STAFFINGFOREFFECTIVEDIGITAL PRESERVATION

ANNDSAREPORT

December 2013

ResultsofaSurveyofOrganizationsPreservingDigital Content
Authors WinstonAtkins,DukeUniversityLibraries AndreaGoethals,HarvardLibrary CarolKussmann,MinnesotaStateArchives MegPhillips,NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration MaryVardigan,InteruniversityConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearch(ICPSR) RepresentingtheNDSAStandardsandPracticesWorkingGroup

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Contents
EXECUTIVESUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 2 ABOUTTHENATIONALDIGITALSTEWARDSHIPALLIANCE .................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 3 The Data Files............................................................................................................................................4 The Survey Codebook .............................................................................................................................4 SURVEYCONTENT ................................................................................................................ 5 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................. 5 Background Information ..........................................................................................................................6 Digital Content ..........................................................................................................................................7 Digital Preservation Activities ................................................................................................................9 Digital Preservation Organization and Staffing............................................................................. 13 Staff Qualifications and Training....................................................................................................... 16 Comments about Digital Preservation Program Staffing and Organization............................. 18 ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 19 RELATEDWORK ................................................................................................................. 21 NEXTSTEPS ........................................................................................................................ 22 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 22 REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIXASURVEYQUESTIONS ................................................................................... 24 APPENDIXBPOSTER:IPRES2012ATTHEUNIVERSITYOFTORONTO ............................. 26

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Persistent URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lcpub.2013655113.1

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY
In2012theNationalDigitalStewardshipAlliance(NDSA)StandardsandPracticesWorkingGroupsurveyed 85institutionswithamandatetopreservedigitalcontenttoinvestigatehowsuchorganizationsstaffedand organizedtheirpreservationfunctions.Itwasfoundthatformostorganizationssurveyed,therewasno dedicateddigitalpreservationdepartmenttotaketheleadinthisareasopreservationtasksfelltoalibrary, archive,orotherdepartment.Closetohalfofrespondentsthoughtthatthedigitalpreservationfunctionin theirorganizationswaswellorganized,butathirdwerenotsatisfiedandmanywereunsure. Addressingstaffinglevels,organizationsexpressedapreferencetohavealmosttwicethenumberoffull timeequivalents(FTEs)thattheycurrentlyhad.Whilethesurveyshowedthatmostorganizationswere retrainingexistingstafftomanagedigitalpreservationfunctions,questionswerealsoaskedaboutdesired qualificationsfornewdigitalpreservationmanagers.Havingapassionandmotivationfordigital preservationandaknowledgeofdigitalpreservationstandards,bestpractices,andtoolswereconsidered themostsoughtafterskills. Otherfindingsfromthesurveyshowedthatmostorganizationsexpectedthesizeoftheirholdingsto increasesubstantiallyinthenextyearwith20%expectingadoublingofcontent.Imagesandtextfileswere themostcommontypesofcontentbeingpreserved.Mostorganizationswereperformingthemajorityof digitalpreservationactivitiesinhousebutmanyoutsourcedsomeactivities(digitizationwasthemost common)andwerehopingtooutsourcemore. Thesurveyprovidessomeusefulbaselinedataaboutstaffingneeds,andtheNDSAStandardsandPractices WorkingGrouprecommendsthatthesurveyberepeatedintwotothreeyearstoshowchangeovertime asdigitalpreservationprogramsmatureandasmoreorganizationsselfidentifyasbeingengagedindigital preservation.

ABOUTTHENATIONALDIGITALSTEWARDSHIPALLIANCE
Foundedin2010,theNationalDigitalStewardshipAlliance(NDSA)isaconsortiumofinstitutionsthatare committedtothelongtermpreservationofdigitalinformation.NDSAsmissionistoestablish,maintain, andadvancethecapacitytopreserveournationsdigitalresourcesforthebenefitofpresentandfuture generations.NDSAmemberinstitutionsrepresentallsectors,andincludeuniversities,consortia, professionalassociations,commercialenterprises,andgovernmentagenciesatthefederal,state,andlocal levels. MoreinformationabouttheNDSAisavailablefromhttp://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsa/.

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INTRODUCTION
Organizationsestablishingorscalingupdigitalpreservationprogramsarefacedwithmanystaffing,scoping andorganizationaldecisions.Howmanystaffareneededandwhatkindsofskills,educationandexperience shouldtheyhave?Whattypesofpositionsshouldtheinstitutioncreate?Shouldithirenewstafforretrain existingstaff?Andhowshouldthepreservationprogrambescopedthatis,whatfunctionsshouldbe includeddirectlyintheprogram,providedbyotherpartsoftheorganization,outsourced,orimplemented throughcollaborationwithotherorganizations?Whatorganizationalandstaffingmodelsworkwell? SeveralmembersoftheNationalDigitalStewardshipAlliance(NDSA)Standards&Practicesworkinggroup discoveredthattheysharedacommoninterestinknowinghoworganizationswerestaffingandorganizing digitalpreservationprogramssothattheycouldusetheinformationtoimprovetheirownprogramsand werewillingtoworktogetheronasurvey.Thegroupbelievedthattheinformationwouldbevaluablenot onlytoitsownmembers,butalsotothebroaderNDSAanddigitalpreservationcommunities. ThePreservationStaffingSurvey,conductedbymembersoftheNDSAStandards&Practicesworking group,wasdesignedtoshedlightonhoworganizationsresponsiblefordigitalpreservationareaddressing thesestaffing,scopingandorganizationalquestions.

METHODOLOGY
Todeterminesomeoftheapproachesorganizationsusedtostaffandorganizedigitalpreservation programs,anadhocworkinggroupformedtodevelopandadministerasurvey.Overthecourseoftwo monthsinthespringof2012,theworkinggroupmemberscollaboratedusingGoogledocstodraftthe surveyquestions.ThesurveywasthentransferredtoQualtrics 1 ,awebbasedsurveytoolsubscribedtoby HarvardUniversity,anNDSAmember.Qualtricsprovidedtheabilitytopublishpreviewsofsurveys,so workinggroupmemberswereabletoreviewandprovideadditionalfeedbackonthelookandbehaviorof thesurveyasitwouldappeartoapersonfillingoutthesurvey. ThestaffingsurveywasannouncedinlateJune2012throughmultiplenationalandinternationalmailing listsassociatedwithdigitalpreservationandremainedopenthroughthebeginningofSeptember.Itwas opentoanyinstitutionchoosingtorespond.Thesurveywasstarted131timesandcompleted85timesfor a65%completionrate.ResultswereanalyzedusingtheQualtricssoftwareduringSeptember2012and werepresentedaschartsandgraphsonaposteratiPRES2012inTorontoamonthlater(SeeAppendixB). Tomorewidelysharethedatafiles 2 inorderforotherstorevieworextendourfindings,itwasdecidedto makethemavailablethroughtheInteruniversityConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearch(ICPSR),a digitalrepositorythatarchivessocialandbehavioralsciencedata.Theprocessinvolvedexportingdataout ofQualtricsandcreatingacodebookdocumentingthesurveydata.Sincethisprojectwasconductedunder
1
2

Qualtrics.Qualtrics.com|SophisticatedResearchMadeSimple.http://www.qualtrics.com.AccessedSeptember26,2013. NationalDigitalStewardshipAlliance(NSDA).StandardsandPracticesWorkingGroup.SurveyofStaffingPracticesand NeedsRelatedtoDigitalPreservation,2012.ICPSR34901v1.AnnArbor,MI:InteruniversityConsortiumforPoliticaland SocialResearch[distributor],20131001.doi:10.3886/ICPSR34901.v1.

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theauspicesoftheNDSA,theteamfeltitwasimportanttodemonstrateacommitmenttodigital preservationbyproperlyarchivingitsowndata.Detailsaboutthedatafilesandresultingcodebookare providedbelow.

The Data Files

TheQualtricssoftwareprovidedseveraloptionsforexportingthesurveyresponsedata,includingoptions forexcludingresponsesthatcouldrevealrespondentsidentities.Usingthisfeature,weexcludedresponses forQuestions2,21,and22. 3 Afterexaminingtheexporteddata,weexcludedresponsesfortwoadditional questionsbecausetheycontainedinformationthatcouldbeusedtoidentifytherespondents organizations:IPaddress(automaticallysuppliedbyQualtrics),andQuestion13. Wechosetodepositthedataintwoformats:CSVandSAV,whichisaformatcompatiblewithSPSS. 4 The CSVformatprovidesreadyaccesstothedataanddoesnotrequirespecializedsoftware.TheSPSS compatibleformatcontainedmorerobustmetadata,whichwefeltcouldbeuseful. Anadditionaldecisiontomakewaswhichsetofresponsestodepositthoseinwhicharespondent reachedthefinalpageandhittheSubmitbutton(85responses),orthelargersetofallsurveysthatwere begun,whetherornottherespondentsubmittedtheresponses(131responses).Wedecidedtoincludeall theresponsesinthearchiveddata,whetherornottherespondentcompletedthesurvey,althoughonly thecompletedresponseswereincludedinthesurveyanalysisdescribedinthispaper. TheInteruniversityConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearchsGuidetoSocialScienceDataPreparation andArchiving 5 helpedustoassemblethenecessarydocumentationforthesurvey.WealsousedICPSRs guidelinesonfileformatstodecidewhichformatswewouldusetodepositthedataandthecodebook. 6

The Survey Codebook

Thecodebookestablishesthecontextforthesurveyanditsresponses.Itassumesthatfutureuserswill havenopriorknowledgeofthesurveyoritsdata,somuchofoureffortwentintoensuringthatthe SummaryandScopeofSurveysectionconveyedtheworkinggroupsmissionandthesurveygoals,and providedanoverviewofourapproachtoinvitingresponses.Thecodebookalsodocumentsthefulltextof eachquestion,thequestionslocationinthetableofresponses,thepossibleresponses,andtheformatsin whichresponsescouldbeentered.Inaddition,wecreatedanadditionalreportusingSPSSsCodebook reportutility.

3 4

ThecompletesurveyisincludedinAppendixA. SPSSstatisticalsoftware:http://www01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/.AccessedSeptember26,2013. 5 InteruniversityConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearch(ICPSR).GuidetoSocialScienceDataPreparationand Archiving:BestPracticesThroughouttheDataLifeCycle.5thEdition.AnnArbor,MI:InteruniversityConsortiumforPolitical andSocialResearch.http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/deposit/guide/.AccessedAugust28,2013. 6 Acodebookisadocumentthatprovidesinformationonthestructure,contents,andlayoutofadatafile. http://www.ddialliance.org/bp/definition.AccessedAugust28,2013.

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Ifarespondenteitherquitthesurveyorchosenottoansweraquestion,thatdecisionwasrecordedwith anemptycellorthevalue99.Anemptycelltypicallymeantthatthequestionwasformattedfortext inputwhilethevalue99indicatedthattheunansweredquestionwasseenbutnotansweredand formattedforanumericresponse.

SURVEYCONTENT
Thesurveyposedaseriesofquestionsrelatedtothenatureoftheinstitutionpreservingcontent,thescope ofthedigitalpreservationprogram,andthenumberandtypesofpositionsresponsibleforcarryingout digitalpreservationwork.Italsosolicitedinformationabouttheorganizationalstructureoftheprogram: whethertherewasadedicateddigitalpreservationdepartment,andifnot,whethertheresponsibilityfor thisworkwascentralizedinanotherdepartmentordecentralizedinotherpartsoftheinstitution.The surveyalsoqueriedrespondentsaboutwhichfunctionswereperformedinhouseandwhichwere outsourced,andwhatthefutureplansforthesefunctionswere.Finally,tolearnmoreaboutnotjusthow organizationswereapproachingdigitalpreservationbutwhichapproacheswereperceivedasworkingwell, thesurveyprobedforwhethertheinstitutionwassatisfiedwiththecurrentorganizationalstructure aroundpreservation.Therewasalsoanoptioninthesurveytoreferenceorsendrelatedorganizational chartsorpositiondescriptions.

FINDINGS
Thissectionofthereportincludesthetextoftheoriginalquestionsclusteredintorelatedthemes,a presentationoftheresultsforeachquestion,andashortdiscussionoftheimplicationsoftheresults.A longerdiscussionofthelargerpictureofdigitalpreservationstaffingprovidedbythesurveyfollowsinthe Analysissection. Themajorthemesare:

BackgroundInformation DigitalContent DigitalPreservationActivities DigitalPreservationOrganizationandStaffing StaffQualificationsandTraining CommentsaboutDigitalPreservationProgramStaffingandOrganization

Sinceamajorgoalofthesurveywasfindingouthowrepositorieswithdifferentcharacteristicswere currentlystaffed,whethertheyweresatisfiedwiththeircurrentstaffing,andwhattheywouldliketheir staffingmodeltolooklikeinthefuture,questionsfoundinseveralofthesectionscoverbothwhatwe haveandwhatwewant.Forexample,boththeDigitalPreservationOrganizationandStaffingand

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StaffQualificationsandTrainingsectionsofthisreportshedlightonboththepresentsituationandthe desiredfutureinthisway.

Background Information
Afteranintroductorysection(Q1),thesurveystartedwithgeneralbackgroundquestionstoprovidean understandingofthetypesoforganizationsthatwererespondingtothesurvey. Q2(Required)Whatisthenameofyourorganization? Q3Canweincludethenameofyourorganizationinalistoforganizationsthatrespondedtothis survey?Knowingspecificrespondingorganizationsmaybehelpfultopeopleinterpretingthesurvey results.Ifyouagreetothiswewillstillmakeourbestefforttoprotectyourindividualsurvey responsessothatnoonewillbeabletoconnectyourresponseswithyouoryourorganization. Q4(Required)Whichofthefollowingmostcloselydescribesthetypeorfunctionofyour organization? Q5Inwhichcountrydoyoureside? Q22Pleaseprovideyourcontactinformationifyouarewillingtorespondtofollowupquestions. Thenameoftheorganization(Q2)wasrequiredbecauseitwasimportanttoknowthattherewasonlyone responsefromeachorganization.Theseorganizationalnameswerenotsharedunlessrespondents specificallygavepermission(Q3).Contactinformationwasalsorequestedforfollowupquestionsif organizationswerewillingtoprovideit(Q22). Asexpected,themajority(86%)oftherespondentswerefromtheUnitedStates.Responsesalsocame fromAustralia(1),Canada(4),Denmark(1),Estonia(1),Germany(1),Ireland(1),Japan(1),Netherlands(2), Switzerland(1),andUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(1). AsshowninFigure1,thehighestpercentageofrespondentsrepresentedacademiclibrariesorarchives (45%)followedbygovernmententities(11%)andpubliclibraries(10%).Fewerthan5%oftherespondents werefromindependentlibrariesorarchives;universities;academicinstitutiondepartmentsotherthana libraryorarchive;researchdatarepositories;nonprofitorganizations(notoneofthelistedtypes); national,federal,orlegaldepositlibraries;nationallibraries(mentionedunderOther);nationalresearch infrastructureinstitutions(mentionedunderOther);forprofitcorporations,historicalsocieties;botanic gardens(mentionedunderOther);andpublicmediainstitutionsandtradeassociations(mentioned underOther).

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Figure1:Typesoforganizationsrepresentedbyrespondents

Digital Content
Additionalquestionsdesignedtoelicitinformationaboutthescopeofpreservationeffortsfocusedonthe amountofdigitalcontenteachorganizationwaspreservingandexpectedtobepreservinginthenear future. Q6Howmuchonlineorofflinestoragespaceareyouusingforyourdigitalcontent,notincluding backupcopies? Q7Whatdoyouexpectthepercentofgrowthtobeofyourpreserveddigitalcontentoverthe nextyear?Pleaseenteranumberrepresentingapercentage. Q8Roughlyhowmuchofeachareyoupreservingintermsofnumberoffiles?(None,alittle, some,alot) Surveyresults(seeFigure2)showthatoverhalfoftherespondents(59%)werepreserving150TBof digitalcontent;32%werepreserving51500TB;asmallnumber(4%)werepreservingover500TB;anda smallnumberofrespondentswerenotyetpreservingdigitalcontentorwerepreservingover500TB.

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Figure2:Amountofcontentorganizationswerepreserving

Whileitisimportantininterpretingthesurveyresultstoknowtheamountofcontentorganizationswere preserving,itisalsoimportanttoknowtheamountofcontentgrowththeywereexpectinginthenear future.Thesurvey(Q7)askedforanestimateofthepercentgrowthofpreserveddigitalcontentexpected overthenextyear.AsshowninFigure3,68%expecteduptoa49%contentincrease,12%expecteda50 99%contentincrease,and20%expectedatleasta100%contentincrease(atleastadoublingofcontent). Ofthoseexpectingcontenttoatleastdouble,mostorganizations(76%)held150TBofcontent.

Figure3:Expectedpercentgrowthinpreservedcontent

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Itisalsohelpfultounderstandthetypesandvarietyofdigitalformatsorganizationswerepreserving.The surveyaskedrespondentstospecifyandroughlyquantifytheformatstheywerepreserving(Q8).The qualitativeresponseoptions(Alot,some,alittle,none)werechosentoelicittheoveralldominanceof typesofcontentwithineachcollection,regardlessofthesizeofthecollectionortheexactnumberoffiles orpercentageofstoragespaceusedforeach.Figure4showstheresultsbyresponsecount.Imagesand textdocumentsmadeupthemajorityofdigitalfilesbeingpreserved;however,otherformatssuchasaudio andvideo,datasets,andGISdatacollectivelymadeupalargecollectionofdigitalcontentthatmustbe managedbytherespondingorganizations.

Figure4:Typesofcontentbyresponsecount(multipleitemscouldbeselectedbyeachrespondent)

Digital Preservation Activities

Tounderstandhoworganizationsdefineddigitalpreservationandhowtheymanagedthesefunctions,the surveyaskedquestionsaboutparticipationincooperativeefforts,thetypesofactivitiesrespondents consideredinscopefordigitalpreservation,andwhichoftheseweredoneinhouseoroutsourced. Q9Doyouparticipateinanydigitalpreservationconsortialorcooperativeefforts? Q10Whichoftheseactivitiesareconsideredpartofthescopeofthedigitalpreservationfunction atyourorganization,whetherornotyouhaveimplementedthisactivityyet?Checkallthatapply. Q11Whichoftheseactivitiesareyoucurrentlydoinginhouseand/oroutsourcing?Ifyouhavent implementedanactivityyet,leaveitunchecked. Q12Whichoftheseactivitieswouldyouliketooutsource?Alsoincludeanyactivitiesthatyouare alreadyoutsourcingandwouldliketocontinueoutsourcing.

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Thesurveyaskedrespondentsaboutwhatactivitieseachorganizationconsideredpartofdigital preservationwithintheirorganization(Q10).Choicesincluded:

Selectionforpreservation Digitization Metadatacreation/extraction Descriptivecataloging Transformation/migrationofformats Creationofaccesscopies Normalizationoffiles Fixitychecks Fileformatidentification Fileformatvalidation Emulation Contentreplication Securestoragemanagement Technologywatch Developmentandmaintenanceoftools Preservationplanning Developmentofpreservationpoliciesandstrategy Developmentofguidelinesforcontentcreators Research Preservationeducation,trainingandoutreach

Figure5:Inscopedigitalpreservationactivities

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Figure5showsthateverythingonthelistwasinscopeforoverhalfoftherespondentswiththeexception ofemulation,whichwasonlyinscopefor22%.Thisdemonstratesthecomplexityofdigitalpreservation anditsmultifacetednature,underscoringthefactthatavarietyofskillsareneededtoaddressdigital preservationissues. WhileQ10askedwhichactivitiesrespondentsconsideredtobepartofdigitalpreservation,afollowup question(Q11)askedrespondentswhichoftheseactivitieswerecurrentlybeingdoneinhouseor outsourced(notethatrespondentswereonlypresentedwiththeoptionsthattheyselectedinQ10aspart ofthedigitalpreservationscopeattheirinstitutions).

Figure6:Percentofdigitalpreservationactivitiesdoneinhouseandoutsourced AsFigure6shows,themajorityofdigitalpreservationfunctionswerebeingdoneinhouse.Wherethese functionswereinscopefordigitalpreservationatrespondentsinstitutions,100%wereconducting preservationplanning,developingguidelinesforcontentcreators,andmakingselectionsforpreservation inhouse.Over90%werealsoconductingthesefunctionsinhouse:developingpreservationpoliciesand

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strategies;fileformatidentification,validationandnormalization;descriptivecataloging;preservation education,trainingandoutreach;andtechnologywatches. Notsurprisingly,thehighestfunctionbeingoutsourcedwasdigitization(37%),although63%werealso doingitinhouse.Otherfunctionsoutsourcedbymorethan15%oftherespondentsforthisquestion includedsecurestoragemanagement(22%),creationofaccesscopies(20%),contentreplication(17%), developmentandmaintenanceoftools(17%),emulation(17%)andmetadatacreation/extraction(16%). Whenrespondentswereaskedwhichfunctionstheirorganizationswouldliketooutsource(Q12),including functionsalreadybeingoutsourcedthatwouldcontinuetobeoutsourced,digitization(65%),secure storagemanagement(43%),fileformatmigration/transformations(34%),metadataextraction(32%),and thedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftools(29%)wereatthetopofthelist(seeFigure7).Asbefore, respondentswereonlypresentedwiththeoptionsthattheyselectedinQ10asinscopeforthedigital preservationfunctionattheirinstitutions.

Figure7:Functionsrespondentswouldliketooutsource Respondentswerealsoaskediftheyparticipatedindigitalpreservationconsortiaorothercooperative efforts(Q9).Thisresponsewasa54%/46%yes/nosplit.Thosewhoansweredyeswereaskedtolistthe nameoftheconsortiumorcooperative.Answersincludednational,regionalandlocalorganizationssuchas HathiTrust,LOCKSS,MetaArchive,NDSA/NDIIPP,PeDALS,localdigitallibrariesandmanymore organizationsandinitiatives.Somewerecontentspecificwhileothersweremoregeneral.

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Participationinconsortiadidnotseemtobecorrelatedwiththeamountofcontentanorganizationwas preserving.Resultsshowthatoforganizationsstoringbetween101500TB,elevenparticipatedinconsortia andsixdidnot,whileorganizationswithunder101TBorover500TBhadroughlythesamerateof participationasnonparticipationinconsortia.Itwouldbeinterestingtoknowiforganizationsbelievethat theirparticipationinconsortiaorcooperativeeffortsmakesthembetterpreparedtocarefordigital materials.

Digital Preservation Organization and Staffing

Questionswereaskedtodetermineiforganizationshaddedicateddigitalpreservationdepartmentswithin theirorganizations,whichdepartment(s)tooktheleadwithdigitalpreservation,andiftheyweresatisfied withthewaydigitalpreservationfunctionswereorganizedwithintheirorganizations. Q13Isthereadedicateddigitalpreservationdepartmentwithinyourorganization?Ifyes,please indicatethenameofthedepartment. Q14Whichdepartment(s)taketheleadfordigitalpreservationwithinyourorganization?Ifthisis afairlyequallydistributedeffortchoosemorethanone. Q16Thewayourdigitalpreservationfunctioniscurrentlyorganized(staffinglevels,expertise, wheretheyareplacedwithinthelargerorganization)workswell. RespondingtoQ13,only33%ofrespondentshaddedicateddigitalpreservationdepartmentswithintheir organizations,while59%didnot.Eightpercentrespondedthatthequestionwasnotapplicabletotheir situations. Whenaskedwhichdepartment(s)tooktheleadfordigitalpreservationwithintheirorganizations(Q14), 73%respondedthatthesedutiesfellmostoftentoalibrary,archiveorotherdepartmentthatstewarded thecollections,and42%respondedthatitwasanITdepartment,asshowninFigure8.Notethat respondentscouldselectmorethanoneoptionforthisquestion.

Figure8:Department(s)leadingpreservationefforts
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Q16askedifthewaytheinstitutionsdigitalpreservationfunctionwascurrentlyorganized(staffinglevels, expertise,wheretheywereplacedwithinthelargerorganization)workedwell.Thegoodnewsisthat43% agreedorstronglyagreedthatthedigitalpreservationfunctionwithintheirorganizationswaswell organized;however,asignificantnumber,34%,werenotsatisfiedwithhowthingswereorganized,and 23%wereunsure(answeringNeitherAgreenorDisagree),asshowninFigure9.

Figure9:Levelofagreementthatthedigitalpreservationfunctionwasorganizedwellwithinthe organization Tobetterunderstandhoworganizationsstaffedthemselvesinregardstodigitalpreservation,organizations wereaskedhowmanyfulltimeequivalents(FTEs)theyhadforspecificpositionsorrolesrelatingtodigital preservationaswellaswhattheiridealnumberofFTEsforeachrolewouldbe.Thedifferencebetween thesetwovaluesshowshowcurrentstaffinglevelscomparedtorespondentsneeds/wants. Q15Foreachofthesepositions,howmanyFTEdoyoucurrentlyhavedoingdigitalpreservationin yourorganization,andhowmanywouldbeideal?FTEstandsforFulltimeequivalent.Forexample a1.0FTEcouldmeanonepersonfulltimeor2peoplehalftime;a0.5FTEcouldmeanoneperson halftimeor2peoplequartertime.Donotincludepeopledoingworkotherthandigital preservation.Pleaseusewholenumbersordecimalsasappropriate. Inevaluatingtheresponses,itwasfoundthatorganizationswouldliketohavealmosttwiceasmanyFTEs astheycurrentlyhadworkingondigitalpreservationactivities.Specificresultsforeachpositionareshown inFigure10.(Note:Thegraphbelowonlyincludesresponsesforwhichtherewerenoblankanswers.For example,ifaresponseforcurrentFTEswas2andthefieldforidealFTEswasleftblank,wecouldnot makeassumptionsregardingwhethertherespondentwashappywiththetwoFTEsandtheidealvalue shouldbethesameorwhethertherespondentwantedmoreorlesspeople.Similarlyifarespondentfilled

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intheidealFTEsbutleftthecurrentFTEscolumnblank,itwasnotrecordedinthegraphbelow;wecould notassumeablankanswerwaszero.)

Figure10:Currentvs.idealstaffing Tolearnabouthowandwherethedigitalpreservationfunctionfitwithinorganizationsuniquestructures, respondentswereaskedtoshareorganizationalchartsand/orapplicablepositiondescriptions: Q20Doyouhaveorganizationalchartsorpositiondescriptionsthatyoudbewillingtoshare?Any documentsyousharewouldprovidecontexttoyouranswersandwouldbekeptprivatetothe NDSAStandardsandPracticesWorkingGroupunlessyougiveusexplicitpermissioninthefutureto sharemorebroadly. Q21Iftheyareonline,whataretheURL(S)?Iftheyarenotonline,pleaseemailthis supplementarydatatondsa@loc.govwiththesubjectlineStaffingSurvey InresponsetoQ20,sixteenorganizationsindicatedthattheyhadandwerewillingtosharethistypeof information.InresponsetoQ21,eighteitherprovidedlinksorrespondedthattheywouldsendthe

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information.Thesmallnumberofresponsesmayshowthatthedocumentationofdigitalpreservation processeshasyettobeformalizedandthatinstitutionsarestilldevelopingtheseastwothirdsofsurvey respondentswerewillingtosharetheirowncontactinformationforfollowupquestions.

Staff Qualifications and Training

Questions17and18askedforthedesiredqualificationsofdigitalpreservationstaff,andwhether organizationshirednewstaffwithdigitalpreservationexperienceorretrainedexistingemployeesto managedigitalpreservationfunctions. Q17Forinhousestaff,didyouhireexperienceddigitalpreservationspecialistsand/orretrain existingstaff?Checkallthatapply. Q18Pleaseratetheimportanceofeachoftheseitemsifyouwerehiringanewdigital preservationmanageratyourorganization.

Figure11:Hiringnewstaffvs.trainingexistingstaff Understandingthatrespondentscouldselectmorethanoneanswer,wefoundthat75%retrainedexisting staff,35%hiredexperienceddigitalpreservationspecialists,and21%selectedother(seeFigure11). Explanationsintheothercategoryincludedhiringnewstaffwithcompetenceorotherexperienceand

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trainingthemondigitalpreservationskills,hiringspecialiststotrainstaff,andjustlearningtherequired skillsastheprocessesmovedforward. Giventhechancetohireanewdigitalpreservationmanager,organizationswereaskedtoranktherelative importanceofskills,knowledgeandeducation.Theycouldberankedasextremelyimportant,very important,somewhatimportant,somewhatunimportant,veryunimportant,ornotatallimportant. Apassionandmotivationfordigitalpreservationandknowledgeofdigitalpreservationstandards,best practicesandtoolswereconsideredthemostsoughtafterskills,followedbygeneralcommunicationand analyticalskills.Respondentswerelessconcernedwiththespecificdegreesorcertificatespeopleheld. Figures12and13belowbreakouttheresultsbywhatrespondentsconsideredthemostimportantandthe leastimportantqualificationsforadigitalpreservationmanager.

Figure12:Mostimportantqualificationsbypercentageofrespondents

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Figure13:Leastimportantqualificationsbypercentageofrespondents

Comments about Digital Preservation Program Staffing and Organization

Togiverespondentsachancetovoicetheiropinion,clarifyresults,orexplaintheirsituations,anopen endedquestionwasaskedaboutdigitalpreservationprograms.Twentyfiveorganizationsrespondedwith additionalcomments. Q19Isthereanythingelseyoudliketoshareaboutthewayyouthinkaneffectivedigital preservationprogramshouldbestaffedandorganized? Collaboration,bothwithinanorganizationandexternally,wasthemostfrequentlydiscussedtopic.Many organizationswerelookingforexamplesfromotherswhohadalreadyaddressedtheissuestheywere facing.Sharingexperiencescanbeafirststepincollaborating. Smallerorganizationswilldependoninternalandexternalcollaborations. Collaborative,multiinstitutionaleffortswillbeincreasinglycosteffectiveascontentdemands scaleup. Notsurprisingly,responsesalsoemphasizedtheimportanceofbuyinfromtheentireorganizationand budgetsustainability. Thereisagenerallackofunderstandingofthebudgetarydemandsondigitalcollectionsand preservationthatequal,andusuallyexceed,traditionalcollectiondevelopment.Thelightson costarerarely,ifever,discussedorbudgeted,thusdigitallibrariesandpreservationstypicallyare fundedwithleftovers.

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Commentsspecificallyaboutstaffingfocusedonhiringorhavingamainpersoninchargeofdigital preservationwithwhompeopleperformingdigitalpreservationtaskswouldallwork.Inmanycasesthese otherpeoplewouldbeinvariousdepartmentsacrosstheorganization. Idontthinkthisneedstobeabigstaffworkingsolelyondigitalpreservation,buthaveoneperson fulltimeandthenhavesystemsanddigitalcollectionspeoplecoordinatingwiththatperson. Otherresponsesfocusedonthechallengesofdecidinghowtoorganizestaffasdigitalpreservation programsatorganizationsdevelop.Onerespondentsaidthereisasignificantlydifferentstaffinglevelfor projectstartupandongoingmaintenance.AnothersaidOurdigitalpreservationeffortsarestillintheir infancy.Itisthereforequitedifficulttogaugewhatourfuturestaffingneedswillbe.Werecentlyhireda DigitalPreservationLibrarianandourresponseswouldlikelybequitedifferentoneyearfromnow.Future staffingneedswilldependonthesystemsandtoolswedecidetoimplement,andthebuyinweareableto obtainfromadministratorsinsupportofourlongtermgoals. Theresultingthemesandsimilarityofthecommentsshowthatorganizationsarenotaloneintheir concernsandchallenges.

ANALYSIS
Overall,theresultsoftheDigitalPreservationStaffingsurveyindicatethatorganizationsaremakingdo withwhattheyhaveandgenerallythinkthattheirdigitalpreservationprogramsandstaffingareworking well,buttheyfeeladistinctneedformorepeopletohelpdothework.Itwouldbeinterestingtocompare thenumberofadditionalpeopledesiredforthedigitalpreservationfunctionwiththeadditionalpeople desiredforotherfunctionsintheseorganizations.Isdigitalpreservationmoreunderstaffedthanother functions?Isthepoolofqualifiedapplicantssmaller?Itwasalsointerestingthatrelativelyfew organizationshadadedicateddigitalpreservationunit.Inmostcases,digitalpreservationwasashared responsibilityorwasassignedtoacustodialunitlikealibraryorarchivesinalargerinstitution. Therewasaninterestingrelationshipbetweentheresponsestodifferentquestions.Forexample,the organizationsthatreportedthegreatestanticipatedincreaseinthesizeoftheirholdings(>=50%)overthe nextyear(Q7)weretheleasthappywiththeircurrentstaffing(Q16)asshowninFigure14.Oneimagines thattheseorganizationsanticipateasignificantincreaseinworkloadandareconcernedabouthowthey willdotheworkwithexistingstaff.

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Figure14:Differenceinsatisfactionwithstaffingbetweentheinstitutionsexpectingaveryhighcontent growthrateandallsurveyrespondents[InresponsetoQ16,whichaskedorganizationstorankTheway ourdigitalpreservationfunctioniscurrentlyorganized(staffinglevels,expertise,wheretheyareplaced withinthelargerorganization)workswell.] Thefairlyhighpercentageofrespondentswhoansweredthattheircurrentdigitalpreservation organizationwasneitherworkingwellnornotworkingwell(i.e.answeredneitheragreenordisagreeto Q16)begsforfurtherwork.Itislikelythatthisresponsereflectsseveraldifferentsituations:some organizationsmayhavechosentheoptionsbecausesomethingsworkedwellandothersdidnt,some becausetheywerentsureyetwhatsuccesslookslike,andsomebecausetheircurrentsituationwas passable,butneitherreallygoodnorreallybad. ItisdifficulttoknowexactlyhowtointerprettheinterrelatedresponsestoQ10,Q11,andQ12.Question10 askedwhetheralonglistoffunctionswasconsideredinscopefordigitalpreservation,andQ11andQ12 askedwhichfunctionsweredoneinhouseoroutsourced,orwhichtheorganizationwouldliketo outsource.ThephrasingofQ10putthefocusonhowtheorganizationdefinedthedigitalpreservation function,notwhichofthosefunctionstheyconsideredimportantorwhichtheyperformed.Forexample,in someorganizations,thecreationofaccesscopiesmightbeconsideredanaccessfunctionratherthana preservationfunction.Itmighthavebeeninterestingforthesurveytoelicitwhetherthatfunctionwas doneinhouseoroutsourced,regardlessofwhetherornotitwasconsideredpartofdigitalpreservation. Theresponsesaboutwhatshouldbedoneinhouseversusoutsourcedhelpindicatewhatareconsidered corepreservationfunctionsthatmustbetheresponsibilityoftheorganizationitself.Ingeneral,planning andpolicymakingactivitiesareleastlikelytobeoutsourced;theyareviewedascorefunctionsofthe organization,whichmakessense.Implementationtasksinvolvedincarryingoutpreservationpoliciesand plans,whilestilldoneofteninhouse,aremorelikelytobeoutsourcedastheseprocessescanoftenbe standardizedandperhapsdonemorecheaplybyspecialists.Forexample,thetaskofdigitizationis

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currentlydoneinhousebyover90%ofrespondents,butoutsourcingdigitizationisalsowellaccepted; outsourcingstoragemanagementisdesiredbyover40%oforganizations. Theskillsetdesiredforadigitalpreservationmanagerhasinterestingimplicationsfordigitalpreservation education.Thepersoninchargeofdigitalpreservationataninstitutionshouldbecommittedand knowledgeableaboutstandards,butmanyoftheirhighlydesiredskillsaretheskillsofanyeffective managerandcollaborator.Thesurveydidnotaskaboutthedesiredskillsforlowerlevelpositions; presumablythemixofmanagerialandtechnicalskillswouldbedifferentformoretechnicalpositions.

RELATEDWORK
Overthepastfewyearsseveralsurveysandstudieshavesoughttoanswerquestionssimilartothoseasked intheNDSAStaffingSurvey. InEurope,asurveybyEngelhardtetal. 7 fortheDigitalCurationVocationalEducationEurope(DigCurV) projectfocusedondigitalpreservationandcurationtrainingneeds.Itincludedquestionsaboutthenumber ofdigitalpreservationstaffintheorganization,hiringofnewdigitalpreservationstaff,trainingexisting staff,andtherelativeimportanceofparticularskills.ThemajorityoftherespondentscamefromEurope: only56respondentscamefromtheUS.Incomparison,themajorityoftheNDSAstaffingsurveys respondentswerefromtheUS. Similarly,arecentsurveyconductedbytheAllianceforPermanentAccesstotheRecordsofScience Network(APARSEN) 8 includedaquestiononthenumberofpeopledoingdigitalpreservationwork.Their surveywasaimedatresearchlibrariesinEurope,whiletheNDSAstaffingsurveywastargetedtowardmany differenttypesoforganizations,andprimarilyintheUS. AsurveybyNelsonetal. 9 fortheAssociationofResearchLibraries(ARL)askedaboutthenumberofstaff andhownewstaffwereidentifiedorrecruited.However,thefocusoftheirquerywasdifferent.TheARL questionsappliedtostaffcollectingaswellasmanagingdigitalmaterial,andthatsurveyrestrictedthe materialtoborndigitalcontent.TheNDSAstaffingsurveyfocusedondigitalpreservationstaffingonlyand appliedtoalldigitalcontenttheorganizationwaspreserving,notjustborndigitalcontent. FinallyKimetal. 10 investigatedjobannouncementswithinacademiclibrariestoidentifycompetencies requiredfordigitalcurationpositions.

Engelhardt,C.,Strathmann,S.&McCadden,K.(2012).Reportandanalysisofthesurveyoftrainingneeds.Retrieved6/8, 2012,fromhttp://www.digcureducation.org/eng/Resources/Reportandanalysisonthetrainingneedssurvey. 8 APARSEN(2013).D36.1BusinessPreparednessReport.RetrievedApril23,2012,from http://www.alliancepermanentaccess.org/wpcontent/uploads/downloads/2013/03/APARSENREPD36_1011_0.pdf 9 Nelson,N.,Shaw,S.,Ghering,C.,Schmidt,L.,Belden,M.,Esposito,J.,Pyatt,T.,Deromedi,N.andShallcross,M.(2012) SPECSurveyonManagingBornDigitalSpecialCollectionsandArchivalMaterials.RetrievedJune8,2012,from http://www.arl.org/stats/specsurveys/index.shtml 10 Kim,J.,Warga,E.,andMoenW.(2012).Digitalcurationintheacademiclibraryjobmarket.ASIST2012,October2831, 2012;Baltimore,MD.RetrievedApril23,2012,fromhttps://www.asis.org/asist2012/proceedings/Submissions/283.pdf

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WhilethesesurveysdifferfromtheNDSAsurveyinvariousways,itwouldbeinterestingtodoamorein depthanalysisofthefindingsforcomparisonpurposes.

NEXTSTEPS
TheNDSADigitalPreservationStaffingSurveyprojectteamisplanningseveralactivitiestowrapupitswork onthissurveyandfollowupontheinformationgathered. Theprojectteamisencouragingreuseofthesurveyquestionsinotherenvironments.Recognizingthe preponderanceofUnitedStatesrespondentstotheNDSAsurvey,itwouldbeworthwhiletocirculateit amongotherpreservationcommunities,forexampleinEurope,sothattheresponsescouldbecompared. Theprojectteamplanstorepeatthesurveyinacoupleofyearstoseeifanychangecanbedetectedas digitalpreservationprogramsmatureandasmoreorganizationsselfidentifyasbeingengagedindigital preservation.(TheincreasingmembershipintheNDSAitselfoverthelastyearisanindicationthatthenext surveymayreachmoreorganizations.) Whilerepeatingquestionsexactlywillguaranteethatresponsestoaquestionovertimearecomparable, thereareafewquestionsthattheteamwillconsiderclarifyingevenattheriskofmuddyingfuture comparison.Forexample,thechoicesavailableinQ4todescribethetypeoforganizationsrespondingto thesurveywereapparentlynotclearormutuallyexclusive.Anumberoforganizationschooseother whentheteambelievedtheycouldhavechosenalistedcategory.Itmayalsobehelpfultoclarifytheintent ofQ10aboutthescopeofdigitalpreservationinanorganization,andtherelationshipbetweenQ10and Q11andQ12withrespecttooutsourcing. Perhapstheteamwillalsofollowuponfunctionsthatanorganizationperforms,butthatarenot consideredwithinthedomainofdigitalpreservationinthatorganization.Thesurveycollectedseveral commentsfromrespondentsindicatingthatitwasdifficultforthemtoanswerthequestionabouttheroles andnumberoffulltimeequivalentstaffdoingdigitalpreservation.Somesaid,forexample,thatbecause titlesarenotuniformlyrelatedtotasksacrossinstitutions,thesamebasicjobcouldbedonebypeoplewith quitedifferenttitles.Similarly,ifajobwasperformedbutnotconsideredinscopeofthedigital preservationfunction,howshouldanorganizationanswerthisquestion?

CONCLUSION
TheNDSADigitalPreservationStaffingSurveyestablishedausefulbaselinedescriptionofhow85 organizationsinvolvedindigitalpreservationin2012,mainlyintheUnitedStates,addressedstaffing, scopingandorganizationalquestions.Inparticular,thesurveyansweredquestionsabouthowinstitutions definedthescopeofthedigitalpreservationfunction,organizedandhiredortrainedstaff,andconducted theirworkinhouseorthroughoutsourcingorcollaborativerelationships.Althoughthissurveyonlyasked abouttypesandvolumeofdigitalmaterialbeingpreservedtosetthecontextforstaffingand organizationalquestions,thenatureofthecollectionsandtheirexpectedgrowthratearesignificant

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findingsinthemselves.Futuresurveyscanfollowuponthe2012surveytolookfortrendsovertimeasthe fieldanddigitalpreservationprogramsmature.

REFERENCES
APARSEN(2013).D36.1BusinessPreparednessReport.RetrievedApril23,2012,from http://www.alliancepermanentaccess.org/wpcontent/uploads/downloads/2013/03/APARSENREPD36_1 011_0.pdf Engelhardt,C.,Strathmann,S.&McCadden,K.(2012).Reportandanalysisofthesurveyoftrainingneeds. Retrieved6/8,2012,fromhttp://www.digcureducation.org/eng/Resources/Reportandanalysisonthe trainingneedssurvey. Kim,J.,Warga,E.,andMoenW.(2012).Digitalcurationintheacademiclibraryjobmarket.ASIST2012, October2831,2012;Baltimore,MD.RetrievedApril23,2012,from https://www.asis.org/asist2012/proceedings/Submissions/283.pdf NDSAStandardsandPracticesWorkingGroup(2012).WhosMindingthe(Data)Store?Resultsofthe NDSADigitalPreservationStaffingSurvey.PosterpresentedatiPRES2012attheUniversityofToronto http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsa/documents/NDSAstaffsurveyposteripres2012.pdf NationalDigitalStewardshipAlliance(NSDA).StandardsandPracticesWorkingGroup.SurveyofStaffing PracticesandNeedsRelatedtoDigitalPreservation,2012.ICPSR34901v1.AnnArbor,MI:Interuniversity ConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearch[distributor],20131001.doi:10.3886/ICPSR34901.v1 Nelson,N.,Shaw,S.,Ghering,C.,Schmidt,L.,Belden,M.,Esposito,J.,Pyatt,T.,Deromedi,N.andShallcross, M.(2012).SPECSurveyonManagingBornDigitalSpecialCollectionsandArchivalMaterials.RetrievedJune 8,2012,fromhttp://www.arl.org/stats/specsurveys/index.shtml Pilette,R.(2012,June6).digitalpreservationposition[Electronicmailinglistmessage]digital preservation@jiscmail.ac.uk.Retrievedfromhttps://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgibin/webadmin?A2=digital preservation;c0dea43.1206 Qualtrics.Qualtrics.com|SophisticatedResearchMadeSimple.http://www.qualtrics.com.Accessed September26,2013. SPSSstatisticalsoftware:http://www01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/.AccessedSeptember26,2013.

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APPENDIXASURVEYQUESTIONS
Q1.ThissurveywascreatedbytheStandardsandPracticesWorkingGroupoftheNationalDigital StewardshipAlliance(NDSA).IfyouwouldliketolearnabouttheNDSA,includinghowyourinstitutioncan becomeamember,pleaseseetheNDSAwebsite(http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsa/). Thissurveyisintendedfororganizationsthatarecurrentlyresponsiblefordigitalpreservation,whether thatresponsibilityisfulfilledinhouseoroutsourcedtoacommercial,nonprofit,orconsortialprovider.It willbeusedtounderstandcurrentandidealpracticeinstaffingdigitalpreservationprograms. Onlyoneresponseshouldbesubmittedperorganization. Wewillmakeourbestefforttoprotectyourindividualsurveyresponsessothatnoonewillbeableto connectyourresponseswithyouoryourorganization.Anypersonalinformationthatcouldidentifyyouor yourorganizationwillberemovedorchangedbeforeresultsaremadepublic.Wewillcombineyour responseswiththeresponsesofothersandmaketheaggregatedresultspublic,andpreservethe anonymousdatalongtermforresearchpurposes. Pleaseemailanyquestionstondsa@loc.govwiththesubjectlineStaffingSurvey. Allquestionsareoptionalunlessotherwisenoted. Q2.(Required)Whatisthenameofyourorganization? Q3.Canweincludethenameofyourorganizationinalistoforganizationsthatrespondedtothissurvey? Knowingspecificrespondingorganizationsmaybehelpfultopeopleinterpretingthesurveyresults. Ifyouagreetothiswewillstillmakeourbestefforttoprotectyourindividualsurveyresponsessothatno onewillbeabletoconnectyourresponseswithyouoryourorganization. Q4.(Required)Whichofthefollowingmostcloselydescribesthetypeorfunctionofyourorganization? Q5.Inwhichcountrydoyoureside? Q6.Howmuchonlineorofflinestoragespaceareyouusingforyourdigitalcontent,notincludingbackup copies? Q7.Whatdoyouexpectthepercentofgrowthtobeofyourpreserveddigitalcontentoverthenextyear? Pleaseenteranumberrepresentingapercentage. Q8.Roughlyhowmuchofeachareyoupreservingintermsofnumberoffiles? Q9.Doyouparticipateinanydigitalpreservationconsortialorcooperativeefforts? Q10.Whichoftheseactivitiesareconsideredpartofthescopeofthedigitalpreservationfunctionatyour organization,whetherornotyouhaveimplementedthisactivityyet?Checkallthatapply.

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Q11.Whichoftheseactivitiesareyoucurrentlydoinginhouseand/oroutsourcing?Ifyouhavent implementedanactivityyet,leaveitunchecked. Q12.Whichoftheseactivitieswouldyouliketooutsource?Alsoincludeanyactivitiesthatyouarealready outsourcingandwouldliketocontinueoutsourcing. Q13.Isthereadedicateddigitalpreservationdepartmentwithinyourorganization? Q14.Whichdepartment(s)taketheleadfordigitalpreservationwithinyourorganization?Ifthisisafairly equallydistributedeffortchoosemorethanone. Q15.Foreachofthesepositions,howmanyFTEdoyoucurrentlyhavedoingdigitalpreservationinyour organization,andhowmanywouldbeideal?FTEstandsforFulltimeequivalent.Forexamplea1.0FTE couldmeanonepersonfulltimeor2peoplehalftime;a0.5FTEcouldmeanonepersonhalftimeor2 peoplequartertime.Donotincludepeopledoingworkotherthandigitalpreservation.Pleaseusewhole numbersordecimalsasappropriate. Q16.Thewayourdigitalpreservationfunctioniscurrentlyorganized(staffinglevels,expertise,wherethey areplacedwithinthelargerorganization)workswell. Q17.Forinhousestaff,didyouhireexperienceddigitalpreservationspecialistsand/orretrainexisting staff?Checkallthatapply. Q18.Pleaseratetheimportanceofeachoftheseitemsifyouwerehiringanewdigitalpreservation manageratyourorganization. Q19.Isthereanythingelseyoudliketoshareaboutthewayyouthinkaneffectivedigitalpreservation programshouldbestaffedandorganized? Q20.Doyouhaveorganizationalchartsorpositiondescriptionsthatyoudbewillingtoshare?Any documentsyousharewouldprovidecontexttoyouranswersandwouldbekeptprivatetotheNDSA StandardsandPracticesWorkingGroupunlessyougiveusexplicitpermissioninthefuturetosharemore broadly. Q21.Iftheyareonline,whataretheURL(s)?Iftheyarenotonline,pleaseemailthissupplementarydata tondsa@loc.govwiththesubjectlineStaffingSurvey Q22.Pleaseprovideyourcontactinformationifyouarewillingtorespondtofollowupquestions.

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APPENDIXBPOSTER:IPRES2012ATTHEUNIVERSITYOFTORONTO

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