Experiment 5: DC - DC CONVERTERS

Date of submission: 17/01/19 Submitted by

Date of experiment conducted: 07/01/19 Rushi Manoj(2016EE10419)
Sidharth Koduru(2016EE30514)
Vaishnavi Burma(2016EE30520)
Rahul Raju(2016EE10448)
Objective: ​To Study the performance of buck-boost DC-DC converter and boost DC-DC
converters
Experimental setup for boost converter:

​ Circuit diagram for boost converter

Experimental setup for buck boost converter:

Circuit diagram for buck-boost converter

Formulas used :
​ For buck-boost converter: V0/Vin = D/1-D
For Boost converter : V0/Vin = 1/1-D
Procedure:
Open loop operation:
● Connect 230 V AC, 50 Hz power supply to the DC-DC converter trainer kit and
switch ON the power switch for control circuit.
● Check the PWM pulses at the terminals "G" - "S" (indicated on the front panel of the
trainer kit) using DSO.
● Connect the "PWM output port" (from TL494 IC) to "PWM input port" with
patch-card cable of the trainer kit.
● Connect the P1(+ve) & P2(+ve) terminals with the positive and negative terminals of
regulated dc power supply and adjust it as per the input voltage range written on the
trainer kit.
● Connect the P5(+ve) & P6(+ve) terminals with resistive load and keep its resistance
value such that load/ output current does not exceed 0.5 ampere.
● Flip the toggle switch (X) towards "open loop" mode. Switch on the regulated power
supply.
● Record the results of the following parameters as mentioned in the result section with
different load resistance, different input voltages, duty ratios with the help of
multimeter, DSO, current probe and differential probe.
● Vary the input DC voltage and resistive load resistance slowly at the time of
recording results.
● Switch-OFF the regulated power supply. Switch off the 230 V, 50 Hz single phase
AC supply to the trainer kit to turn off the gate pulse.
Closed Loop Operation
● Connect the 230 V AC, 50 Hz power supply to the DC-DC converter trainer kit and
switch-ON the power switch for control circuit. Check the output PWM pulses from
"PWM output port".
● Connect the "PWM output port" with patch card cable to "PWM input port" of the
trainer kit.
● Connect the P1(+ve) & P2(+ve) terminals with the positive and negative terminals of
regulated dc power supply and adjust it as per the input voltage range written on the
trainer kit.
● Connect the P5(+ve) & P6(+ve) terminals with resistive load and keep the resistance
value such that output current does not exceed 1 ampere.
● Connect the feedback voltage output port with feedback voltage input port with the
given cord or cable provided by the trainer kit manufacturer.
● Flip the toggle switch (X) towards "closed loop" mode. Switch on the regulated
power supply.
● Record the results of the following parameters as mentioned in the result section with
different load resistance, different input voltages, duty ratios with the help of
multimeter, DSO, current probe and differential probe.
 ● Vary the input DC voltage and resistive load resistance slowly at the time of
recording results.
● Switch-OFF the regulated power supply. Switch-OFF the 230 V, 50 Hz single phase
AC supply to the trainer kit to turn off the gate pulse.

BOOST CONVERTER:
Observations:
1.1 Varying the Duty ratio (open loop):
Duty Vg Ig Io V0 V0(calculated Pi Po efficiency V0/Vg
ratio )

5 13.9 0.04 0.04 14.26 14.63157895 0.556 0.5704 1.025 1.025899

10.04 13.9 0.06 0.04 15.86 15.45131169 0.834 0.6344 0.760 1.141007

15 13.9 0.06 0.05 18.12 16.35294118 0.834 0.906 1.086 1.303597

19.6 13.9 0.08 0.051 20.44 17.28855721 1.112 1.04244 0.937 1.470504

25.3 13.9 0.11 0.062 23.15 18.60776439 1.529 1.4353 0.938 1.665468

30.3 13.9 0.14 0.07 25.79 19.94261119 1.946 1.8053 0.92769784 1.855396

35.8 13.9 0.18 0.08 28.16 21.65109034 2.502 2.2528 0.900 2.025899

1.2 Varying duty ratio(lighter load)

Duty Vg Ig Io V0 V0(calculated Pi Po efficiency V0/Vg

ratio )

5.2 13.9 0.06 0.062 14.12 14.66244726 0.834 0.87544 1.04968825 1.015827

10 13.9 0.07 0.068 14.81 15.44444444 0.973 1.00708 1.03502569 1.065468

15.3 13.9 0.09 0.08 16.55 16.41086187 1.251 1.324 1.05835332 1.190647

20 13.9 0.11 0.09 18.27 17.375 1.529 1.6443 1.07540876 1.314388

25.6 13.9 0.14 0.1 20.21 18.6827957 1.946 2.021 1.0385406 1.453957

30.6 13.9 0.18 0.11 22.31 20.02881844 2.502 2.4541 0.98085532 1.605036

35.6 13.9 0.21 0.12 24.23 21.58385093 2.919 2.9076 0.99609455 1.743165

48 13.9 0.34 0.15 30.16 26.73 4.726 4.524 0.95725772 2.169784

2 Varying input DC voltage(closed loop at fixed loop)

Vg Ig Io V0 Pi V.R(Vnom=24) Po efficiency

12 0.12 0.06 20.6 1.44 0.019047619 1.236 0.85833333

12.2 0.12 0.055 20.63 1.464 0.017619048 1.13465 0.77503415

12.4 0.12 0.055 20.64 1.488 0.017142857 1.1352 0.76290323

12.6 0.122 0.055 20.67 1.512 0.015714286 1.13685 0.75188492

12.8 0.124 0.055 20.67 1.536 0.015714286 1.13685 0.74013672

13 0.127 0.06 20.68 1.56 0.015238095 1.2408 0.79538462

13.3 0.128 0.06 20.68 1.596 0.015238095 1.2408 0.77744361

13.6 0.13 0.06 20.69 1.36 0.014761905 1.2414 0.91279412

14 0.13 0.06 20.69 1.4 0.014761905 1.2414 0.88671429

3) Varying the load Resistance(closed loop)

V0 Pi Po efficiency V.R(Vnom=24.6) Load(in W)

24.14 0.705 0.4828 0.6848227 0.018699187 10

24.53 1.269 1.2265 0.96650906 0.002845528 20

23.98 1.692 1.5587 0.92121749 0.025203252 30

23.95 2.538 2.395 0.94365642 0.026422764 40

23.92 2.961 2.7508 0.92901047 0.027642276 50

23.87 4.23 4.0579 0.95931442 0.029674797 70

23.85 4.794 4.5315 0.94524406 0.030487805 80

23.8 6.063 5.712 0.94210787 0.032520325 100

23.81 6.768 6.1906 0.91468676 0.032113821 110

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTERS:
1.1 Varying duty ratio(open loop) at fixed load

1.2 Varying duty ratio for lighter load(open loop)

2) For varying load(closed loop)
Vg Ig Io V0 Pi Po efficiecy V.R(Vnom=14
boost, 5.1 buck)

12 0.058 0.085 13.99 0.696 1.18915 1.70854885 0.000714286

12 0.185 0.16 13.88 2.22 2.2208 1.00036036 0.008571429

12 0.275 0.23 13.82 3.3 3.1786 0.96321212 0.012857143

12 0.41 0.3 13.78 4.92 4.134 0.8402439 0.015714286

12 0.385 0.288 13.8 4.62 3.9744 0.86025974 0.014285714

12 0.375 0.255 13.81 4.5 3.52155 0.78256667 0.013571429

12 0.01 0.015 5.06 0.12 0.0759 0.6325 0.007843137

12 0.01 0.025 5.06 0.12 0.1265 1.05416667 0.007843137

12 0.01 0.038 5.05 0.12 0.1919 1.59916667 0.009803922

12 0.018 0.065 5.01 0.216 0.32565 1.50763889 0.017647059

12 0.028 0.092 4.99 0.336 0.45908 1.36630952 0.021568627

12 0.04 0.115 4.97 0.48 0.57155 1.19072917 0.025490196

12 0.065 0.163 4.94 0.78 0.80522 1.03233333 0.031372549

12 0.065 0.157 4.94 0.78 0.77558 0.99433333 0.031372549

3 For Varying input(closed loop)

Vg Ig Io V0 Pi V.R(Vnom=15,5.22) Po efficiecy

12 0.005 0.0275 5.22 0.06 0.001915709 0.14355 2.3925

12.2 0.005 0.0275 5.22 0.061 0.001915709 0.14355 2.353278689

12.5 0.01 0.0275 5.22 0.125 0.001915709 0.14355 1.1484

12.6 0.01 0.0275 5.22 0.126 0.001915709 0.14355 1.139285714

12.8 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.1408 0.001915709 0.14355 1.01953125

13 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.143 0.001915709 0.14355 1.003846154

13.2 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.1452 0.001915709 0.14355 0.988636364

13.4 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.1474 0.001915709 0.14355 0.973880597

13.6 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.1496 0.001915709 0.14355 0.959558824

13.8 0.011 0.0275 5.22 0.1518 0.001915709 0.14355 0.945652174

12 0.065 0.06 14.9 0.78 0.006666667 0.894 1.146153846

12.2 0.065 0.06 14.9 0.793 0.006666667 0.894 1.127364439

12.5 0.065 0.059 14.9 0.8125 0.006666667 0.8791 1.081969231

12.6 0.065 0.059 14.9 0.819 0.006666667 0.8791 1.073382173

12.8 0.065 0.059 14.9 0.832 0.006666667 0.8791 1.056610577

13 0.065 0.06 14.9 0.845 0.006666667 0.894 1.057988166

13.2 0.06 0.06 14.9 0.792 0.006666667 0.894 1.128787879

13.4 0.06 0.06 14.9 0.804 0.006666667 0.894 1.111940299

13.6 0.06 0.06 14.9 0.816 0.006666667 0.894 1.095588235

13.8 0.06 0.06 14.9 0.828 0.006666667 0.894 1.079710145

Pre-Experimental Quiz

Q. Mention a couple of applications for buck-boost converter.

● It is used in self-regulating power supplies.
● It has consumer electronics.
● It is used in battery power systems.
● Adaptive control applications.
● Power amplifier applications.

Q. Which of the three converters (buck, boost, buck-boost) will have minimum source current ripple and
why?
Buck Converter will have minimum source current ripple as ripple current for boost and buck-boost
is V​s​DT/L whereas for Buck converter it is D*(1-D)TV​s​/L.

*Q.​ Can buck-boost converter be used for getting extremely large boosting of voltage? What is the limiting
factor?
No,typically u could get max gain for D = 0.9 . Factors such as resistive and switching losses
destabilize the circuit in feedback loop if D is taken higher than 0.9.

Q. How will you find out minimum value of inductance required to maintain continuous current given the
values of Load resistance, Vo and Vin?
Minimum value of inductance can be found by taking the limiting case where I​Lmin​= 0. For any
converter, I​Lmin​ = I​Lavg​ - ​Δ​i​L​/2(where ​Δ​i​L​ is the ripple current).
 Substituting I​Lmin​=0 gives the value for minimum inductance required for maintaining continuous
conduction.
For Buck converter, L​min​ = (1-V​0​/V​in​)RT/2
For Boost converter, L​min​ = (V​s​-V​0​)V​in​2​RT/2V​0​3
For Buck-Boost converter, L​min​ = (V​0​/V​s​-V​0​)​2​RT/2
Where, T is the time-period of switch pulses.

Q. Mention a couple of applications for buck converter.

● Buck converters are used as low loss current sources to drive LED arrays(solid state lighting
applications).
● Used as interface between between battery and components in notebooks.
● Buck converters are used as Point-Of-Load(POL) converters in servers.
● Buck converters are used in advanced telecom and datacom systems.

Q. Can Buck converter be operated at a duty ratio of 1? What will happen to the output in that case?
If duty ratio is 1, then, constant current flows through the circuit in steady state and output voltage
will be equal to source voltage. The ripple voltage is zero in this case.

Post-Experimental Quiz

*Q.​ In the buck-boost converter a large value of filter capacitor has been used. If you reduce it drastically
what kind of changes do you see in the performance of the circuit?

The capacitor for buck-boost converter is given above. If capacitor decreases then the ripple voltage
increases, then the output voltage is no more considered to be a constant value.

*Q.​ In the buck converter a large value of filter capacitor has been used. If you reduce it drastically what
kind of changes do you see in the performance of the circuit?

The capacitor for buck converter is given above when it is decreased drastically, the ripple in output
voltage increases.Now it does not function as dc-dc converter as the ripple ac voltage is too much to ignore
.
Q. Explain the effect on output voltage on variation of duty cycle.
In Buck converter, during t​on​ source provides energy to inductor which is used to maintain output
voltage during t​off​ . This implies that output gets partial power and hence the voltage is also partial i.e., less
than input voltage.
 In Boost converter, During t​on​ inductance stores energy provided by source and during t​off​ it gives
off that energy to the load along with the source. Here, output is getting more power than that provided by
source. Hence, the voltage boosts i.e., more than input voltage.

Simulations of Boost converter

The values taken are as given in laboratory.
V​s​=13.9V; L = 1.08mH; r​L​=1.1Ω; C = 98.7uF;r​C​=0.586Ω; R = 300Ω; f =14KHz; D = 0.25(first
case),D=0.1(2nd case)

V​load​ = V​s​ /(1-D).

D = 0.25 case

D = 0.1 case