SOLUTION TEST 1:

Q1 (a) Any two:

(2.5)
(2.5)

(b) A wide river, R = y, (0.5) So = 0.00033, n = (0.03+0.12)/2 = 0.075, (0.5)

and q = 2.25 m3/s/m. (0.5)
2 1
1
Manning flow resistance equation Q  AR 3 S o2
n
5 1
1 3 2
Wide rectangular channel q  yo S o
n
5
qn
y o3  1 (0.5)
S o2

5
2.25×0.075
3
𝑦𝑜 = 1 (1)
0.000332

𝑦𝑜 =
3.798 m (1)

y3
(c)(i) n = 0.013 to 0.022  0.0175
6100 L/s = 6.1 m3/s 3
𝑦
tan30° = 0.22 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛30° × 0.2 = 0.115 𝑚; z = √3 2 30° y2
(0.5) (0.5) 1 y1
A = A1 + A2 + A3
D2
AA = [ (2 − sin 2)] + [B2 y2 + zy22 ] + By3
8
12
AA = [ ( − sin )] + [(1 × 0.115) + (√3 × 0.1152 )] + 1.4y3
8
AA = 0.398 + 0.138 + 1.4y3
 AA = 0.531 + 1.4y3 (3)

P = P1 + P2 + P3
AP = [D] + [B2 + 2y2 √1 + z2 ] + [𝐵3 + 2y3 ]

AP = [2 × 1] + [1 + 2(0.115)√1 + √32 ] [1.4 + 2y3 ]
AP = 1.571+ 0.46 + 2y3
AP = 2.031 + 2y3 (3)

2 Qn
AAR3 = 1
S2o
5
(0.531 + 1.4y3 )3 6.1 × 0.0175
A 2 = 1 (1)
(2.031 + 2y3 )3 0.00672
5
(0.531 + 1.4y3 )3
A 2 = 1.3042
(2.031 + 2y3 )3
Trial and error gives y3 = 1.1171 m (1)
Therefore, yo = y1 + y2 + y3 = 0.5 + 0.115 + 1.1171 = 1.7321 m (1)

(c)(ii) AA = 0.531 + 1.4y3 = 0.531 + 1.4(1.1171) = 2.095 m2 [1]

T = 𝐵3 = 1.4 m [1]
A 2.095
D= = = 1.496 m [1]
T 1.4
Q 6.1
V= = = 2.912 m/s [1]
A 2.095
V 2.912
𝐹𝑟 = = = 0.76 < 1.0  Subcritical flow [1]
√gD √9.81×1.496

Q2 (a) i) Flow at the middle of a long prismatic channel far away from obstructions (1.5)
ii) interaction between stationary and rotating parts in turbomachinery, piston
engines, fluid-structure interaction, helicopter aerodynamics (1.5)

(b)

A1
0.5 m
A2
1.5 m

A3
1.5 m
[1]
0.5 m 1.5 m 3m
 𝑧𝑦1 2 1(0.5)2
aA = + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝑧𝑦3 2 = +4.5(2) + 1(1.52 ) = 11.375 m2 (1.5)
2 2

aP = 𝑦1 √1 + z2 + (1.5 + 1.5 + 2) + 2𝑦3 √1 + z2 = (0.5)√1 + 12 + 5 + 2(1.5)√1 + 12

= 9.9497 m (1.5)
A 11.375
aR = P = 9.9497 = 1.143 m (0.5)
0.00155 1 0.00155 1
23 + + 23 + 0.005 + 0.042
So n
C= = = 24.591 (1)
0.00155 n 0.00155 0.042
1 + (23 + S ) 1 + (23 + 0.005 )
o √R √1.2438
1 1 1 1
V = CR So = 24.591 × 1.1432 × 0.0062 =2.036 m/s
2 2 (1)
Q = AV = 11.375  2.036 = 23.1595 m3/s (0.5)

(c)

A  By  zy 2 ------ (1)
A
(1): B   zy ------ (2) y
y
z
P  B  2y 1 z2 ------ (3)
(2) into (3): B
A
P   zy  2 y 1  z ------ (4)
2
(1.5)
y
Keeping A and z constant, differentiate P with respect to y:
dP A
  2  z  2 1 z2 (1)
dy y
dP
 0 gives P minimum and A effective, (0.5)
dy
Ae
2
 2 1 z2  z
y

Ae  y 2 2 1  z 2  z  ------ (5) (1)

(5) into (4):

 
Pe  y 2 1  z 2  z  zy  2 y 1  z 2


Pe  2 y 2 1  z 2  z  (1)

Ae y 2 1  z  z 
2 2

2 y 2 1  z  z 
Re    0.5 y (1)
Pe 2
SOLUTION TEST 2:

V1 q 10
Q1 (a) (i) Fr = = = = 1.58 > 9.0  undular jump [3]
√gy1 √gy31 √9.81×1.63

y2 1
(ii) = (−1 + √1 + 8Fr21 )
y1 2
1.6
y2 = (−1 + √1 + 8×1.582 ) = 2.864 m [1]
2

Hj=2.864 – 1.6 =1.254 m [1]

3
(y2  y1 ) (2.864  1.6)3
EL = = = 0.11 m [1]
4y1 y2 4×1.6×2.864

2
q2 10
(iii) E1 = y1 + = 1.6 + 2 = 1.80m [1]
2gy21 2  9.81  1.6
E 0.11
EL = EL × 100% = 1.80 × 100% = 6.11% [2]
1

(b)
(c) the importance of critical depth [6]

Critical depth is an important value in hydraulic analysis because it is a control in reaches of

non-uniform flow whenever the flow changes from subcritical to supercritical.

1. Lot's of open-channel flow measurement devices rely on forcing a transition between

sub- and super-critical flow. The critical depth is a known value if you know the flow rate
and geometry.
2. You try to avoid critical flow conditions in open channels because it can create standing
waves (flow velocity is to similar to the wave velocity).
3. Not necessarily the critical depth, but knowing the froude number of flow is important in
a variety of applications (keep it low in natural channels to avoid erosion, critical
parameter in stilling basin design, etc.)
Aside from the hydraulic impacts of super/subcritical flow, hydraulic jumps create turbulent flow
which can damage the channel via scouring, but also creates the potential for odor
and acid generation (i.e. open channel, raw wastewater) via flow turbulence and the
subsequent release of gaseous H2S (which eventually reacts with water to create
sulfuric acid, which is aggressively corrosive to uncoated concrete).

Because you care if the flow is subcritical or supercritical. For every flowrate Q in an open channel
there are two potential water depths, one with a high velocity and shallow water
depth (supercritical) and one with a low velocity and a deep water depth
(subcritical). Besides obviously wanting to know the water depth and velocity,
Whichever regime the flow is in will determine what happens when it hits geometry
changes in the channel (hydraulic jump, hydraulic drop, etc).

Q2 (a) Any two (2) relevant answers: [2]

 determination of the effect of hydraulic structure to the flow;
 inundation due to dam or weir construction; and
 estimation of flood area.
(a) Uniform depth:  slope of the energy line equals the slope of the channel bottom.
 depth of flow does not change along the channel [2]
Critical depth:  depth at which specific energy is minimum for given q
 depth that separates sub-critical from super-critical flow [2]

y 1
(b) Manning n = 0.013 (Table 2), A  3y 2 , R  and z  [1]
2 3
2
Qn
AR 3
1
S o2
2
1.732y2e (0.5ye )3 = 1.625 [1]
8
ye = 1.489
3

ye = 1.161 m [1]
A
Be = y − zy = 1.732y − 0.5774y = 1.155 × 1.161 = 1.341 m [1]
(c) y

E=y

y1

[4]

yc
y1 = y3
= yo y3
E
Emin E1 = E3 = Eo E1  E3
Hmin
H > Hmin
(d) 𝑞 = 2 m3 /s/m
𝑞2 22
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + 2𝑔𝑦 2 = 1.1 + 2×9.81×1.12 = 1.268 m [1]
1
3 𝑞2 3 22
𝑦𝑐 = √ 𝑔 = √9.81 = 0.7415 m [1]
3
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝑦𝑐 = 1.5 × 0.7415 m = 1.1123 m [1]
𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.268 − 1.1123 = 0.1562 [1]
𝐻 = 0.25 m > 0.1562 m  Case 3
𝐸1′ = 𝐸3′ =𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝐻 = 1.1123 + 0.25 = 1.3623 𝑚 [1]
q2
E1,3  y1,3 
2gy12,3
22
𝑦1,3 + 2×9.81×𝑦 2 = 1.3623 [1]
1,3
0.2039
𝑦1,3 + 2 = 1.3623
𝑦1,3
From trial-and-error, y1 = 0.481 m, y3 = 1.227 m and y2 = yc = 0.7415m [2]