UNIT 8: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Part 1

Unit Structure 8! 81 8( 80 82 O"er"ie# Learnin$ O%&ecti"e' Sec)n* La# )+ T,er-)*.na-ic' / Directi)n )+ Pr)ce''e' T,er-a1 Ener$. Re'er")ir' Heat En$ine' 821 82( 85 851 85( 850 852 87 88 88 T,er-a1 E++icienc. 3e1"in P1anc4 State-ent C)e++icient )+ Per+)r-ance +)r Re+ri$erat)r' Heat Pu-6' C)e++icient )+ Per+)r-ance +)r Heat Pu-6' C1au'iu' State-ent

Re+ri$erat)r' an* Heat Pu-6'

Tut)ria1 ',eet Su--ar. An'#er' t) Acti"itie' an* Tut)ria1 S,eet

8!

O9ER9IEW

The purpose of this unit is to make you familiar with the second law of Thermodynamics, which asserts that processes occur in a certain direction. Thermal energy reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps will be introduced. You will also learn about two classical statements derived from the 2 nd law of thermodynamics, known as the Kelvin-Planck and lausius statements. You will then calculate thermal efficiencies and coefficient of performance of devices such as heat engines and refrigerators.

Unit 8

81

LEARNIN: O;<ECTI9ES

"y the end of this #nit, you will be able to do the following$!. %&plain the 2nd law of Thermodynamics. 2. #nderstand the heat engine, refrigerators and heat pumps. '. (etermine the thermal efficiency of heat engines. ). (etermine the oefficient of Performance of refrigerators and heat pumps.

8(

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS / DIRECTION OF PROCESSES

The *irst +aw of Thermodynamics states that energy is always conserved for any system. ,o process is known to have taken place in violation of the first law of Thermodynamics. -owever, satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take place as the following e&amples illustrate. E=a-61e 1: State-ent: A cu6 )+ ,)t c)++ee c))1' #,en 1e+t in a-%ient air .ccording to the !st law of Thermodynamics, a-)unt )+ ener$. 1)'t %. c)++ee Pr)ce'' A

a-)unt )+ ener$. $aine* %. air

The reverse process would also be true according to the !st law$ a-)unt )+ ener$. $aine* %. c)++ee

a-)unt )+ ener$. 1)'t %. a-%ient air

Pr)ce'' ;

leading to ,)t c)++ee $et' ,)tter #,en e=6)'e* t) air

Thus even if the!st law is satisfied, process ; will never take place. /atisfying the first law does not ensure that the process will occur.

Unit 8

E=a-61e (: State-ent: Heatin$ )+ a r))- %. 6a''a$e )+ current t,r)u$, e1ectric re'i't)r .ccording to the first law of Thermodynamics,$ a-)unt )+ e1ectrica1 ener$. 'u661ie* ,eat 0everse Process$ -eating the wires will not cause an e1uivalent amount of electrical energy to be generated. The above two e&amples show that processes proceed in a certain direction and not in the reverse direction, even if the first law is not violated. Therefore, the second law places a restriction on the *irecti)n )+ '6)ntane)u' 6r)ce''e'. . process will never occur unless it satisfies both the ! st and 2nd law of thermodynamics.

a-)unt )+ ener$. tran'+erre* t) r))- a'

80

THERMAL ENER:Y RESER9OIRS

"efore e&pressing the /econd +aw of Thermodynamics, let us look at some definitions. . thermal energy reservoir is a hypothetical body with large thermal energy capacity that can absorb or supply finite amounts of energy without undergoing any change itself. SOURCE is known as a reservoir supplying energy as heat. SIN3 is known as a reservoir absorbing energy as heat. %&amples of /ources are furnaces, nuclear reactors, solar energy %&amples of /inks $ atmospheres, lakes, rivers. . body needs not be large to be considered as a reservoir. *or e&ample, the air in a room can be treated as a reservoir in the analysis of heat dissipation from a television set since the amount of heat transfer from the T2 set to the air is not large enough to have a noticeable effect on the temperature of the air in the room.
Unit 8 '

82

HEAT EN:INES

3e have seen earlier in #nit ) that work can be converted directly to heat. "ut converting other forms of energy 4heat5 directly to work is not easy and can only be done by devices called -%.T %,67,%/. . heat engine is an engine which converts heat to work. .ll heat engines can be characterised by the following$ !. 2. '. ). 9. They receive heat from a high temperature source. They convert part of this heat to work. They re8ect the remaining heat to a low temperature sink. They involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle. The fluid is called a working fluid. They operate on cycles.

.pplying !st law of thermodynamics to the heat engine, a closed system operating on a cycle where the net heat supplied is e1ual to the net work done,

Q
then

Qin Qout = Wnet

E>uati)n 8 1

:in $ heat received from source :out $ heat re8ected to sink 3net $ net work output

-eat %ngines can be schematically represented as in figure ;.!.

Unit 8

SOURCE ?in

Heat En$ine ?)ut

Wnet

SIN3

Fi$ure 8 1: Heat En$ine

8 2 1 T,er-a1 E++icienc.
Thermal efficiency, denoted by nth is a measure of how efficiently a heat engine converts the heat that it receives to work. Thermal efficiency is also referred to as performance of a heat engine. Thermal efficiency, nth can be defined as the ratio of desired output to the re1uired input, as follows
nth = desired output required input

*or a heat engine,

re1uired input
desired output
nth =

net work output amount of heat supplied.

#sing e1uation ;.!$ Qin Qout = Wnet

Wnet Q Qout Q = in = ! out Qin Qin Qin

/ince cyclic devices work between high temperature reservoirs 4T -5 supplying heat :- and low temperature reservoirs 4T+5 receiving heat :+ as shown in figure ;.2 then,
W net QH QL QH

n th =

= !

E>uati)n 8 (

*rom e1uation ;.2, nth for a heat engine is always less than !
Unit 8 9

TH ?-

Wnet HE ?L

TL

Fi$ure 8 (: Heat En$ine :- $ magnitude of heat transfer between the cyclic device and the high temperature medium, T:+ $ magnitude of heat transfer between the cyclic device and the low temperature medium, T+ T.6ica1 "a1ue' )+ nt, are a' +)11)#':*or spark ignition engines, nth < 2=>, that is, 2=> of the heat received is converted to work. *or diesel engines, nth < '=>, that is, '=> of the heat received is converted to work. Acti"it. 1 -eat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of ;= ?3. 7f the rate of waste heat re8ection to a nearby river is 9= ?3, determine the net power output and the thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

8 2 ( (n* La# )+ T,er-)*.na-ic' -3e1"in P1anc4 State-ent

%&periments have been conducted and it has been seen that @IT IS IMPOSSI;LE FOR ANY DE9ICE THAT OPERATES ON A CYCLE TO RECEI9E HEAT FROM A SIN:LE RESER9OIR AND PRODUCE A NET AMOUNT OF WOR3 A
Unit 8 @

This is known as the Kelvin-Plank statement and can also be e&pressed as ANo heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%B, that is, all heat cannot be converted to work and :+ can never be e1ual to Cero. %ven under ideal conditions, a heat engine must re8ect heat to a low temperature sink to keep operating.

85

REFRI:ERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

*rom e&perience, it is known that heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature, that is, from high temperature media to low temperature ones. The reverse process cannot occur by itself and the transfer of heat from a lowtemperature medium to a high temperature one re1uires special devices called REFRI:ERATORS. /uch a device can be represented schematically as in *igure ;.'.
TH ?-

Wnet REF ?L

TL

Fi$ure 8 0: Re+ri$erat)r' 0efrigerators, like heat engines, are cyclic devices. They can be characterised as follows $ !. 2. '.
Unit 8

-eat is removed from sink. -eat is re8ected to source . certain amount of work has to be supplied 43net5
D

).

. refrigerator works on a cycle and the working fluid used is a refrigerant.

O6erati)n )+ a re+ri$erat)r 7n a household refrigerator, the sink is the freeCer compartment, the source is the ambient air in the kitchen. The ob8ective or desired output is to keep the freeCer compartment cool. To accomplish this, a work input of 3net is re1uired.

8 5 1 C)e++icient )+ Per+)r-ance
The efficiency of a refrigerator is e&pressed in terms of the coefficient of performance 4 EP5, denoted by EP0. The coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of desired output to re1uired input. *or a refrigerator, the desired output is to keep the freeCer cold and the re1uired input is the work input by the compressor in the refrigerator. Therefore $0e1uired 7nput $ 3ork done by refrigerant, 43net5. (esired Eutput $ .mount of heat removed from low temperature reservoir, T+ 4:+5.
QL desired output = required input Wnet

COPR =

/ince the refrigerator works on a cyclic device,

Q H Q L = Wnet COPR = QL ! = QH QL QH QL !

E>uati)n 8 0

The value of EP0 can be greater than one that is the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space can be greater than the amount of the work input.

Unit 8

8 5 ( Heat Pu-6'
.nother device that transfers heat from a low temperature medium to a high temperature one is called the -eat Pump. 0efrigerators and -eat Pumps operate on the same cycle but differ in ob8ectives. The ob8ective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space 4T +5 at low temperature by removing heat from it and re8ecting heat to a high temperature source 4T-5. The ob8ective of a heat pump is to maintain a heated space at a high temperature 4T-5. This is accomplished by absorbing heat from a low temperature 4T +5 source such as cold outside air in winter and supplying this heat to the high temperature medium such as a house.

;.9.'

C)e++icient )+ Per+)r-ance +)r Heat Pu-6' BCOP-PC

*or a heat pump, the desired output is to keep the warm space hot and the re1uired input is the work input by the heat pump. The coefficient of performance of the heat pump can be written as
COPHP = COPHP desired output QH = required input Wnet

QH ! = = Q H QL ! QL Q H
TH ?-

E>uati)n 8 2

HP ?L

3net

TL

Fi$ure 8 2: Heat Pu-6

Unit 8 F

Acti"it. ( /how that EP-P < EP0 G !

8 5 2 (n* La# )+ T,er-)*.na-ic' -C1au'iu' State-ent

The lausius statement is related to refrigerators or heat pumps, and is e&pressed as @IT IS IMPOSSI;LE TO CONSTRUCT A DE9ICE THAT OPERATES IN A CYCLE AND PRODUCES NO EFFECT OTHER THAN THE TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM A LOWER TEMPERATURE ;ODY TO A HI:HER TEMPERATURE ;ODY A "oth the Kelvin-Planck and the lausius statements of the second law are e1uivalent statements e&cept that Kelvin Planck applies to heat engines and lausius applies to heat pumps and refrigerators. Acti"it. 0 (etermine whether air conditioners work as refrigerators or heat pumps. follows$-

8 7 TUTORIAL SHEET
!. . car engine with a power output of @9 hp has a thermal efficiency of 2)>. (etermine the fuel consumption rate of this car if the fuel has an energy content of !F=== "tuHlbm. (ata $ ! hp < D)9 3 ! "tu < !=9) I ! lbm < =.)9) Kg
Unit 8 !=

2.

The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at ) = by removing heat from it at a rate of '@= kIHmin. 7f the re1uired power input is 2 k3, determine a. b. EP0 0ate of heat discharge to room

'.

. heat pump is used to meet heat re1uirements of a house and maintain it at 2== . En a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to J2= , the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of ;==== kIHhr. 7f the heat pump has a EP of 2.9, determine a. b. power consumed by heat pump rate at which heat is e&tracted from cold outdoor air.

8 8 SUMMARY
This unit has shown that the /econd law of Thermodynamics gives the direction of spontaneous processes. . process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and second laws of Thermodynamics. "odies that can absorb or re8ect finite amounts of heat isothermally are called thermal energy reservoirs or 8ust thermal reservoirs. 3ork can be converted to heat directly, but heat can be converted to work only by some devices called HEAT EN:INES. The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is defined as
nth = ! QL QH

where :- < heat supplied to -eat %ngine, :+ < heat re8ected by -eat %ngine. 0efrigerators and -eat Pumps are devices that absorb heat from low-temperature media and re8ect it to higher temperature ones. The performance is e&pressed in terms of the coefficient of performance defined as

Unit 8

!!

EP0 =

:-

! : + !

EP-P =

! ! :+ :-

There are two classical statements derived from the second law of thermodynamics known as the Kelvin Planck and lausius statements. The Kelvin Planck statement of the /econd +aw of Thermodynamics states that no device can produce a net amount of work while e&changing heat with a single reservoir only. 7t is applicable to heat engines. The lausius statement of the second law states that no device can transfer heat from a cooler body to a warmer one without leaving an effect on the surroundings. 7t is applicable to refrigerators and heat pumps. 7n the ne&t unit, you will see the most efficient heat engine, that is the engine. arnot heat

8 8 ANSWERS TO ACTI9ITIES AND TUTORIAL SHEET

Acti"it. 1 ,et Power < '= ?3 Thermal %fficiency, nth <
'= <=.'D9 ;=
?HD8! MW

WnetE)ut6ut HE ?LD5! MW

Unit 8

!2

Acti"it. (
EP0 = EP-P = :+ ! = :+ ! :- :+

:-

:: :+ + :+ ! = : :- :+ :- :+ ! + ::+ = ! + EP0 :- :+

=!+

Acti"it. 0 .ir conditioners remove heat from a cold room and re8ect the heat to the outside hot air. /ince its ob8ective is to keep the room cold, it functions as a refrigerator.

Out'i*e Air

?-

Air C)n*iti)ne r

3net ?L

C)1* R))-

Tut)ria1 S,eet !. 2. *uel onsumption 0ate $).9 gHs EP0<' -eat discharge rate < ; k3 '. Power consumed by heat pump < '2=== kIHhr. 0ate at which heat is e&tracted < );,=== kIHhr.
Unit 8 !'