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Whyshouldyoucarewritingprojects?

Howtowriteresearchprojects
EmanueleRuffaldi
e.ruffaldi@sssup.it

There are 3 main reasons for writing research projects:

Improve the society new research questions
people research

money
equipment

http://retis.sssup.it/~giorgio/h2d.html

consumables travels
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Otherreasons
Evaluation of research include several parameters:
number & quality of publications; number of citations (h index); number of projects; number of industrial contracts; amount of money brought to the university.

Beforewritingaproject
Identify an objective. Identify an appropriate call for proposals. Carefully read the call looking for topics. Adapt your objectives with the objectives of the call. Find research partners having the required expertise. Find industrial partners that can provide a case study and exploit the results.
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Making industrial contacts that can be useful for

additional research collaborations; finding a job for yourself and other colleagues.

Structureofaproject
Idea Consortium Implementation Impact Budget
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Theidea
Whichisthekeyideaoftheproject?
Howwecansynthesizetheideainfewsentences?

Whichisthecontextoftheprojectidea?
SummarizetheideaintheVision

Theideaoftheprojectisnotenough,weneedtotransform theideaintwoelements
Objectives theachievementoftheprojectintermsof researchandtechnology Measures oftheObjectives howtheaboveachievementscan bemeasured

Keyelement
Objectivesshouldbeambitiousbutrealistic Betterlessobjectivesthanmanyunconnected

Summarizeyourideawithadiagram
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FP7EUCLIPSEProject
European Union Cloud Intercomparison, Process Study & Evaluation Project

ExampleProject CLOUDY
Westartdefiningatitleandacronymforthe didacticproject SoftwareMethodologiesforEmbedded ComputingandtheCloud

http://www.euclipse.eu/projectinfo.html

IdeasinCLOUDY
Vision
Inaworldofstronginterconnectionmakesimplerfor embeddeddevicetogetresourcesforcomputinglikestorage, computervision,speechrecognition

Consortium
Whicharethecompetencesneededforreachingtheobjectives? Typicallyamixtureof
BasicResearch TechnologyDevelopment CompaniesforExploitation

Objectives
Objective1 ModelingEmbeddedServices Objective2 SoftwareFrameworkforInteroperability Objective4 Provideatoolchainforintegratingtheservices Objective5 TestbedonPortableComputerVision Objective6 TestbedforRobotics

TheTeamisakeyelementforthefeasibilityoftheprojectandits excellenceapremiseforobtainingnewresults Propertiesofagoodconsortium

Excellenceineachspecificdomain Complementarityofcompetencies Partnerselectedbecauseitprovidesaspecificenablingtechnologyfor thetask(e.g.technologyormethodology)

Notalltheobjectivesarefoundational,somearepractical results
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Whichisthecoverageofrequiredcompetenciesacrossthe consortium?
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ProjectDesignWorkflow

ConsortiuminCLOUDY
WhatweneedforthisProject? Weneedexpertsfromdifferentdomains
EmbeddedSystems NetworkedSystems R b ti Robotics CloudManagement

Vision

Objectives

Competences

Consortium

Whichkindofcompaniesdoweneedfortheproject?
SmallCompaniesvs LargeCompanies
Refinement of plan
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Whoisgoingtoimplementwhat? Whichtechnologyiseachpartnerproviding?
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FP7RobohowApproach
RobohowisaFP7ICTProjectformakingrobotlearn recipesfromtheWebandexecutethem

FP7RobohowConsortium
Consortiumismadeof9partners
8Universitiesin7States 1Company

CoordinatordoeskeyresearchinCognitiveRobotics OnepartnersprovidesArchitectureandEvaluation AnotherlooksatLearningfromHumanbeingitsfield ofexpertise TwopartnersprovideVisualPerception Theindustrialpartnerswilllookattheapplicationof theresultsonanewroboticplatform

Thatplatformisnottheoneoftheevaluation
http://robohow.eu
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StateoftheArt
StateoftheArtismoreimportantthanfor writingapaper StateoftheArtforaprojectfocusestomost recentfindingsandatlargerscalethanapaper
Whatactionlineinthetopicismissingthatthe projectcancover?

StateoftheArtofConsortium
TheexperienceoftheConsortium,orthe PrincipalInvestigator,ispartoftheStateof theArt ConsortiumPublicationsandBackground showtothetheReviewers
1. Theunderstandingofthechallenges 2. Feasibilityoftacklinganewproblem

WhatmakespartofStateoftheArt?
Publications OtherProjectsinthedomain(EUandnonEU)
Andpossiblesynergies

ConsortiumExperience
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BeyondStateoftheArt
Akeypointoftheprojectproposalistohighlight howitgoesbeyondtheStateoftheArt Thisthereasonwhytheprojectshouldbe funded! Insomecallsnotjustanimprovementbuta breakthroughisrequired
Becareful anywayonyourstatementbecausethey shouldbemeasurable Wehavetoseeclearlyidentifyhowtomeasure theseadvancements
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PreliminaryData
InsomegrantslikeMedicalonesyouarerequestedto provideaPreliminaryData section Thisisacriticalanalysisofinformationavailableinthe Consortiumthatisafundamentalbasisfortheresearch proposedintheproject Thissectionshowsthattheinvestigatorhasaddresses someofthechallengesandknowhowtofacenew problems Itisalsousedasawayforthereviewertounderstandthe capacityoftheprincipalinvestigatorofunderstanding methodsandtechnologies Unpublisheddatacanbeusedforsupportingthekeyidea

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MethodologyandWorkplan
Providedideasandobjectives,howtheworkis organizedalongthedurationoftheproject? Howthedifferentactionlinesoftheprojectinteract eachothertowardthecommongoals? Example p ofphases p
1. 2. 3. 4. Dataacquisition Prototype Testing Evaluation Multipleprototypes Parallelactivities
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VCycle

Phasesdependsonthetypeofresearch:

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ExampleofWorkplanfromFP7EUSAPHARI
FP7SAPHARIonSafetyinRobotics

CLOUDYMethodology
Theproposedmethodologyisusecasedriven
1. Selecttheusecases 2. Findcommonelementsacrossusecases 3. Adapt p thep proposed p g generalmethodology gytouse cases 4. Createtheinfrastructure 5. Testtheusecases

The strategy of SAPHARI is to address safe physical human robot interaction following both a bottom-up and a top-down approach. http://www.saphari.eu/
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Whicharethelimitationsofthisapproach fortechnologydrivenprojects?
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WorkpackagesandTasks
ProjectsaretypicallyorganizedinWorkPackages AworkpackageinProjectManagementisa groupofrelatedtasksthataredefinedatthe samelevelwithinaworkbreakdownstructure EachWorkpackageshouldhave
Descriptionofactivitiesinbrief SubsetoftheProjectObjectives TimingasStart/EndandEffort

Task
Taskasapieceofcontiguousworkthatis delimitedintimeandamountofeffort Typicallytasksareshortlivedandterminated somemeasureoftheactivityperformed Taskshavedependencies InsomenotationsTasksaremacrotasksinside Workpackagesandthelastforlongerperiods oftime
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Howworkpackagesareconnected?

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FP7RobohowWorkpackages
EachWorkpackageisassociatedtooneormore objectives WP1 Representation WP2 ObservationofHumanDemonstration WP3 ConstraintandOptimizationbasedControl WP4 PerceptionforRobotActionandManipulation WP5 LearningfromInteractionwithHuman WP6 PlanbasedControl WP7 SystemIntegrationandBenchmarking WP8 DisseminationandOutreach WP9 ProjectCoordinationandManagement
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ExampleofWorkplanfromFP7EUACTIVE

FP7 EU Active Constraints Technologies for Ill-defined or Volatile Environments http://www.active-fp7.eu/

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FP7AdiamantiumRelationships

WorkpackagesinCLOUDY
ExamplesofWorkpackages WP1DesignandModels WP2ResourceAbstractionandManagement WP3OSsupportforcloudresources WP4Toolchaindevelopment WP5Usecases Canyouidentifyobjectivesofeachworkpackages? WhichotherWorkpackageorganizationsare possible?
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ProgressMeasurements
Why?
Tomotivatetheteam Togetaccesstothenextyearoffunding Toeasetakingdecisionsinthenextphasesofresearch

ProgressMeasurements(cont)
Morespecificallyfortechnologicalprojects: 1. Specificationofsoftwareorhardware 2. DefinitionofMetrics 3. Newfunctionalitiesforsystems 4. Benchmarkingofdevelopedsystems 5. ResultsofEvaluations

Howwecanmeasuretheprogressofourproject andachievementoftheobjectives? Twoconceptsaretypical:

Deliverable Milestone
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Deliverables
Deliverableisaconcreteresultoftheprojectthatismade accessibletothereviewersoftheprojectorthethe broaderpublic DifferentformsofDeliverables:
Report bestifcontainingpublishedpapers
Butpublishingtimingdoesntfitwellwithprojecttiming

FP7AdamantiumDeliverables
Examplesofdeliverables:
DesignandDevelopmentoftheMCMSActionEngine Module(P) DefinitionandspecificationsofIPTVandVoIPServices (R) DevelopmentoftheMCMSmonitoringand adaptationmodules(P) VoiceandVideoQualityPerceptualModels(R) RealTimeDynamiccontentadaptationmechanisms (P) Trialsandevaluation(R) Finalreport(R)
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Prototype OpenSourcecodeorDatasets

BestpracticeistoprovideaDeliverableeverytimeaTask ends
AligntimingofTaskendsifpossible

Keydeliverablesintechnologyprojectsare
1. Specifications 2. Prototypesofresult 3. ReportsonEvaluations

CLOUDYDeliverables
Domainspecific Requirements (R) ApplicationStructure(R) ResourceClassification(R) Analysisofapplicationperformance Serviceadaptation Optimalresourceallocation ReservationunderLinux(P) MonitoringandSupervisorLinux Deployment onPlatforms DeviceSupport Programmingcustomization RuntimeSupport GlobalPerformance Analysis ApplicationTuning(P) Drivingsimulator(P) Virtualenvironments (P) ProjectWebsite(O)

Milestones
AMilestoneisakeymomentoftheprojectin whichameasurableandfundamentalresultis obtained TheMilestoneisalsoconsideredaturning pointfortakingdecisionsabouttheprogress
Controlpointswheredecisionsareneededwith regardtothenextstageoftheproject

Mixture Mi t of fR Reports t (R) and d Prototypes (P)

MultipleTasksconvergetoasingleMilestones
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FP7EUCLIPSEMilestones
ExampleofMilestones(over48months):
CompletionofCOSPandMODISsoftwareand CALIPSOPARASOL observationalproducts (M3) Descriptionofexperimentalprotocol fortesting hypothesesrelatingtocloudclimatefeedbacks (M30) Metrics forclouds,precipitationand radiation developedand appliedtoESMsand NWP(M36)

CLOUDYMilestones
ExampleofMilestonesforCLOUDY:
SpecificationDesign(M6) PerformanceAnalysisandTools(M12) UseCaseDesign(M18) Toolchain(M24) UseCaseResults(M36)

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DeliverablesandMilestones
DeliverableFeatures:
Title WPandTaskscontributing LeadingPartner MonthofDelivery N t Nature: Proto, P t Report, R t Other Oth Publicity:Public,EU,Private Title WPandTaskscontributing MonthofDelivery MeansofVerification Decisiontobetaken
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Timeorganization
Howwecanorganizetheprojectalongthe time? Thisisoneofthemajorchallengesanditis goodunderstanding gofthe connectedtoag effortandresourcesavailable,butalsoonthe dependenciesacrossthedifferentunitsofthe researchproject Theorganizationisconnectedtothegeneral projectofProjectPlanning
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MilestonesFeatures:

Timeorganization(cont)
WetaketheTaskorganizationdiscussedaboveand identifythedependenciesbetweenthesetasks Thenweassociateatimeexecutionrangetoeverytask
Optimal,Normal,Pessimistictimings,inMonths

TimeorganizationDiagrams
WeemployActivityonNodeforpresenting thegraph ThisisalternativetotheActivityonEdgethat characterizesthePERT(ProjectEvaluationand ReviewTechnique)

Thi Thisi iseffectively ff ti l agraph hin i which hi heach hnode d (task) (t k)is i associatedtothesetimings TheCriticalPathMethodprovidesawaytocompute theschedulingoftheprojectbycomputingthe activitiesthatarecritical Acritical activityisonethatifdelayeditcanmake thewholetasklonger
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GANTTChart
GANNTchartareaspecialtypeofbarchartthatallowstoplan, analyzeandpresentthestructureofeprojectorganizedintasks
IntroducedbyH.L.GANTTin1919OrganizingforWork book

GANTTChartStyle
ManystylesofGANTTarepossiblealso highlightingprogress

TheXaxiscorrespondstotime,expressedbyrealdates,or,during planning,byMonths TheYaxiscorrespondstothehierarchicalstructureoftheproject madeofWPsandTask TheinnerpartoftheGANTTchartisabarchartpresenting

1. SlotsofexecutionofeachTask 2. ConnectionsasdependenciesbetweenTasks 3. Milestonesasverificationpoints

GanttProject (Open Source)

Gantto (Cloud Based)

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GANTTExampleMentor

GANTTExampleTIPPSProject

http://www.tipss-fp7.eu/?p=about&m=work

GANTTExampleAdamantiumProject

GANTTExampleEUCLIPSEProject

http://www.ict-adamantium.eu/methodology.html

RiskAnalysis
Aresearchprojectof someinteresthas severalrisks associatedtoits execution Manytypesofrisks:
ScientificRisksdue tothenatureofthe investigation TechnologicalRisks duetounknown uncertaintyinthe technology Risksconnectedto themanagementof thecollaboration (partnerleaving)
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RiskAnalysis
Theresearchplanshouldbeawareoftherisks thatcouldbepresentandprepareacontingency plantofacethem Whathappensifakeyexperimentfailin deliveringresults?
E.g.inthecaseofhumanexperimentation?

Acontingencyplanistypicallyacomparison between
1. SpecificriskinagivenWP 2. Actontopreventtherisk,oractionincasetherisk becomestrue
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Impact
AcriticalevaluationpointofResearchProjectistheImpact Impactismanythingsandisaschallengingasthescientific objective WhichtypesofImpact?
ScientificImpact
Howthe h projectresults l could ldpotentially ll change h the h scientific f field. f ld Thismeansalsohowmuchinterestingaretheproposedresults

ExploitationandDissemination
ThesetwoaspectsarepartoftheImpactandimportantforlarge scaleprojects Exploitationisthepossibilityoftransformingdirectlytheresearch resultsintoproducts
Whichisthepatentpolicyontheresults? Whichistheconnectionwithcompaniesintheproject?Isthereany spin i off ffplan l orpossibility ibili of fcommercialization? i li i ?

SocietyImpact
Howtheresultsarecapableofimpactingsocietyintheshortterm,or eventuallyinthelongterm.Isthereanydirectconnectionwith industryortechnology?

Disseminationcorrespondstothesetofactionstomakingthe researchresultspubliclyavailable
ClassicallythroughConferencesandJournals Alsothroughfairsorotherchannelsandmediaassocialnetworks IsthereanydisseminationpolicythroughOpenSourcing? WorkshopsandSummerSchools Websites(mandatory)

Impactcanbeconnectedtotheexpectedimpactproposed bythecallsorbytheproposedlinesofimpactofthe fundingscheme

E.g.theEUDigitalAgenda
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Management
ManagementinResearchProjectdescribes thedecisionstructureandtheprocedures preparedfordealingwiththecollaboration process SpecificallycriticalforcollaborativeEUproject Howresearchismonitoredduringthetime? Whotakesthedecisions? Howassessmentisperformedinternally? GethelpfromyourAdministrativegroup

Management(example)
ExamplefromFP7PREDATOR(5Uni,3Biz)
EmbeddedSystemsdomain

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TheBudget
Everycallhasitsownpeculiaritiesforthedefinitionofthebudget Fewconceptsdetailedhere
FortherestgethelpoftheAdministrativestaff

ProjectEvaluation
Criteriadependsonthecallbutanywaya reasonablypriorityforfundamentalresearch projects 1. Noveltyisthestartingpointoftheevaluation 2 Feasibilityoftheproposal 2.
Istheprojectrealistic? Havetherisksbeencovered? Dependingalsoontheconsortium

Mostprojectsarebasedconcofinancing
E.g.60%financedbyEurope TherestprovidedbytheInstitutionthroughstaff

TermsoftheBudget
Personnel Equipment Travels Consumables

3. Impactoftheprojectsresults 4. (Industrial)Exploitationofresults
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Thekeypointisagoodestimateoftheeffortasthenumberof peopleandtheirparticipationacrosstheworkpackages
MappingbetweenPersonMonths(effort)ofeachWPtothenumber ofpeopletothecostofpeoplebytype(PostDoc,PhD,)

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Nicebut
Agrantapplicationisnotscience;itisthe marketingofscience. J.L.FerraraandA.H.Schmaier

TheAbstract
AkeypointoftheproposalistheAbstractthatintroduces theresearchgrant,asmuchasitintroducesapaper Thefunctionoftheabstractistodescribesuccinctlyevery majoraspectoftheproposedproject. Insynthesis:
Background B k d Problem Objective Strategy Significance

Notthesameabstractfordifferentpurpose:Technicalvs LayAbstracts
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RobohowAbstract
B Enabling robotstocompetently performeverydaymanipulationactivitiessuchas householdchoresexceeds, intermsoftask,activity,behaviour andcontext complexity,anythingthatwehavesofarinvestigated inmotionplanning,cognitive robotics,autonomousrobotcontrolandartificialintelligence atlarge.Forachieving robust,adaptive,effectiveandnaturalperformance ofeverydaymanipulationtasks,it isnotfeasibletoexpectthatprogrammers canequiptherobotswithplanlibraries thatcoversuchopenended taskspectrumcompetently. RoboHow.Cogtargetsatenablingautonomous robotstoperform expandingsetsof humanscaleeveryday manipulationtasks bothinhumanworkingandliving environments. Tothisend,RoboHow.Cogwillinvestigateaknowledgeenabled and planbasedapproachtorobotprogrammingandcontrolwhereknowledge for accomplishingeverydaymanipulationtasksissemiautomaticallyacquiredfrom instructionsintheWorldWideWeb,fromhumaninstructionanddemonstration (videos),andfromhapticdemonstration.Theknowledgeenabled controlwillbe madepossiblethroughextensions ofconstraint andoptimizationbasedmovement specificationandexecution methods thatallowfortheforceadaptivecontrolof movementstoachievethedesiredeffectsandavoidtheunwantedones.Inaddition, novelperception mechanismssatisfyingtheknowledge preconditions ofplansand monitoringtheeffectsofactionswillmaketheRoboHow.Cog approachfeasible.The softwarecomponents thatwillcomeoutofRoboHow.Cog willbeintegratedinto completegeneric robotcontrol systemssuchasROS,and,inparticular,into Aldebaran'shumanoidplatformRomeo.RoboHow.Cogwillstrivetomakethecodeof manyofitscomponents andevenoflargepartsoftheMilestonedemonstrations publiclyavailableunderfree/open sourcesoftwarelicenses. 57

Elementsofaproject
parts Title Acronym Objectives Consortium Approach State of the art Novel contributions References Risk analysis Title of the project Short name of the project Final goal to be reached Partners and their roles Methodology and tools to be used Existing related work and similar projects How the project advances the state of the art List of papers cited in the state of the art Difficulties and possible backup actions
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description

O St

Si

Elementsofaproject
parts Structure Timing Dependencies Milestones Deliverables Effort Money Exploitation & dissemination Management description Set of work packages and tasks Start dates and durations of each task Precedence graph of the tasks Points in time to deliver intermediate results Technical reports, prototypes produced as output Person months required for each work package Amount of money required How to use and teach the results How to coordinate the project
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FundingSchemes

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TypesofProjects
Severaltypesoffundingarepossiblewith differentscalesofprojectcomplexity
Localproject(Foundations,Regionals) Industrialprojects Nationalprojects(FIRB,PRIN,MoH) Europeanprojects

FIRBFuturoinRicerca
FIRBFONDOINCENTIVOPERLARICERCADIBASE AfterthePhDprojects,atleast2yearsafterthePhD SmallConsortiaof12units Twophaseevaluation
Preselectiononkeyideaandproposer FullProposalonImpact,BackgroundandTeam

ExamplesofFIRB@SSSA:
MYHAND:MyoelectricHandprosthesiswithAfferent NoninvasivefeedbackDelivery CoherentOpticalNetworksforTerabitChannels
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PRIN
PRINProgrammadiRicercadiinteresseNazionale Projectforprofessorsandresearchers Largeprojectsandconsortia Twophaseselection
Preselectiononidea Fullproposal

EuropeanProjects
Differentsizesandobjectives TheEUResearchframeworkisorganizedin FrameworkProgrammes.Thecurrentoneis FP720072013 ThenextoneiscalledHorizon2020andit shouldstartfrombeginningof2014 ThepresentedmaterialisaboutFP7because Horizon2020isstillinpreparation
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ExamplesofPRIN@SSSA
Leproprieta'distributiveeledeterminantieconomiche delladinamicadicrescitadiimpreseepaesi OPENHAND:Piattaformaapertadineuroprotesidimano persperimentazionicliniche

FP7Components
FP7Researchisorganizedin5branches Cooperation:jointresearchinitiatives Ideas:personalprojects p :mobility y People Capacities:infrastructure

FP7Numbers
Fundedprojects(sofar):
Total:20164 FP7People:8627 FP7IDEASERC:3446 FP7ICT:1882

CoordinatedbyItaly:1571 FP7Call10inICT:110M FP7Budget:50B on7years

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FP7Ideas
ThekeyfundingschemeistheoneofERC supporting Twolevels
ERCStarting(muchlikeItalianFIRB) ERCAdvanced(forprofessors)

FP7Ideas
ERCBudgetinM

ExampleofItalianERCs(77listed)
NEUROINT Howthebraincodesthepastto predictthefuture

SeealsoERCStartingexperiencebyanItalian
http://strega.unile.it/buffa.pdf
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FP7People
MarieCurieActionsprovidedsupportfor peopletravelingarounddifferentresearch institutions EachapplicationisanywayaResearchProject focusedonthesingleresearcher Differentlevelsofparticipation
InitialTraining LifelongTraining Industryacademia Internationaldimension
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FP7Cooperation
Cooperation was awaytoorganize research collaboration between different entities. Specifically inICTthefollowing Funding Schemes were available: CollaborativeProjects (CP)
Integrated I t t d Project P j t(IP) Focused projects (STREP)

NetworksofExcellence (NoE) Coordination andsupport actions (CSA)

Coordination orNetworkingActions (CA) Support Actions (e.g.euRobotics)
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FP7CollaborativeProjects
Researchaimingatdevelopingnewknowledge, newtechnology,products,demonstration activitiesorcommonresourcesforresearch
Activities

FP7IntegratedProjects
researchandtechnologydevelopmentactivities demonstrationactivities technologytransferortakeupactivities trainingactivities disseminationactivities knowledgemanagementandexploitation consortiummanagementactivities otheractivities

Multipleresearchlineswithstrongconnectionwith industry ExamplesofIntegratedProjects

RoboHow SAPHARI(e.g.8.3M funding,972PMin4years,11partners)
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FP7FocusedProjects(STREP)
Targettingaspecificobjectiveinaclearly definedprojectapproach Twokeyactivities
ResearchandTechnologicalDevelopment DemonstrationActivity

FP7SupportAction
SupportingActivitiesacrossResearch
Conferences,seminars,workinggroupsandexpert groups Studies,analysis Factfindingsandmonitoring Preparatorytechnicalwork,includingfeasibility studies Developmentofresearchorinnovationstrategies Highlevelscientificawardsandcompetitions; Operationalsupport,dataaccessanddissemination, informationandcommunicationactivities
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Smallerinsizeandscope,lessneeded participationofindustry ExamplesofSTREP

RoboSkin PREDATOR(3M on8partners)

FP7FutureEmergingTechnology
SpecialtypeofEUResearchProjectofICTwith highrisk highgain Objectivesarehigherintermsofprogress Theriskisnotinthecapacityofperforming theresearchbutintheresults.E.g.:
Physicsrelatedlimitationspreviouslyunknown Humanrelatedmeasurements

FP7FutureEmergingTechnology
Exampleoftopicsandchallenges

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TowardHorizon2020
Threepriorities
Excellentscience Industrialleadership Societalchallenges

IndustrialLeadership
Alternativepathstocomponents&systems FutureInternet RoboticsandsmartSpaces NextGenerationComputing ContentTechnologiesandInformationManagement

G dL Good Luck kf forY YourProjects! P j t!

SimplifiedrulesandlessonslearnedfromFP7
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