BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management

Semester 2 Session 2020/2021 2021

Group No. /
Section

G6
S2
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY & TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

LABWORK NO. 2

TITLE Aggregate Impact Value Test

DATE OF LABWORK 22 April 2021

NAME MATRIX NO.

1. Muhammad Amir Fikri bin Azmi AN190058

2. Aisah binti Tea Tso Bing AN190210

GROUP MEMBERS
3. Farah Aisyah binti Abd Kahar CN190132

4. Nor Iman Fatihah binti Soiful Bahari AN190140

5. Tan Hui Min AN190206

1. Ts. Nur Faezah Binti Yahya

LECTURER / INSTRUCTOR
2. Puan Noor Khazanah Binti A Rahman

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

TOTAL MARK
(FROM RUBRIC ASSESSMENT)

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
Semester 2 Session 2020/2021 2021

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not

accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is

true.

1) Group member 1
Name: Muhammad Amir Fikri bin Azmi
Matric number: AN190058
2) Group member 2
Name: Aisah binti Tea Tso Bing
Matric number: AN190210
3) Group member 3
Name: Farah Aisyah binti Abd Kahar
Matric number: CN190132
4) Group member 4
Name: Nor Iman Fatihah binti Soiful Bahari
Matric number: AN190140
5) Group member 5
Name: Tan Hui Min
Matric number: AN190206

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
Semester 2 Session 2020/2021 2021

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

BNP 20303 HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

CLO 3 Measure the suitable techniques and equipments or tools for solved problems according to standard specification and safety requirement.
[PLO4, P4]
Level of Achievement
Elements Very Week (1) Weak (2) Modest (3) Good (4) Excellent (5) Level Weight Score
Abstract The main The main purpose The main The main purpose The main purpose
Not more than 200 purpose of the of the abstract is purpose of the of the abstract is of the abstract is
words. The abstract abstract is not well defined abstract is clearly stated in a clear and concise.
P5 2 /10
should include only absent. and appears identified but single sentence.
the main points of incomplete and/or not clearly
your review. unfocused. stated.
Introduction Background Background Background Background Background
Content knowledge is information is information is information is information may information has the
accurate, relevant and missing or accurate, but overly narrow contain minor appropriate level of
provides appropriate contains major irrelevant or too or overly omissions or specificity to
background for reader inaccuracies. disjointed to make general (only inaccuracies that do provide concise and P2 2 /10
including defining relevance clear. partially not detract from the useful context to aid
critical terms. relevant). major point of the the reader’s
paper. understanding.
Literature Review Very poorly Poorly containing Fairly well Most of relevant Very well of
Display relevant containing 25% relevant contains 50% information related relevant information
literature review fragmented information with of with related to the lab work. related to the lab
P4 2 /10
related to the information and related to the lab to the lab work. work.
lab
work. is very work.
confusing.
Methodology No materials Some materials Some materials Most materials and All Materials and
Flow chart & and standards and no standards and no relevant standards standards are
explanation of flow are listed. are listed. standard are are listed. listed.
chart with picture. Procedure Poorly explained / listed. Procedure contains Procedure is
Appropriate study section is indecipherable Procedure is most steps and is complete and easy P3 3 /15
area/materials, missing. missing steps easy to follow. to follow. All steps
method and standard and difficult to are present.
used are present and follow.
explained.
Data Analysis All data are Most data are Most data are All data are taken All data are
Data are summarized missing or missing or correctly taken, but minor data are correctly taken.
in a logical format. incorrect. incorrect. no missing incorrect. Well-organized.
P5 3 /15
Table or graph Unorganized. Unorganized. data. Organized.
types
are appropriate. Data Organized.
are properly labelled.
Discussion No discussion Discussion is not Discussion is Discussion is Discussion based
Discussion is clearly on data complete and no reasonably reasonably on data is complete
discussed based on analysis. related explanation complete and complete and relate and persuasive with
data analysis and with theory. no related explanation with a clearly supported P4 5 /20
relate with relevant explanation theory. theory.
theory or previous with theory.
study (add citation)
Conclusion Conclusions Conclusions have Conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
Conclusion is clearly have no basis little basis in data have some clearly and logically completely justified
and logically drawn in data provided. direct basis in drawn from and by data.
from data provided. provided. the data, but bounded by the
may contain data provided with P2 2 /10
some gaps in no gaps in logic.
logic or data or
are overly
broad.
References Poor quality 50% according 80% according 100% according 100% according
Follow correct to the format to the format to the format to the format and
references well presented P3 1 /5
& organized
Report Quality Word usage is The report is not The report has The report is written The report is written
Grammar, word frequently well written and several in complete in complete
usage, referent and confused or contains many grammar and sentences and sentences (except
organization facilitate incorrect. errors in spelling, spelling contains no materials section)
the reader’s No references. grammar, and mistakes, and personal pronouns. and contains no
Most of the P4 1 /5
understanding of sentence structure. many sentence personal pronouns.
the
paper. No references. fragments. grammar and Grammar and
Limited spelling are correct. spelling are correct.
references are Most references are All references are
listed. listed. listed.

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BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
Semester 2 Session 2020/2021 2021

Total Marks /100

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

LABWORK 2

Aggregate impact value test

Abstract
Roads and highways are subtle for humanity as the link for the connectivity of
places. Human uses roads and highways to go from places to places since before
by using variety of vehicles such as big as container trucks or even to the smallest
motorcycles existed. Hence the road users started to give concern about the
condition of the roads they use every day. Therefore, a test was invented to
measure the strength of aggregate used in the making of roads named aggregate
impact value test. For this experiment we will determine the aggregate impact
value using impact testing machine that consists of a cylindrical hammer sliding
freely between two vertical supports. The test gives an idea of toughness of the
aggregate to resist fracture under the impact of moving loads. Turn out the
experiment show us that the average value of the samples is within the range of
sufficient toughness, making the experiment as a success for us. More
explanation about this experiment in the next chapters.
Keyword: aggregate toughness, strength measured, impact value, hammer
sliding,

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

1.0 Introduction

The toughness of a certain material is determined by the property to resist such

impacts on them. Same goes to all roads out there, the aggregates are subjected to
impact caused by vehicles movement on the roads. Frequent impacts have results
to their breaking into smaller parts thereby complete toughness of aggregates are
required to behold their disintegration. To prevent breakdowns of aggregates due
to impacts, the aggregate impact value test is a safety measure to determine the
strength of aggregates to a sudden impact or shock which may varies according
to applied compressive loads. There are six main apparatus needed in this
experiment, including impact testing machine, measuring cylinder to measure
aggregate, tamping rod, sieves, balance also laboratory oven. Tamping rod is
important to compact the aggregates in the measuring cylinder.

The objective of the experiment is to determine the aggregate impact value in the
laboratory, indirectly giving exposure to students about measuring the weight of
retained crushed material on 2.3mm sieve and let students to calculate the
percentage of weight loss over initial weight. After data is collected from the

experiment, the value of aggregate impact is gained by the following equation:

W2
aggregate impact value= ×100
W
W 2 =weight of fraction passing through2.36 mm sieve
W =weight of oven dried sample
There are also different ways to determine the total aggregate impact value, that
is used in this experiment:
weight loss
percent wear ( average )= ( initial weight )
× 100

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

2.0 Literature Review

The aggregate mechanical test is interpreted as abrasion resistance, and the

aggregate abrasion value is defined as the percentage weight loss on abrasion. It
is very important for the aggregates to endure the impact load so, toughness of
the aggregates is a highly needed properties. In their lifetime as a road material,
road aggregates, for example, are subjected to a million impact loads. As a result,
they must be checked for their hardness before being used in pavement layers.
Toughness can be measured with a measuring impact system, which is a machine
that applies loads to aggregates in the same way that they are applied to roads.
The aggregate impact test apparatus is an uncomplicated aggregate test system
that can be used in the field directly to do the testing. The test machine consists
of a hammer or a piston with a weight attached to it weighing 13.5kg. The
hammer drops for several times for each test. The aggregate material resistance
for granulation will determined by this repeated effect. The aggregate impact
value is measured as the percentage f sample material moving through 2.36mm
sieve as a percentage of the initial weight. The lower the aggregate effect value,
the better at resisting granulation the aggregate is.(Smith and Collis, 1993).

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

3.1 Methodology

3.2 Apparatus

1) CBR equipment consisting of 152.4 mm diameter and

178 mm height, An extension collar of a diameter 51
mm, spacer disk of 150.8 mm diameter and 61.4 mm
height.
2) Mechanical compaction rammer 50.8 mm diameter,
2.49 kg and capable of free fall of 305 mm.
3) Surcharge weight to simulate the effect of overlaying
pavement weight.
4) CBR machine: A compression machine, which can
operate at a constant rate of 1.3mm/min. A metal
piston of 1935 mm2 is attached to it.

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

3.3 Procedure

1
The aggregate was sieved and the
portion passing 12.5mm and
retained on 10mm sieve were
obtained.

The aggregate were washed at a

constant temperature of 1050C to
1100C and then the sample was
cooled.

3
The aggregate were inserted into
the cylindrical measure in 3 layers,
each layers were tapping by 25
times with the tamping rod. Level
the surface tamping road as a using
the straight edge.

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

4
The aggregate in the measure were
weighed. The weight of the
aggregate is used for the
duplicated test on the same
material.

The aggregate were transferred

from the cylindrical measure to the
cup in 3 layers and each layer was
compacted by tamped in 25 strokes
with the tamping rod.

The hammer was released for fell

freely on the aggregate. The test
sample is subjected to a total of 15
blows.

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021

The aggregate sample were

removed from the cup and sieve
through 2.36 mm sieve.

The fraction passing the sieve were

weight.

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 BNP 20303 Highway Technology & Traffic Management
2021
Semester 2 Session
2020/2021
4.0 Analysis

Weight Weight
Weight
Weight of retained passing
Sample before
cup (gm) 2.36 mm 2.36 mm
crush (gm)
sieve (gm) sieve (gm)
A 563.3 829.9 159.1 103.9
B 567.9 841.7 161.9 109.1
Average 565.6 835.8 160.5 106.5

Average weight before 829.9+8417

crush, gm =
2
= 835.8

Average weight retained 159.1+161.5

2.36 mm sieve, gm
¿
2
= 160.5

Average weight passing 103.9+ 109.1

2.36 mm sieve, gm ¿
2
= 106.5
Average weight of cup, gm 563.3+ 567.9
¿
2
= 565.6

weight loss
Percent wear (average) = [ initial weight ]
×100 %

106.5
= [ 835.8−565.6 ]
×100 %

= 35.96%

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5.1 Discussion

The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. As

the vehicle moves on the road, the aggregates are impacted and will
cause them to break into smaller pieces. Therefore, the aggregate to be
used on roads or highways must have sufficient toughness, and the
AIV test should be 10% to 20% to prevent it from disintegrating due
to impact. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to
sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to
gradually applied load. According to the experimental data, it is
shown that the average value of the two samples is 35.96%, which is
out of this range and it is non-satisfactory for road surfacing.

Precaution steps should be taken when conducting the test. First, make
sure the plunger is placed in the center so that it directly falls on the
aggregate sample and does not touch the wall of the cylinder to ensure
that the entire load is transferred to the aggregate. Next, the difference
between the total weight of the fraction retained and passing through
the sieve and the original weight of the sample should not exceed 1
gm in the operation of sieving aggregate through a 2.36 mm sieve.
Lastly, the tamping rod is lightly tapped instead of using a hammer to
tamp correctly. Similarly, the compaction should be even on the
surface of the aggregate, and it should be noted that the compaction
rod does not often hit the mold wall.

There are any advantages can be gained from the AIV test. One of the
advantages of the aggregate impact test is that the test equipment and
test procedures are simple, and the resistance and impact force of the
stone can be obtained by simulating field conditions. Whether on a
construction site or a quarry, the test can be completed in a short time.
Compared with flake and elongated stones, well-shaped cubic stones
can provide higher impact resistance. The first sample must be tested
from each aggregate sample of equal volume. This can be ensured by
taking the specimen in the measuring cylinder in a specified manner
by tamping it in 3 layers. If the volumes of all test samples to be tested
in the aggregate impact test mould are equal, the heights of these
samples will be equal, and the drop height of the impact ram on the
samples will be equal. On the other hand, the volume and height can
vary according to the specific gravity and shape factors of the
aggregate. Therefore, the specified rate of application of the blows of
the impact ram may be also varying.

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6.0 Conclusion

The experiment has conducted successfully. From the

experiment, we get the value for the AIV which is 35.96%. If
the value is less than 10%, the sample is said to be
exceptionally strong. If it is greater than 35%, it is said to be
weak and not suitable for the road. The value that we obtained
show that it is a week and unsuitable to be used for road
surface. We concluded that the aggregates used is acceptable in
road surface.

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References
I. Mishra, G. (2017, November 30).
Determination of aggregate impact value -
impact test on aggregates. Retrieved April 30,
2021, from
https://theconstructor.org/building/building-
material/determination-of-aggregate-impact-value/1355/

II. Smith, M. R. (1993). Aggregates: Sand, Gravel and Crushed

Rock Aggregates for Construction Purposes (Geological
Society Engineering Geology Special Publication Ser No.9)
(2nd ed.). Amer Assn of Petroleum Geologists.
III. Gopal Mishra. Aggregate Impact Value on Coarse
Aggregates. Retrieved from
https://theconstructor.org/building/building-
material/determination-of-aggregate-impact-
value/1355/
IV. Cement Concrete. Aggregate Impact value Test
Apparatus, Procedure and uses. Retrieved from
https://cementconcrete.org/material-testing-
guide/pavement-materials/aggregate-impact-value-
test/1511/
V. Civil Engineering Portal. Aggregate Impact Value.
Retrieved from
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/aggregate-impact-
value.html

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