to wirelessly
transfer power using non-radiative electromagnetic energy resonant tunnelling.
Since the electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through
the air to be absorbed or wasted, and would not disrupt electronic devices or cause
physical injury like microwave or radio transmission. Researchers anticipate up to
5 meters of range.

2.3.4 Electro dynamic Induction

Also known as "resonant inductive coupling" resolves the main problem
associated with non- resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy transfer;
specifically, the dependence of efficiency on transmission distance. When
resonant coupling is used the transmitter and receiver inductors are tuned to a
mutual frequency and the drive current is modified from a sinusoidal to a non-
sinusoidal transient waveform. Pulse power transfer occurs over multiple cycles.
In this way significant power may be transmitted over a distance of up to a few
times the size of the transmitter.

2.3.5 Radio and Microwave

Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing
longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the
microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies
exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been
proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to
Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft leaving orbit has been considered.

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2.3.6 Electrostatic Induction

Also known as "capacitive coupling" is an electric field gradient or

differential capacitance between two elevated electrodes over a conducting ground
plane for wireless energy transmission involving high frequency alternating
current potential differences transmitted between two plates or nodes.

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Chapter – 3

Wireless Charging System Overview

3.1 System Description

Across an application space that spans power levels from less than a watt to
multiple kilowatts, a wireless energy transfer system based on HR-WPT often has
a common set of functional blocks. A general diagram of such a system is shown
in figure3.1.

Fig.3.1- Block diagram of a wireless energy transfer system.

Progressing from left to right on the top line of the diagram, the
input power to the system is usually either wall power (AC mains)
which is converted to DC in an AC/DC rectifier block, or
alternatively, a DC voltage directly from a battery or other DC
supply. In high power applications, a power factor correction stage
may also be included in this block. A high efficiency switching
amplifier converts the DC voltage into an RF voltage waveform used
to drive the source resonator. Often an impedance matching network

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(IMN) is used to effectively couple the amplifier output to the source resonator
while enabling efficient switching-amplifier operation. Class D or E switching
amplifiers are suitable in many applications and generally require an inductive
load impedance for highest efficiency. The IMN serves to transform the source
resonator impedance, loaded by the coupling to the device resonator and output
load, into such an impedance for the source amplifier. The magnetic field
generated by the source resonator couples to the device resonator, exciting the
resonator and causing energy build-up. This energy is coupled out of the device
resonator to do useful work, for example, directly powering a load or charging a
battery. A second IMN may be used here to efficiently couple energy from the
resonator to the load. It may transform the actual load impedance into an effective
load impedance seen by the device resonator which more closely matches the
loading for optimum efficiency. For loads requiring a DC voltage, a rectifier
converts the received AC power back into DC.

In the earliest work at MIT, the impedance matching was accomplished by

inductively coupling into the source resonator and out of the device resonator.
This approach provides a way to tune the input coupling, and therefore the input
impedance, by adjusting the alignment between the source input coupling coil and
the source resonator, and similarly, a way to tune the output coupling, and
therefore the effective loading on the device resonator, by adjusting the alignment
between the device output coupling coil and the device resonator. With proper
adjustment of the coupling values, it was possible to achieve power transfer
efficiencies approaching the optimum possible efficiency. Figure 3.2 shows a
schematic representation of an inductive coupling approach to impedance
matching. In this circuit, M! is adjusted to provide the desired input impedance for
the given loading of the source resonator. The device resonator is similarly loaded
by adjusting M! the mutual coupling to the load. Series capacitors may be needed
in the impound output coupling coils to improve efficiency unless the reactance of
the coupling inductors are much less than the generator and load resistances.

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Fig.3.2. Schematic representation of inductively coupling into and out of the

resonators.

It is also possible to directly connect the generator and load to the respective
resonators with a variety of IMNs. These generally comprise components
(capacitors and inductors) that are arranged in “T” and/or “pi” configurations. The
values of these components may be chosen for optimum efficiency at a specific
source-to-device coupling and load condition (“fixed tuned” impedance matching)
or they may be adjustable to provide higher performance over a range of source-to
device positions and load conditions (“tuneable” impedance matching).
Requirements of the particular application will determine which approach is most
appropriate from a performance and cost perspective. A common question about
wireless charging is: How efficient is it? The end-to-end efficiency of a wireless
energy transfer system is the product of the wireless efficiency (see Physics of
Highly Resonant Power Transfer for an explanation) and the efficiency of the
electronics (RF amplifier, rectifier and any other power conversion stages, if
needed). In high power applications, such as the charging of electric vehicles at
multi kilowatt levels, end-to-end efficiencies (AC input to DC output) greater than
94% have been demonstrated. Such efficiencies require that each stage in the
system have an efficiency at 98- 99% or greater. Careful design in each stage is
required to minimize losses to achieve such performance.

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In mobile electronic devices, space is usually of utmost importance, so

incorporating resonators generally involves some trade-offs in resonator size and
system efficiency to accommodate the space restrictions. Also, the application use-
case may involve a wider range of magnetic coupling between source and device
which can also present a challenge for the design of the impedance matching
networks. However, coil-to-coil efficiencies of 90% or more and end-to-end
efficiencies over 80% are achievable in these lower power applications.

3.2 POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTER AND POWER CONTROL

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In a WPT system, the function of the primary side power electronics converter is
to generate a high-frequency current in the sending coil. To increase the switching
frequency and efficiency, usually a resonant topology is adopted. At the secondary
side, a rectifier is adopted to convert the high-frequency ac current to dc current.
Depending on whether a secondary side control is needed, an additional converter
may be employed. The primary side converter may be a voltage or a current
source converter. As a bulky inductor is needed for the current source converter,
the most common choice at the primary side is a full bridge voltage source
resonant converter. In the primary side, the full bridge converter outputs a high-
frequency square voltage. By adopting the LC compensation network, a constant
high frequency current can be maintained in L1. An additional capacitor C1s is
introduced here to compensated part of the reactive power on L1. Thus, the power
rating on L f 1 could be reduced. The system design flexibility could also be
improved. At the secondary side, the parallel compensation is adopted. With a
constant primary coil, current and parallel secondary side compensation, the
output is like a current source. At a certain coupling, the current in L3 is almost
constant. By changing the duty ratio of switch S5, the output power can be
controlled.
Many different control methods were proposed to control the transferred
power. Depending on where the control action is applied, the control method could
be classified as primary side control, secondary side control and dual-side control.
In most cases, the primary side and dual-side control is only suitable for power
transfer from one primary pad to one pickup pad. The secondary side control could
be used in the scenario where multiple pickup pads are powered from one primary
pad or track.

The control at the primary side can be realized by changing the frequency,
duty cycle and the phase between the two legs. Since the characteristic of a
resonant converter is related to the operating frequency, a frequency control at the
primary side is adopted in some designs. When adjusting the frequency, it should
be noted that the bifurcation phenomenon in the loosely coupled systems. The
power versus frequency is not always a monotonic function. Also, the frequency
control method takes up a wider radio frequency bandwidth, which may increase
the risk of electromagnetic interference. When the switching frequency is fixed,
the control can be carried out by duty cycle or phase shift. The problem of duty
cycle or phase shift control is that there is a high circulating current in the
converter. Also, the ZVS or ZCS switching condition may be lost. To ensure ZVS,
an alternative way to control the system output power is to adjust the input dc
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voltage VS . An asymmetrical voltage cancellation method, which uses an

alternative way to change the duty cycle, was proposed to increase the ZVS
region. A discrete energy injection method, which could achieve ZCS and lower
the switching frequency at light load condition, was proposed in and.

At the secondary side, with parallel compensation, a boost converter is

inserted after the rectifier for the control. Correspondingly, with series
compensation, a buck converter can be used. When the control is after the rectifier,
an additional dc inductor, as well as a diode on the current flow path, should be
introduced. The University of Auckland proposed a control method at the ac side
before the rectifier. By doing so, the dc inductor and additional diodes could be
saved. Because of the resonating in the ac side, ZVS and ZCS could be achieved.
The detailed designs for series compensation as well as a LC compensation
network are presented in and. The dual-side control is a combination of both
primary and secondary side control. The system complexity and cost may
increase, but the efficiency can be optimized by a dual-side control.

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CHAPTER 4

HUMAN SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

A common question about wireless power transfer using magnetic

resonance systems is: Are they safe? Perhaps because these systems can efficiently
exchange energy over mid-range distances, people may assume that they are being
exposed to large and potentially dangerous electromagnetic fields when using
these systems. Early popular press descriptions of the technology as “electricity-
in-the-air” have done little to calm people’s potential fears. Of course, WiTricity’s
technology is NOT “electricity-in-the-air”, but rather a technology that uses
oscillating magnetic fields to mediate the wireless energy exchange. With proper
design the stray electric and magnetic fields can be kept below the well-
established and long-standing human safety limits that regulate all electro-
magnetic consumer devices including cell phones, wireless routers, Bluetooth
headphones, radio transmitters, etc. At WiTricity, we perform a detailed
electromagnetic analysis, using measurements and sophisticated numerical
modelling tools, of each system we design and application area we explore,
including systems transferring more than 10kW of power, to ensure that the
systems will meet all applicable human safety guidelines.

The fig 4.1 shows the working of power transmitting unit, which transmits
wireless power to that particular section of the road above which the electric
vehicle is passing.

Fig.4.1 An example of real time wireless power transfer to the vehicles on

road

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGE, DISADVANTAGES AND THE FUTURE

5.1 ADVANTAGES

➢ 80 % reduced operating cost than equivalent gas powered vehicles.

➢ Lower maintenance costs than gas powered vehicles.
➢ Pollution free.
➢ Zero recharging time and unlimited range (when operating on an electric road)
➢ Light weight vehicles.
➢ A number of devices can be charged at a time
➢ Electrically safe
➢ Low maintenance cost
➢ Charging is convenient

5.2 DISADVANTAGES

➢ Initial installation cost is very high.

➢ Working area is limited.
➢ Currently the speed is limited to 40 miles per hour.
➢ power outage might cause the EVs to run out of power.
➢ Heat generation is more than traditional charging.
➢ Complex design.
➢ Our current electrical grid could not support mass market adaptation of the
online electric vehicle.

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5.3 The Future

With a maturing technology base and a broad application space, wireless
power transfer will become prevalent in many areas of life in the coming years.
Since the original demonstrations at MIT early this century, the technology of
magnetic resonance has moved from a scientific experiment to the production line
where it will be incorporated into mass-produced consumer electronics such as
laptops and mobile phones. Electric vehicles, both plug-in hybrids and full battery
electric vehicles, will soon offer wireless charging so that plugging in to charge
will no longer be a requirement. Development of world-wide standards for
wireless power in both of these application areas is underway to ensure
interoperability across products and brands, facilitate the deployment of wireless
charging infrastructure and help to accelerate adoption of the technology. Some
advanced automotive technology, such as vehicles with autonomous navigation
and ultimately driverless operation, along with the expansion of car sharing
services to provide better utilization of such vehicles, will benefit greatly from the
ability to charge without human intervention. In fact, wireless charging is almost
essential for the deployment of autonomous vehicles where there may not be
anyone around to connect a wired charger (or otherwise add fuel). Imagine a fleet
of autonomous vehicles, offering ride services for example, that automatically find
the nearest charging spot when charging is needed and go back into service once
recharged. Research into dynamic charging of vehicles, using the same basic
technology of magnetic resonance, is underway and may someday lead to real
charging on the move. Another promising application area for wireless power
transfer is in the medical arena. The use of medical implants for innovative
therapies for a variety of chronic conditions is growing, and the ability to safely
get power to such devices opens the door to new treatment options. For example,
wireless power offers the ability to extend the useful lifetime of an implant
because its battery can be recharged, or even eliminate the need for a battery in
some cases. Of course, there will likely be applications for wireless power that we
cannot envision today. With the pace of technology innovation, expect to see
wireless power technology deployed not only in the areas mentioned here, but in
many more applications

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 AUTONOMOUS CAR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Conclusion
This paper presented a review of wireless charging of electric vehicles. It is clear
that vehicle electrification is unavoidable because of environment and energy
related issues. Wireless charging will provide many benefits as compared with
wired charging. In particular, when the roads are electrified with wireless charging
capability, it will provide the foundation for mass market penetration for EV
regardless of battery technology. With technology development, wireless charging
of EV can be brought to fruition. Further studies in topology, control, inverter
design, and human safety are still needed in the near term.

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 AUTONOMOUS CAR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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