UNIT 3

PROPERTY TABLES AND EQUATIONS OF STATE

Unit Structure 3.0 3.1 3.$ 3.3 Overview Learnin O!"ective# Intr%&ucti%n Pr%'ert( Ta!)e# 3.3.1 3.3.$ 3.3.3 3.0 U#in Pr%'ert( Ta!)e# Saturate& *i+ture# an& Qua)it( ,%-'re##e& )i.ui& an& Su'er/eate& va'%ur

E.uati%n# %1 State 3.0.1 3.0.$ 3.0.3 I&ea)2 a# E.uati%n %1 State ,%-'re##i!i)it( Fact%r Ot/er E.uati%n# %1 State

3.3 3.4

Su--ar( An#wer# t% Activitie#

3.0O5ER5IE6
It is difficult to relate the thermodynamic properties of a pure substance by making use of simplified equations and thus tables are used for presenting the thermodynamic properties. In this Unit you will learn how to read from the property tables by making use of the Steam table as an example. The same principle will apply when using the respective property tables for other pure substances. It is important for you to understand

Unit 3

fully the use of steam tables as they constitute the main pillar in the foundation of Thermodynamics for !ngineers. The Ideal"gas equation of state and other well"known equations of state are discussed in the second part of the unit. The compressibility factor which accounts for deviation of gases from ideal"behaviour is also discussed. # good grasp of the previous units and an excellent knowledge of $athematics are essential pre"requisites for the complete understanding of the unit.

3.1

LEARNIN7 OB8E,TI5ES

%y the end of this unit you will be able to do the following& 'ead and use property tables as required. (alculate the )quality* of a saturated liquid vapour mixture. +evelop techniques for solving future calculation problems Use the ideal gas equation of state to determine Thermodynamic properties. (ompare equations of state.

3.$

INTRODU,TION

Thermodynamic ,roperties can be reported in two ways& -i. ,roperty Table -ii. !quation of State. In property tables the properties can be measured directly while others are calculated using relations/equations of the thermodynamic properties. These measurements and calculations are presented in the form of tables. 0or example in the steam table given in annex -e.g. table #"1. the following properties are given in SI units& Temperature, Pressure, Specific Volume, Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy. #nother way of reporting property data other than in tables is by using the equation of state which relates the temperature pressure and specific volume of the substance.
Unit 3 2

,roperty tables are bulky and prone to errors and thus equations of state constitute reliable relations that can be used. Some equations of state are simple while others may be complex. 3owever you will more often be required to use the property tables for solving problems.

3.3

PROPERTY TABLES

If we use the property table of steam -e.g. table #"1. as example it can be seen that properties are given in the three regions that are of interest to us& -i. saturated liquid" vapour mixture -ii. superheated vapour and -iii. compressed liquid. 4ow if we look at the first row of the table we will notice that the following properties are given& temperature; pressure; specific volume; internal energy; enthalpy and entropy . 5ou will also note that the subscripts f g and fg denote some of the properties. f denotes the properties of a saturated liquid. g denotes the properties of a saturated vapour. fg represents the difference between saturated vapour -g. and saturated liquid -f. values. $oreover you are reminded that the property entropy -denoted by letter s. will be used when dealing with unit 16 on the 2 nd law of Thermodynamics and that the property enthalpy -denoted by letter h. is defined by the equation below& h 7 u 8 ,v -k9/kg.

-all the properties being given on a unit mass basis. u : internal energy -k9/kg. v : specific volume -m;/kg. , : pressure -k,a. <e will now explain the use of property tables by looking at a series of case"studies

3.3.1 U#in Pr%'ert( Ta!)e#

ase Study !" Saturated #i$uid # rigid tank contains ;6 kg of saturated liquid water at =6 (. (alculate the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.

Unit 3

Solution:

'eferring to table #"1 in annex if you look at the part of the steam table S'eci1ic v%)u-e -39: Sat. Sat. liquid vapour vf vg 6.66162@ 1.1;1 0.0010$= 3.00< 6.6616;; 2.=2=

that is of interest to us you will see that& Te-'. ( T >? ;0 =? 're##. k,a , ;=.?= 0<.3= ?>.=;

5ou will notice that the point of interest to us is located on the saturated liquid line as shown in 0igure. ;.1 below&

T (
Compressed
Superheated Vapour

=6 (

Liquid

saturated Liquid-Vapour

v m;/kg vf 7 6.66162A Fi ure. 3.1> Pr%'ert( Dia ra- T2v

#t T 7 =6 ( ,sat 7 1>.;A k,a #nd vf 7 6.66162A m;/kg B 7 m C vf 7 ;6 C 6.66162A -kg C m;/kg. 7 6.6;1 m; note& if you are given the temperature like in the above case study then you need to refer to the temperature table #"1 -i.e. the table with temperature in the 1st column..

Unit 3

,a#e #tu&( $> Saturate& va'%ur. # piston"cylinder device contains 1 m; of saturated water vapour at ?6 k,a. +etermine the temperature of the vapour and the mass of the vapour inside the device. Solution: vapour line. 'eferring to table #"? the point of interest to us is located on the saturated

,/k,a

Compressed Liquid saturated Liquid-Vapour

Superheated Vapour

?6

v m;/kg vg7 ;.216 Fi ure. 3.$ Pr%'ert( Dia ra- P2v note& if you are given the pressure like in the above case study then you need to refer to the pressure table #"? -i.e. the table with pressure in the 1 st column.. 0rom the steam table& S'e Pre##. k,a , 16 30 >? Te-'. ( T >?.=> ;1.33 A1.>= ci1ic v%)u-e -39: Sat. Sat. liquid vapour vf vg 6.66162> ;.AA; 0.001030 3.$00 6.6616;> 2.21>

#t ,sat. 7 ?6 k,a Tsat 7 =1.;; ( and vg 7 ;.216 m;/kg and m 7 B/vg 7 1/;.216 m;/-m;/kg. 7 6.;6= kg.

Unit 3

3.3.$ Saturate& *i+ture# an& Qua)it(

In the above two examples you have been faced with cases where the substance is either in the liquid or in the vapour form. %ut it might happen that during vaporisation the substance exists partly as a liquid and partly as a vapour i.e. we have a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapour. In order to be able to solve the problems in these cases it is necessary to define a new property which we will call DqualityE and designate by the letter x. x 7 mvapour/mtotal 7 mvapour/-mvapour8 mliquid. x lies between 6 -sat. liquid. and 1 -sat. vapour. Qua)it( i# a'')ica!)e t% #aturate& -i+ture# %n)( and not to compressed liquid and to superheated vapour. The property quality is important as it enables us to show that the properties -v u h and s. of a saturated liquid:vapour mixture are the average properties of the sat. liq/vap. $ixture as follows&

(onsider a liquid"vapour mixture contained in a tank of volume B. B 7 Bf 8 Bg %ut B 7 mv and this implies that mtvav 7 mfvf 8mgvg

<e also know that mt 7 mf 8 mg. If we replace in the above eq& mtvav 7 -mt"mg.vf 8mgvg +ividing by mt and knowing that x 7 mg/mt we get& vav 7 -1"x.vf 8 xvg 7 vf " xvf 8 xvg Simplifying further& vav 7 vf 8 x-vg"vf. %ut vfg 7 vg"vf so vav 7 vf 8 xvfg <e eventually end up with the final equation given below&

Unit 3

+ ? @vav A v1B 9 v1

E.uati%n 3.1

The above demonstration carried out for the property Dspecific volumeE can also be applied to the other properties namely internal energy -u. enthalpy -h. and entropy -s.& uav 7 uf 8 xufg hav 7 hf 8 xhfg sav 7 sf 8 xsfg ,a#e #tu&( 3> Saturate& )i.ui&2va'%ur -i+ture. # rigid tank contains 16 kg of water at A6 (. If = kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest in the vapour form determine the pressure in the tank and volume of the tank. Solution& If we have a mixture of liquid and vapour it means that we have a saturated mixture. mf 7 = kg mg 7 2 kg and mt 7 16 kg. Therefore quality 7 2/16 7 6.2 T (
Compressed
Superheated Vapour

A6 (

Liquid

saturated Liquid-Vapour

v m;/kg vf Fi ure 3.3 vav vg Pr%'ert( Dia ra- T2v

0rom the table #"1 at Tsat. 7 A6 ( ,sat 7 >6.11 k,a and vf 76.6616;@ m;/kg vg 7 2.;@1 m;/kg Using vav 7 vf 8 xvfg vfg 7 2.;@6 m;/kg vav 7 6.1>; m;/kg

and B 7 mt C vav 7 16 C 6.1>; -kgCm;/kg.7 1.>; m;

Activit(
Unit 3 >

1.

# rigid tank contains ?6 kg of saturated liquid water at A6 (. +etermine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.

2.

# piston cylinder device contains 2 ft; of saturated water vapour at ?6 psia pressure. +etermine the temperature of the vapour and the mass of the vapour inside the cylinder. -1 ft 7 6.;61= m 1 atm 7 11.@A@ psia.

;.

# mass of 266 g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporiFed at a constant pressure of 166 k,a. +etermine the volume change and the amount of heat transferred to the water.

1.

# rigid tank contains 16 kg of water at A6 (. If = kg of this water is in the liquid form and the rest in vapour form determine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.

?.

#n =6 G vessel contains 1 kg of 'efrigerant"12 at a pressure of 1@6 k,a. +etermine -a. the temperature of the refrigerant. -b. the quality. -c. the enthalpy of the refrigerant. -d. the volume occupied by the vapour.

3.3.3 ,%-'re##e& Li.ui& an& Su'er/eate& 5a'%ur

There are not many data for compressed liquid. Hne reason for the lack of compressed liquid data is the relative independence of compressed liquid properties with respect to pressure. In the absence of compressed liquid data a general approximation is to treat compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the given temperature. This is because the compressed liquid properties depend on temperature more strongly than they do on pressure.

# compressed liquid will be characteriFed by the following

Unit 3

" " " " "

3igher pressures -i.e. , I ,sat at a given T. Gower temperatures -i.e. T J Tsat at a given ,. Gower specific volumes -i.e. v J vf at a given , or T. Gower internal energies -i.e. u J uf at a given , or T. Gower enthalpies -i.e. h J hf at a given p or T.

Since the superheated region is a single"phase region -vapour"phase only. temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties and they can be used as 2 independent properties. Superheated vapour is characteriFed by& " " " " " Gower pressures -i.e. , J ,sat at a given T. 3igher temperatures -i.e. T I Tsat at a given ,. 3igher specific volumes -i.e. v I vf at a given , or T. 3igher internal energies -i.e. u I uf at a given , or T. 3igher enthalpies -i.e. h I hf at a given p or T.

,a#e #tu&( 0> Ta!)e# 1%r #tea- an& water. Hne of the best ways to understand how to use property tables is to complete tables like the one given below& TC , -a. -b. -c. -d. -e. KK. 12? KK. >? KK. PC :Pa 266 KKK 1666 ?66 =?6 uC :89: KKK. 1@66 2A?6 KKK.. KK + 6.@ K.. K.. K... 6.6 P/a#e De#cri'ti%n KKKKKKKK KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK..

Solution/Model Answer:

Unit 3

-a.

If x 7 6.@ this means that we have @6 L vapour and 16 L liquid" we are in the saturated liq/vap region. If ,sat 7 6.2 $,a then Tsat. 7 126.2; (. <e know that uav 7 uf 8 xufg. Therefore uav 7?61.1A 8 6.@ C262? 7 1>1A.1A k9/kg.

-b.

#t T 7 12? ( , 7 2;2.1 k,a. uf 7 ?21.>1 k9/kg ug 7 2?;1.@ k9/kg. %ut ugiven 71@66 k9/kg. 5ou should remember that& if u J uf then we are in the compressed liquid region if uf J uJ ug then we are in the saturated liquid/vapour region if u I ug then we are in the superheated region. 3ence in our case we are in the sat. liq/vap region. Using uav 7 uf 8 xufg we can calculate the value of x. x 7 -1@66"?21.>1./266A.A 7 6.?;?

-c.

#t , 7 1 $,a uf 7 >@1.@= k9/kg ug 7 2?=;.@ k9/kg ugiven 7 2A?6 k9/kg. Therefore we are in the superheated vapour region. Muality is not applicable in this region. To determine the sat. temperature refer to superheated vapour table and then proceed by a simple mathematical interpolation& at ;?6 (N u 7 2=>?.2 k9/kg and at 166 (N u 7 2A?>.; k9/kg

Therefore 2A?6 k9/kg corresponds to a sat. temperature of ;A?.@ ( -d. at , 7 ?66 k,a Tsat. 7 1?1.=@ ( and Tgiven 7 >? (. Tgiven J Tsat therefore we are in the compressed liquid region. Muality is not applicable. 0rom the tables u 7 ;1;.A k9/kg. -e. x 7 6N we are on the saturated liquid line. #t ,sat 7 =?6 k,a Tsat 71>2.A@ ( and u 7 >;1.2> k9/kg.

Activit( @. +etermine the internal energy of water at 26 psia at 166 0.

16

Unit 3

- T0 7 1.= >. =.

T( 8 ;2 ..

+etermine the temperature of water at a state of , 7 6.? $,a and h 7 2=A6 k9/kg. +etermine the internal energy of compressed liquid water at =6 ( and ? $,a using -a. data from the compressed liquid table. -b. saturated liquid data. <hat is the error involved O

A.

(omplete the following table for water and Pustify your answers& TC , KK. 1@6 KK. =6 KK. PC :Pa ;2? KKK A?6 ?66 =66 /C :89: KKK. 1@=2 KKK. KKK.. ;1@1.> + 6.1 K.. 6.6 K... K... P/a#e De#cri'ti%n KKKKKKKK KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK..

16.

(omplete the following table for water and Pustify your answers& TC , KK. 1>6 1A6 KK PC :Pa ;2? KKK 2666 1666 uC :89: 21?2 KKK KKK. ;616 P/a#e De#cri'ti%n KKKKKKKK Saturated Bapour KKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKK.

3.0

EQUATIONS OF STATE

Unit 3

11

3.0.1 I&ea)2 a# E.uati%n %1 State

The properties ,ressure , Temperature T and Specific volume v can be related to each other by equations of state. The simplest equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the Ideal"gas equation of state which is given below& Pv ? RT where ' : Qas constant E.uati%n 3.$

The gas constant R is defined as the ratio of the Universal gas constant Ru to the molar mass * of the gas.
R= Ru *

where $" $olar mass and 'u 7 =.;11 k9/-kmol.R. E.uati%n 3.3

If two of the properties of a gas are known the third can be evaluated from the equation of state and hence for the same gas at two different states 1 and 2 the relation

(P 5 ) = (P 5 )
1 1 $ $

T1

T$

E.uati%n 3.0
RuT at all pressures and temperatures is *

will apply. # gas which obeys the law Pv =

called an i&ea) a# and will rarely be encountered. The equation although simple cannot be used in all cases as the accuracy decreases when gases tend to behave in a non" ideal way. It has however been shown experimentally that the ideal gas equation closely approximates the behaviour of real gases at )%w 're##ure# an& /i / te-'erature#.

Activit(

Unit 3

12

11.

<hat is the mass of air contained in a room 26 ft

;6 ft

12 ft if the pressure

is 11.> lbf/in2 and the temperature is =6 0. #ssume air to be an ideal gas. -$air72=.A>.. 12. # tank has a volume of 1? ft ; and contains 26 lbm of an ideal gas having a molecular weight of 21. The temperature is =6 0. <hat is the pressureO

3.0.$ ,%-'re##i!i)it( Fact%r

The compressibility factor provides a way of measuring the deviation from the ideal:gas behaviour at a given pressure and temperature. The deviation of real gases from the ideal gas behaviour can be accurately accounted for by the correction factor S also known as the compressibility and defined as&
D= Pv RT

E.uati%n 3.3

where -S 7 1 for ideal gases. -S can be less than 1 or greater than 1 for real gases. S can also be expressed as the ratio of the actual specific volume to the ideal specific
v actua) volume D = v . Qases tend to exhibit the same behaviour at reduced pressure P% i&ea)

and reduced temperature T%.

PR = P Pcr TR = T w/ere Tcr an& Pcr are t/e critica) te-'erature# an& Tcr

're##ure# at t/e critica) '%int @re1er t% unit $B The factor S is approximately the same for all gases at the same reduced pressure and temperature -principle of corresponding states.. The compressibility chart given in annex figure #";6b can be used for determining the value of S.

Unit 3

1;

Activit( 1;. +etermine the specific volume of superheated water vapour at 26 $,a and 166 6( using -a. the ideal"gas equation -b. the generalised compressibility chart and -c. the steam tables. (alculate the error involved in the first two cases with respect to the value from the steam tables. - ,cr 7 22.6A $,a and Tcr 7 @1>.; R.

3.0.3 Ot/er E.uati%n# %1 State

There are other equations of state that can be used to relate pressure P temperature T and specific volume v as they tend to take into account the behaviour of real gases. The most simple of these examples is the 5an &er 6aa)# e.uati%n %1 #tate&
a P + $ ( v ! ) = RT v

E.uati%n 3.4

The coefficient a was introduced to account for the existence of intermolecular forces due

$<R $T $ cr a= to mutual attraction between the molecules& 40Pcr

The coefficient ! was introduced to account for the volume occupied by the gas molecules& ! =
RTcr ;Pcr

%oth a and ! are evaluated using the critical properties as given above in their respective definitions. 'eal gases tend to follow more closely the Ban der <aals equation rather than the ideal gas equation especially at higher pressures. Hther equations of state have been developed afterwards and the most commonly known ones are the %erthelot +ieterici

Unit 3

11

and 'edlich"Rwong equations which like the Ban der <aals equation are simple two" constant -a T !. equations. Hther more complex equations have been developed by %eattie"%ridgeman -? constants. and %enedict"<ebb"'ubin -= constants.. The equation of state as developed by %eattie"%ridgeman reads as follows&

P=

RT c 1 ( v + B ) A$ $ 3 v vT v
a v ! v

E.uati%n 3.<

where A = A 0 1 C B = B 0 1 There are five constants a b c #6 and %6 that have been determined experimentally and are available in the appropriate tables.

3.3 SU**ARY
In this unit you have learned how to read and use a property table -property table of water taken as example. for solving problems in Thermodynamics. The problems are very simple in case we are dealing with a saturated vapour or saturated liquid. %ut when we are faced with a saturated liquid/vapour mixture we need to introduce and use a new property called quality and defined as x.
+= - va'%ur - t%ta)

Muality have values lying between 6 -saturated liquid. and 1 -saturated vapour. and is not applicable to the superheated vapour and compressed liquid regions. In the saturated liquid/vapour region the average value of any property is given by& ( ? (1 E +(1 where 1 refers to saturated liquid and refers to saturated vapour.

Unit 3

1?

In the absence of data for compressed liquid the values of the saturated liquid can be used at the given temperature as approximation. #nother way of reporting data is to make use of equations of state which relate the properties of temperature pressure and specific volume of a pure substance. The equations of state can be very simple -Ideal gas. or more complex -Ban der <aals %eattie"%ridgeman and %enedict"<ebb"'ubin. and the compressibility factor will provide a good means to measure the deviation from ideal behaviour. In the next unit we will learn how the first law of Thermodynamics applies to (losed systems.

3.4 ANS6ERS TO A,TI5ITIES

1. ,sat 7 >6.11 k,a 2. ;. 1. ?. @. >. =. A. Tsat 7 1;=.== ( Bolume& 6.6?2 m;. $ass& 6.16= kg. !nthalpy& 1?1.@ k9

Bol. (hange 7 6.;;A m;. ,sat 7 >6.11 k,a. T 7 "1=.1A (

Bolume& 1.>; m;. x 7 6.1=A h7 1A.; k9/kg B 7 6.6>= m;

U 7 2@?@.> k9/kg Tsat 7 21@.1 ( U 7 ;;;.>2 k9/kg TC , 1;@.;6 1@6 1>>.@A =6 ;?6 PC :Pa ;2? @1>.= A?6 ?66 =66 U 7 ;;1.=@ k9/kg. /C :89: 11;?.?> 1@=2 >?;.62 ;;1.A1 ;1@1.>
1@

! 7 6.;1 L + 6.1 6.1= 6.6 " " P/a#e De#cri'ti%n Saturated liq/vap Saturated liq/vap Saturated liquid (ompressed liquid Superheated vapour

Unit 3

16.

TC , 1;@.;6 1>6 1A6 1@@.>

PC :Pa ;2? >A1.> 2666 1666

uC :89: 21?2 2?>@.? =6@.1A ;616

P/a#e De#cri'ti%n Sat. liq/vap Saturated Bapour (ompressed liquid Superheated Bapour

11. 12. 1;.

m 7 216 kg. , 7 2.12 x 16@ ,a. -a. 6.61?? m;/kg -?@ L. -b. 6.66A; m;/kg -@L. -c. 6.66AA12 m;/kg

Unit 3

1>