Q3.

3
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4. A low-speed compressor has stator vanes that are to have an inlet flow angle

of 45° and an exit flow angle of 25°.

(a) Calculate the pitch-chord ratio of the stators assuming a Lieblein

diffusion factor of 0.45. Using Lieblein’s diffusion factor reaching 0.6 as a criterion,

and assuming that the exit flow angle remains constant, determine the incidence that

corresponds to the blade stalling.

(b) Use Carter’s deviation correlation to estimate the required metal exit

angle given that a parabolic arc camber-line is employed with maximum camber at

40% chord. (Note that some iteration is needed)

Solution
(a)

 cos α1  s cos α1
DF = 1 − + (tan α1 − tan α 2 ) = 0.45
 cos α 2  l 2

s  cos α1  2
= − 0.55 = 1.22
l  cos α 2  cos α1 (tan α1 − tan α 2 )

For DF=0.6,

 cos α1  cos α1
1 −
 cos25 
 +1.22
2
(tan α1 − tan25) = 0.6

Iterating, it can soon be found that the inlet angle required is a1 = 510.

Hence, the incidence that corresponds to stalling is 60.

(b)

Carter's deviation rule for a compressor blade is: δ * = mθ ( s / l )

0.5

This can be written as: α 2 − α 2′ = m (α1′ − α 2′ )( s / l )

0.5

The parameter m can be found using eqn. (3.35). For a parabolic blade a/l = 0.4,
m = 0.23 ( 2a / l ) + α 2* / 500 = 0.23
2
m = 0.23 × 0.8
×1 + 30 2
/ 500+ 25 500 = 0.1972
= 0.29

25 − α ′2 = 0.1972(45 − α ′2 ) 1.22
30

Try different values of the exit metal angle until the RHS balances the LHS.

This occurs for when α′2 ≅ 19.5 0 (5.50 of deviation)

5. Use γ = 1.4, R = 287 J kg−1 K−1 and cp = 1005 J kg−1 K−1 in this question.

(a) A two-dimensional compressor cascade operates in air. The inlet metal

angle of the blades is 55o and the exit metal angle is 37o. When the flow is at zero

incidence with an inlet Mach number of 0.65, the exit Mach number is 0.44 and the

stagnation pressure loss coefficient is given by:

p − p02
Y p = 01 = 0.038 .
p01 − p1

Determine the exit flow angle and give two reasons why this is greater than the exit

metal angle.

(b) Find the blade pitch-to-chord ratio needed such that DF = 0.45 when

the cascade is at the operating point described in part (a).

(c) Assuming that the exit flow angle and loss remain constant, estimate

the new value of DF when the incidence of the flow is increased to 5o while

maintaining an inlet Mach number of 0.65. Use the same pitch-to-chord ratio as

found in part (b).

(d) If the cascade throat width to pitch ratio o/s is 0.6, determine the

incidence of the flow onto the blades at which the cascade will choke with an inlet

Mach number of 0.65. Assume that there is no loss upstream of the cascade throat.

Solution
1 − p02 rel p01,rel
= 1 − YP (1 − p1 p01,rel )
p02 ,rel
(a) YP = ⇒
1 − p1 p01,rel p01,rel

∴ 02 = 1 − 0.038 × (1 − 0.7528) = 0.9906

p
[Using Tables]
p01
 31

Applying continuity across the cascade,

mɺ c p T01 mɺ c p T02 cos α 2 p 02

= Q (M 1rel ) = × ×
hs cos α 1 p 01 hs cos α 2 p 02 cos α 1 p 01

Q (M 1 ) p01
∴ cos α 2 = × cos α1 × (true since m
ɺ hs is constant)
Q (M 2 ) p02

Q(0.65) 1 1.128 1
cos α 2 = × cos 550 × = × 0.5736 × = 0.7515
Q(0.44 ) 0.9906 0.8691 0.9906
[Using Tables]
⇒ α 2 = 41.30 (angles are +ve)

This is 4.3 degrees greater than the metal angle due to deviation. Deviation
arises due to (i) inviscid effects – the flow across the passage does not follow
the trailing edges as it is diffusing (ii) viscous effects – boundary layer
blockage increases effective exit metal angle.
c c −c s
(b) DF = 0.45 = 1 − 2 + θ 2 θ 1
c1 2c1 l
s  c  2c1  c2 c pT0  2 c1 c pT0
=  0.45 − 1 + 2  =  −0.55 + 
l  c1  cθ 2 − cθ 1 
 c1 (
c pT0  sin α1. c1 c pT0 − sin α 2 . c2 c pT0 )
From tables,

s  0.273  2 × 0.3948
=  −0.55 +  = 0.780 [20%]
l  (
0.3948  sin 55 .0.3948 − sin 41.30.0.273
0
)
(c) With 5 degrees incidence for the same inlet Mach number, the mass flow
through the cascade will change

cos α1,new cos 60 0

∴ Q (M 2 ,new ) = Q (M 1 ) ×
p 1
× 01 = 1.128 × × = 0.7579
cos α 2 p02 cos 41.3 0 0.9906

⇒ M 2,new = 0.371, c2,new c pT0 = 0.2317 [From Tables]

 c2,new c pT0
DFnew = 1 − +
(
 s sin α1,new . c1 c pT0 − sin α 2 . c2, new c pT0 )
 c1 c pT0  l 2 c1 c pT0
 
 0.2317 
DFnew = 1 −  + 0 . 78
(
sin 600.0.3948 − sin 41.30.0.2317
= 0.60
)
 0.3948  2 × 0.3948
32

(d) Applying mass conservation between inlet and minimum area,

mɺ c pT01 mɺ c pT01 p*o

= Q(M 1 ) =
o
× ×
hs cos α1 p01 ho p*o s cos α1 p01
With the throat choked, Q (1) = 1.281 and there is no loss upstream,
 Q(1) o   1.281 
⇒ α1,choke = cos −1   = cos −1  × 0.6  = 47.04 0
 Q (M 1 ) s   1.128 

Therefore, the incidence at choking = 47.04 – 55 = -7.950

3.6. A high-speed air turbine cascade is estimated to have an axial velocity

density ratio (AVDR) of 0.97. At inlet the Mach number is 0.22 and the flow angle is

30o. The blades turn the flow through 100o and at exit the flow is just sonic.

(a) Determine the stagnation pressure loss coefficient based on exit conditions

and the energy loss coefficient, ζ .

(b) Estimate ζ using the Soderberg correlation for this cascade, eqn. (3.46),

assuming an aspect ratio of 3. Compare with the value found in (a) and explain why

the correlation might be expected to under-estimate the loss in this case.

(c) Neglecting streamtube contraction and the loss downstream of the throat,

estimate the opening-to-pitch ratio of the cascade.

Solution

(a)
Applying continuity from inlet to exit,
mɺ c pT01 mɺ c pT02 H cos α 2 p02
= Q ( M1 ) = × 2× × .
H1s cos α1 p01 H 2 s cos α 2 p02 H1 cos α1 p01

Using compressible flow tables (M1=0.22),

p02 Q ( M 1 ) H1 cos α1 0.4731
= × × = × 0.97 ×
cos 30 ( )
= 0.907
p01 Q (1) H 2 cos α 2 1.281 cos 70 ( )
The ratio of inlet stagnation to exit pressure is found from:
p01 p02 p01 1
= × = = 2.087.
p2 p2 p02 0.5283 × 0.907
 33

The cascade loss coefficient can then be determined:

p − p02 1 − p02 / p01 1 − 0.907
YP = 01 = = = 0.178.
p01 − p2 1 − p2 / p01 1 − 2.087 −1

( )
ζ = c 22is − c 22 / c 22is , where 0.5c22is = h01 − h2 s .

ζ=
(T2 − T2s ) = (T2 T01 − T2s T01 )
(T01 − T2s ) (1 − T2s T01 )
γ −1 2
T2 T01 = T2 T02 = (p2 p02 ) γ , ⇒ T2 T01 = (0.5283)7 = 0.833
γ −1 −2
T2s T01 = (p2 p01 ) γ , ⇒ T2 s T01 = ( 2.087 ) 7 = 0.810

⇒ζ =
( 0.833 − 0.810 ) = 0.121
(1 − 0.810 )
(b)
From Soderberg,
 ε 
2

ζ = 0.04 + 0.06   = 0.04 + 0.06 = 0.1

 100 
This loss estimation is expected to be lower than the actual loss due to transonic
effects and the rise in losses as the exit Mach number approaches 1, see the results
from Mee (1991).

(c)
Q(1) o
cos α 2 = × .
Q(M 2 ) s
Given the exit Mach number is 1, the opening-to-pitch ratio can be approximated
as:
o
⇒ = cos α 2 = cos 70 0 = 0.342
s
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3.7. A two-dimensional compressor cascade is tested in air with an inlet stagnation

pressure of 1 bar and an inlet stagnation temperature of 300 K. For an inlet Mach
number of 0.75 and an inlet flow angle of 50°, the exit flow angle is measured as
15.8°. Determine the mass flow rate per unit frontal area. Assuming the flow is
isentropic, calculate the exit Mach number and the static pressure ratio across the
cascade.

Solution The mass flow rate per unit frontal area is:

m
m
C pT01 cos α1 . p01 cos α1 . p01

= × = Q(M 1 ) ×
Hs Hs cos α1 . p01 C pT01 C pT01
Using the tables,
m
cos 500 .105
∴ = 1.2058 × = 141.2 kg s −1 m − 2
Hs 1005.300

Applying continuity across the cascade:

m
C pT01 m
C pT02 p cos α 2

= × 02
Hs cos α1 . p01 Hs cos α 2 . p02 p01 cos α1

For isentropic flow, both the stagnation pressure and

stagnation temperature are unchanged across the cascade.

∴ Q(M 2 ) = Q(M 1 ) × cos α1 cos α 2

Q (M 2 ) = 1.2058 × cos 500 cos 15.80 = 0.8055

Ÿ M 2 = 0.40

The static pressure ratio, p2 p1 = p2 p02 × p01 p1 × p02 p01

Using the tables, p2 p1 = 0.8956 × 1 = 1.30

0.6886

3.8. A compressor blade design tested in a cascade is found to choke with an inlet
Mach number of 0.9 when the inlet flow angle is 52°. If the ratio of the throat area to
the frontal area, A* ⁄H1s, for the cascade is 0.625, calculate the loss of stagnation
pressure between the far upstream and the throat and express this as a loss
coefficient. Comment on what could cause this loss.

Solution Applying continuity up to the cascade throat:

m
C pT01 m
C pT01 A * p02 1

= ×
H1s cos α1 . p01 A * . p02 H1s p01 cos α1
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A* p02 1
Q(M1 ) = Q(1) ×
H1s p01 cos α1
Using the tables,
p02 Q(M 1 ) A * 1.2698 cos 520
= × cos α1 = × = 0.9764
p01 Q(1) H1s 1.281 0.625

Expressing this as a loss coefficient,

p -p 1 - p02 p01
Y p = 01 02 =
p01 - p1 1 - p1 p01

1 - 0.9764
∴Y p = = 0.058
1 - 0.5913

Upstream of the throat, at an inlet Mach number of 0.9,

the loss is likely to be caused by shock waves around
the leading edge of the blades (see chapter 5). Some
loss will also come from the boundary layers, but these
will be small near to the leading edge.

3.9. A turbine cascade operates in air with an inlet angle of 45° from the axial
direction. The ratio of inlet stagnation pressure to exit static pressure is 2.6 and the
inlet Mach number is 0.3.
(a) If the stagnation pressure loss coefficient, YP, is measured to be 0.098,
calculate the exit Mach number and show that the exit angle is 67.7°. It can be
assumed that the blade height is constant through the cascade and that the growth of
sidewall boundary layers is negligible.
(b) The opening to pitch ratio of the cascade is 0.354. For the operating
point described in part (a), show that approximately two thirds of the total loss in
stagnation pressure occurs downstream of the throat.
(c) The exit static pressure from the cascade is lowered until limit load is
achieved. The exit Mach number at this condition is measured to be 1.77. Given that
the stagnation pressure loss upstream of the throat is unchanged, determine the new
overall stagnation pressure loss coefficient for the cascade.

Solution (a) From the definition of loss coefficient,

p -p p p -p p
Y p = 01 02 = 01 2 02 2 .
p02 - p2 p02 p2 − 1

Ÿ Y p ( p02 p2 − 1) = p01 p2 - p02 p2

p01 p2 + Y p 2.6 + 0.098

p02 p2 = = = 2.457
Yp + 1 1.098
Ÿ M 2 = 1.21 (from tables)

m
C pT0
The flow capacity is given by = Q(M )
Hs cos α . p0
From continuity and the fact that stagnation temperature
is constant through the cascade,
 37
Q(M 1 ) p01 cos α1 = Q(M 2 ) p02 cos α 2

Q(M 1 ) p01
cos α 2 = cos α1
Q(M 2 ) p02

cos α 2 =
0.6295 2.6
1.2396 2.457
( )
cos − 450 = 0.380 (tables)

Ÿ α 2 = 67.70

(b) Applying continuity downstream of the throat,

Q (1) p*0 o = Q (M 2 ) p02 s cos α 2

p02 Q (1) o 1
=
p*0 Q (M 2 ) s cos 67.70
Using tables,
p02 1.281 1
= × 0.354 × = 0.9627
p*0 1.2396 0.38

The proportion of loss that occurs downstream of the

throat is:
p*0 p02 − 1 0.9627 −1 − 1
= = 0.666.
p01 p02 − 1 2.6 2.457 − 1

i.e. 66% of the loss occurs downstream of the throat.

(c) At limit load, M2,lim = 1.77. At this condition,

α 2 ,lim = cos −1 (1 1.77 ) = 55.60

From continuity,
Q (1) p*0 o = Q (M 2 ,lim ) p02 ,lim s cos α 2 ,lim

p Q(1) o 1 1.281
∴ 02 ,lim = = × 0.354 × 1.77 = 0.8816
*
p0 Q (M 2.lim ) s cos 55.6 0 0 .9104
(using tables)
p p − 1 p01 p*0 × p*0 p02,lim − 1
Y p ,lim = 01 02,lim =
1 − p2 p02,lim 1 − p2 p02,lim

Since the loss to the throat is unchanged,

Y p ,lim =
(2.6 2.457 × 0.9627) × 0.8816−1 − 1 = 0.19
1 − 0.1822

Thus, the loss coefficient at limit load is almost

double that at the operating point in part (a).

Note that the loss coefficient can also be defined as

p -p
Y p = 01 02 , giving very slightly different results.
p01 - p2