MODULE

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 3
CODE
CIVIL 0015

SEMESTER
SUMMER-20

SUBMITTED BY
ZUHAIR KHALIFA MOHAMMED AL SUBHI
SECTION A
STUDENT NO 25
Table of Content
Introduction____________________________________________________________________3
PART 1)______________________________________________________________________4
Analysis of Slab-1_____________________________________________________________4
Step#1____________________________________________________________________4
Step#2____________________________________________________________________4
Step#3____________________________________________________________________5
Step #4___________________________________________________________________6
Analysis of slab-2_____________________________________________________________6
Step#1____________________________________________________________________6
Step #2___________________________________________________________________6
Step#3____________________________________________________________________8
Step #4___________________________________________________________________9
Design of Slab-1 Using Euro code-2______________________________________________9
Step#1____________________________________________________________________9
Step#2____________________________________________________________________9
C)________________________________________________________________________10
Collapse load_____________________________________________________________10
Part 2______________________________________________________________________12
Stiffness Matrix Method_______________________________________________________15
Step # 01_________________________________________________________________15
Step # 02:________________________________________________________________16
Step # 03:________________________________________________________________17
Step # 04:________________________________________________________________18
Discussion____________________________________________________________________23
Conclusion___________________________________________________________________24
Refrences____________________________________________________________________25

Page 2 of 25
Introduction
The Analysis and Design is the main objective of this assignment and Also of this course.
For the Design of any Structure you must have to analyze first which is the most complicated
part. Analysis can be done manually and there are several software which are used for the
analysis.
After the analysis you have to Design the structure and there are several code which you can
follow. In this Assignment we have been assigned 2 parts and I have used the Software for
Analysis and Design of 1st parts while for 2nd part I have also done manual calculation.
The analysis and Design is the main part of this module and this assignment of analysis will help
us to reach our course outcome. The yield line theory and stiffness method is the method for
analysis.
The yield line theory of analysis is a factored or ultimate load method of analysis. The yield line
theory is conducted based on the bending moment of the structural element at its collapse state.
The analysis is conducted based on the collapse load of the slab under consideration. Under this
load, cracks are formed. This crack formation is seen in under reinforced concrete slabs and the
yield line theory considers only under reinforced concrete slabs.
During the crack formation in the slabs, the reinforcement starts to yield. This yielding happens
at the point of maximum bending moments. As the cracks propagates, the yield lines started to
develop.
The main principle of yield line theory is to determine the location of appropriate yield lines.
The Stiffness method provides a very systematic way of analyzing determinate and indeterminate
structures. The direct stiffness method, also known as the matrix stiffness method, is particularly
suited for computer-automated analysis of complex structures including the statically
indeterminate type. It is a matrix method that makes use of the members' stiffness relations for
computing member forces and displacements in structures.
In this assignment there are two parts. For the first parts we have to model the structure in
Analysis and Design software. We have to define the material and applying load on the structure.
Then we will have to analyze the slab and Design the slab.
For the 2nd part we also have to utilize the software and we will analyze the structure (Frame
ABCD) for further load which is applied on the column AB and CD.
Then we will analyze the same Structure using Stiffness Matrix method which is solely based on
matric and its analysis method.
Then we have to interpret the result.

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PART 1)
Analysis of Slab-1
Step#1
Live Load Acting on slab 1=9.12 KN/m2
Assume Slab Thickness=150 mm=0.15 m
Dead Load=(0.15)x25= 3.84 KN/m
Total Load Acting on slab= 9.12+3.84=12.93 kn /m

Step#2
Internal Work done is = m .θ . L
For Region A

δmax
IWD by Region A= m.2 . .l
l
=2 mδ max

For Region B
δmax
IWD by Region A= m.2 . .l
l
=2 mδ max

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For Region C
δmax
IWD by Region C= μ . m.2 .l . .
l
Here μ=0.5
So IWD by Region C=m.δmax
The same internal work is done by Region D
So the Total Internal work done =2. ¿) +2. ¿)
=6 m δ max

Step#3
External Work Done
Now we Calculate External Work done which is equal to Collapse load x Displacement.
External work for Region A

External work for Region ¿ Load x Areax Displacemnt

δ max
=12.93 . ( 12 x 6.84 x 3.42) x 3

= 50.41 δ max

1 δ
External work for Region C1 =12.93 . ( 2
×3.42 ×3.42 . max
3 )
=14.74 δ max

Page 5 of 25
 δ max
External work for Region C2=12.93 . (2.62 ×3.42 ) .
2
= 57.71δ max

Total Work Done by C= C1 + C2 = 74.42δ max

External work by Region D =74.42δ max

So the Total External Work Done is

Total EWD =( 50.41 x 2 ) + ( 74.42 x 2 )
= 249.66 δ max

Step #4 By Principal of Virtual Method

IWD=EWD
6. m. δ max=249.66 δ max

m=41.61 KN −m

Analysis of slab-2
Step#1
Live Load Acting on slab 2 = 6.39 KN/m2
KN
Dead Load Acting on Slab 2 =3.81
m
KN
Total Load acting on slab = 6.39+3.81=10.2
m

Step #2
Internal Work done is calculated as = m .θ . L

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For Region A

δmax
IWD by Region A= m.2 . .l
l
=2 mδ max

For Region B
δmax
IWD by Region B= μ . m. .l
l
Here μ=0.5
IWD by Region B =1.5 m δ max

For Region C
δmax
IWD by Region C= μ . m. l.
l
Here μ=0.5
δmax
So IWD by Region C=0.5 m. .l
l
So IWD by Region C =1.5 m δ max

So the Total Work Done by Internal Forces are = ( 2+1.5+1.5 ) m δ max

Total IWD =5 m δ max

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Step#3
Now We Calculated EWD

External work for Region ¿ Load x Areax Displacemnt

External work for Region A

1 δ
=10.2 . ( 2 )
x 3.42 ×6.84 x max
3

=39.76 δ max
δ max
External work for Region B1 =10.2 . ( 12 ×3.42 ×3.42). 3

=11.628 δ max

4.22
External work for Region B2=
10.2 .
2
(
+3.42
2
δ
. max
2 )
=58.38 δ max

Total EWD by Region B ¿ ( 58.38+11.628 )=70 δ max

Page 8 of 25
Total EWD ¿ ( ( 70 ×2 ) +39.76 ) =179.76 δ max

Step #4 By Principal of Virtual Method

IWD=EWD
m . δ max =179.76 δ max

m=35.95 KN −¿m

Design of Slab-1 Using Euro code-2

Solution

Step#1 Size
We Assume ρ=0.4 % from Eq 8.32

span 4680
Minimum Depth = = =171mm
Basic ratio 40

Hence we take d=180mm

Assume Diameter =10 mm
So Cmin¿ 10 mm
Nominal Cover to Reinforcement = C mi+ ∆ C=10+15=25 mm

∅
Effective Depth of Slab = d− −25
2
10
deff¿ 180− −25=150 mm
2

Step#2 Loading
Kn
Self weight of slab= 0.18 x 25=4.5
m
Applied load on slab= 9.12 KN/m = gk

Ultimate load= 1.35 gk +1.5 qk

Page 9 of 25
 = 1.35 x 4.5+ 1.5 x 9.12
= 19.75 KN

wx l 2 19.75 x 6.842
Design Moment= = =¿ 115.5 kN-m
8 8
Main Reinforcement
M 115.5 x 106
K¿ =
f c xb d 2 30 x 100 x 1425
=0.02
Z=d ¿ < 0.95 d
Z=145<142
M
A st =
0.87 f y xz

115.4 x 106
=
0.87 x 500 x 142.5
=1855.22 mm2
A st 1855.22
ρ= = =0.0039
bd 1000 x 150
=1.23%
This was a the Required Design

C)
The Yield Line Pattern for Slab is as follow

Page 10 of 25
Collapse load
First we fill find the location of plastic hinges foe which the following formula is used
2 2
Location P.H=( μ j−μi ) x + 2 ( μi + μ j ) lx−( μi + μ0 ) l =0

We have μ j=μi=¿ FEM ¿

μ j=25 kN −m

μi=15 kN−m

μo =Max bending moment=41.61kN =m

So P.H=( 25−15 ) x 2 +2 ( 15+ 41.61 ) 6.84 x−( 15+ 41.61 ) 6.84 2=0
x=3.28 m
2 μi 2 μo 2μj
Now the Collapse Load =W = + +
lx x (l−x ) l(l−x)

2 x 15 2 x 41.61 2 x 25
W= + +
6.84 x 3.28 3.28( 6.84−3.28) 6.84 (6.84−3.28)

W =1.33+7.13+2.05=10.51 KN

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Part 2
The Model of system is shown below

Then we have done some Inserting and Applying values to the system

After this we have Run the analysis and the result are as follow.
The shear Force and bending moment diagram for column AB and CD is as follow

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And the Value of shear and bending moment diagram is shown in below table

Page 13 of 25
Page 14 of 25
Stiffness Matrix Method
The frame ABCD is shown below and the load of slab has been calculated on Frame which is
turned out to be 19.75 KN/m

Solution:
K.I = 2 degree (neglecting the axial effects)
So two redundant joint displacements should be chosen.

Step # 01: Selection of redundant Joint displacements and assign coordinates at those locations.
Also compute AD values.

Rotation at B & C is taken as redundant joint displacement.

AD 1 0
[ AD ]=[ ]=[ ]
AD 2 0

Restrain all the degrees of freedom to get the restrained structure.

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 Basic kinematic determinate structure (BKDS) or restrained structure

Step # 02: Restrained structure acted upon by the actual loads. Compute the values of actions
in the restrained structure corresponding to the redundant locations. This will generate ADL
matrix.( Fixed end actions)

Page 16 of 25
 B C

The load on these have applied and required Moment was obtained from it.
ADL 1 −68.73
[ ADL ]=[ ][
ADL 2
= 77 ]
Step # 03: Primary structure acted upon by a unit value of D & computation of stiffness
coefficients “S” values in the BKDS corresponding to the redundant joint displacement
locations.
• 1st a unit rotation is applied at location 1 & prevented at 2 as shown. Compute the values of
S11 and S21.
• Then apply a unit rotation at the redundant displacement location 2 and prevented at 1 as
shown. Compute the values of S12 & S22
1ST a unit rotation is applied at location 1 & prevented at 2 (D1=1 & D2=0) as shown. Compute
the values of S11 and S21.

Page 17 of 25
 S11=1.96EI
S21=0.29 EI
S11 = Action (sum of moments in this case) in the BKDS at redundant displacement location 1
due to unit rotation at that location.
S21 = Moment in the BDS at redundant displacement location 2 due to a unit rotation applied at
location 1

Now a unit rotation is applied at the redundant displacement location 2 and prevented at 1
( D2=1 & D1=0 ) as shown. Compute the values of S12 & S22 .

S21=0.29EI
S22=1.96 EI
Now we know that Stiffness coefficient matrix is
S 11 S 12 1.96 EI 0.29 EI
[
[ S ]= ][=
S 21 S 22 0.29 EI 1.96 EI ]
Step # 04: Apply equilibrium condition at the location of the redundant joint displacement to
write equilibrium equations and solve for unknown joint displacement.

[ D ] =[ S ]−1 × [ AD− ADL ]

Page 18 of 25
 D1 1 1.96 0.29 −1

[ ] [
[ D ]= =
D2 EI 0.29 1.96 ] x [ 68.73
−77 ]

D1
= 41.79
[ ][
[ D ]=
D 2 −45.47 ]
-ive sign shows that our assumed redundant joint displacement direction is wrong
Step # 05: Compute the member end actions. As we know that
[ AM ] =[ AML ] + [ AMD ] [ D ]

For Member AB And CD

First we calculate AM Value for member PQ and RS

AM5

AM4
AM6

AM3

AM2

AM1

The Force are taking in similar fashion in all other members.

Page 19 of 25
AMn = is the member end action in the indeterminate structure at different location specified
with a number “n”. n shows the number of member end actions.
So the AM Forces are

AML1 67.5

[ ][ ]
AML2

AML5
AML6
−13.7
AML3 = −8.27
AML 4 −67.5
−13.7
8.27

Then Compute the AMD values in similar places for member PQ

AMD 11 0.12

And
[ ][ ]
AMD 21 0.71
AMD31 = 0.69
AMD 41 −0.12
AMD51 −0.71
AMD 61 1.38

AMD12 0

So AM value area
[ ][ ]
AMD 22
AMD32 = 0
AMD 42
AMD52
AMD 62
0

0.12
0
0.69

[ AM ] =[ AML ] + [ AMD ] [ D ]

AM 1 67.5 0.12 0

[ ][ ][ ]
AM 2

AM 4
AM 5
AM 6
−13.7 0.71
AM 3 = −8.27 + 0.69
0
0 41.79
−67.5 −0.12 0.12 −45.47
−13.7 −0.71
8.27
0
1.38 0.69
[ ]

Page 20 of 25
 AM 1 62.48

[ ][ ]
AM 2

AM 6
15.97
AM 3 = 20.56
AM 4 −77.97
AM 5 −43.3
34.56

Shear Force
Shearand Bending Moment diagram are as follow
Force Bending Moment

Now for Member CD

We Will find AML and AMD value and the result is as follow
[ AM ] =[ AML ] + [ AMD ] [ D ]

AM 1 67.5 0 0.12

[ ][ ][ ]
AM 2

AM 4

AM 6

AM 1
47.25
AM 3 = 13.7 + 0
−67.5
AM 5 −47.25
0

62.48
0 0.71
0.69 41
0.12 −0.12 −4 5.47
0 −0.71
0.69 1.38
[ ]

[ ][ ]
AM 2 76.9
AM 3 = 165.84
AM 4 −77.97
AM 5
AM 6
−76.72
26.29

Page 21 of 25
Shear Force and Bending Moment diagram are as follow
Shear Force Bending Moment

Now for Member BC

We Will find AML and AMD value and the result is as follow
[ AM ] =[ AML ] + [ AMD ] [ D ]

AM 1 67.5 −0.12 0.12

[ ][ ][ ]
AM 2

AM 5
AM 6

AM 1
13.7

67.5
44.75
77

62.48
−0.71
AM 3 = −77 + 0.58
AM 4
0
0.2 9 41
0.12 −0.12 −45.47
0
0.29
−0.71
0.58
[ ]

[ ][ ]
AM 2

AM 5
AM 6
−15.9
AM 3 = −65.94
AM 4 77.97
77
38.5

Shear Force and Bending Moment diagram are as follow

Page 22 of 25
 Shear Force Bending Moment

Discussion
We have performed analysis using Robot and also manually. The result obtained are showed
above. The structural designed based on Euro Code-2. The design section selected for the Slab
are fulfilling the basic need of design code. Design check has been applied on the structural
model which showed that all member has passed the check. Based on the analysis result
reinforcement area has been calculated in mm2.tThe deflection values are also low and well
within the limit given by code, thus fulfilling the serviceability limit too. So this mean it is a safe
structure having the capacity to resist all load effect generated. Hence it is safe and economical
In this assignment we have perform detail analysis and Software and also we have gone through
manual calculation which is based on stiffness Matric method. We find the bending moment and
shear force for slab for which then we Design the slab.
The analysis has been performed very accurately and the result are given for each structure in the
above section. The required data like free body diagrams, shear force diagrams and bending
moment diagrams for each structure is also drawn which further clear some of the basic concept
of like idealization of structure subjected to different loading, variation of forces across the
length of the structure and variation of bending moment along the length of the structure
respectively. The data analyzed for each structure are those given in assignment. The result
obtained from the analysis are valid and can be used for design purpose if condition remain the
same, but if condition varies then separate analysis required to obtain corresponding result.
The Manual Result is also matching with Robot Result only there is slight difference which is
acceptable.

Page 23 of 25
We have found our result accurate by comparing with Robot Structural Analysis result.

Conclusion
The model is being done in Robot Structural Analysis. The Slab has been Design also the Frame
Section and we have also perform manual which match the Robot Structural Analysis result. The
model check has been done. The result given by Robot Structural Analysis and manual analysis
is same so it means it is valid software that is why it is used thoroughly in the world. By
modelling and Analyzing the structure in Robot Structural Analysis, it is concluded that the
structure is safe and fulfilling all the basic requirement given by code. It is also concluded that
the structure can be easily modelled using this software. So, we can use it for analysis and design
purpose. The structure plan assumed for the building is correct both technically and
economically. The design limit is validated through the analysis.

Page 24 of 25
Refrences
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/6136/PDF_notes/h_slabs.pdf
http://ocw.ump.edu.my/mod/resource/view.php?id=9149
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/yield-line-theory-for-slab-design-assumptions-
methods-of-analysis/6839/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_stiffness_method
https://www.engineeringbookspdf.com/structural-analysis-r-c-hibbeler-8th-edition/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/statically-indeterminate-structure
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~aprakas/CE474/CE474-Ch3-ForceMethod.pdf

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