UJI HIPOTESIS K SAMPEL

INDEPENDENT
IGNYH
CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN
MAHASISWA MENGUASAI KONSEP DAN MELAKUKAN
PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS K SAMPEL INDEPENDENT
MAHASISWA MAMPU MENYELESAIKAN PERMASALAHAN
DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI MENGGUNAKAN
PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS K SAMPEL INDEPENDENT
 OUTLINE

UJI CHI-SQUARE PERLUASAN UJI MEDIAN

UJI KRUSKAL WALLIS

UJI CHI-SQUARE
DESKRIPSI UMUM
Uji Chi-square k sampel digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis
komparatif lebih dari dua sampel atau untuk memeriksa apakah
sampel-sampel yang diambil secara acak variabelnya berasal
dari populasi yang homogen

Uji ini digunakan jika frekuensi-frekuensi dalam kategori

diskrit, baik nominal maupun ordinal dan merupakan perluasan
langsung dari uji Chi-Square untuk dua sampel independen
HOMOGENITY TEST

HOMOGENEITY MEANS “SAME DISTRIBUTION”

Used to test whether the data in separate columns or rows come
from the same population
Done by looking at the differences in data and whether they are
consistent
CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR
HOMOGENEITY
Appropriate when the following conditions are met:

1. Observed counts are from independently selected random samples or

subjects in an experiment are randomly assigned to treatment groups.

2. The sample sizes are large. The sample size is large

enough for the chi-square test for homogeneity if
every expected count is at least 5.
If some expected counts are less than 5, rows or columns
of the table may be combined to achieve a table with
satisfactory expected counts.
 CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR
HOMOGENEITY
Hypothesis:
H0: the population (or treatment) category proportions are
the same for all the populations (or treatments)

Ha: the population (or treatment) category proportions are

not all the same for all the populations (or treatments)

Associated P-value: The P-value associated with the computed test

statistic value is the area to the right of X 2 under the chi-square curve with
df = (no. of rows – 1)(no. of cols. – 1)
CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR
HOMOGENEITY
• 

When the conditions above are met and the null hypothesis
is true, the X 2 statistic has a chi-square distribution with
df = (number of rows – 1)(number of columns – 1)
A study was conducted to determine if collegiate soccer
players had in increased risk of concussions over other
athletes or students. The two-way frequency table below
displays the number of previous concussions for students
in independently selected random samples of 91 soccer
players, 96 non-soccer athletes, and 53 non-athletes.
Number of Concussions
3 or
0 1 2 Total
more
Soccer Players 45 25 11 10 91
Non-Soccer Players 68 15 8 5 96
Non-Athletes 45 5 3 0 53
Total 158 45 22 15 240

This is univariate categorical data -

number of concussions - from 3
independent samples.
A study was conducted to determine if collegiate soccer
players had in increasedCombine
risk of concussions
the categoryover other
values “2
athletes or students. Theconcussions”
two-way frequency table
and “3 or morebelow
displays the number of previous concussions
concussions” for category
to create the students
in independently selectedvalue
random samples
“2 or of 91 soccer
more concussions)
players, 96 non-soccer athletes, and 53 non-athletes.
Observed (Expected) Number of Concussions
3 or
(91*158)/240 = 59.9 0 1 2 Total
more
Soccer Players 45 (59.9) 25 (17.1) 11 (8.3) 10 (5.7) 91
Non-Soccer Players 68 (63.2) 15 (18.0) 8 (8.8) 5 (6.0) 96
Non-Athletes 45 (34.9) 5 (10.0) 3 (4.9) 0 (3.3) 53
Total 158 45 22 15 240

The expected counts are shown in

parentheses. Notice that two of the
expected counts are less than 5.
Risky Soccer Continued . . .
Number of Concussions
2 or
0 1 Total
more
Soccer Players 45 (59.9) 25 (17.1) 21 (14.0) 91
Non-Soccer Players 68 (63.2) 15 (18.0) 13 (14.8) 96
Non-Athletes 45 (34.9) 5 (10.0) 3 (8.2) 53
Total 158 45 37 240

Hypotheses:
H0: Proportions in each head injury category are the same
for all three groups.
Ha: The head injury category proportions are
not all the same for all three groups.
RISKY SOCCER CONTINUED . . . TEST
STATISTIC
Observed (Expected) Number of Concussions
2 or
0 1 Total
more
Soccer Players 45 (59.9) 25 (17.1) 21 (14.0) 91
Non-Soccer Players 68 (63.2) 15 (18.0) 13 (14.8) 96
Non-Athletes 2 45 (34.9) 5 (10.0) 3 (8.2) 53
(45  59.9)
Total  3.71 158 45 37 240
59.9
Number of Concussions
Cell-by-cell chi-square 2 or
0 1
test statistic values more
Soccer Players 3.71 3.65 3.50

Non-Soccer Players 0.36 0.50 0.22 df=(3-1)*(3-1)=4

Non-Athletes 2.92 2.50 3.30

  3.71  3.65  3.50  .36  .50  .22  2.92  2.5  3.3  20.66
2
 Risky Soccer Continued . . . P-value
 

 0.05
2
with 4 d.f.  9.49

P-value: P(24df > 20.66); P-value < 0.001

0.05

0
Do not
reject H0
Reject H0
20.66 2
20.05=9.49
 RISKY SOCCER CONTINUED . . . CONCLUSION
P-value < 0.001. Because the P-value is less than 0.05,
H0 is rejected.

There is strong evidence that the proportions in the head

injury categories are not the same for the three groups.
How do they differ? Check cell residuals.

cell residual:
(obs  exp) Number of Concussions
Residuals 2 or
exp 0 1
(obs-exp)/√(exp) more
(45  59.9) Soccer Players -1.93 1.91 1.87
Non-Soccer Players 0.60 -0.71 -0.47
59.9 Non-Athletes 1.71 -1.58 -1.82
AVOID THESE COMMON MISTAKES
1. Don’t confuse tests for homogeneity with tests for
independence. The hypotheses and conclusions are
different for the two types of test.

Tests for homogeneity are used when the individuals in

each of two or more independent samples are classified
according to a single categorical variable.

Tests for independence are used when individuals in a

single sample are classified according to two categorical
variables.
AVOID THESE COMMON MISTAKES
2. Remember that a hypothesis test can never show strong
support for the null hypothesis.
For example, if you do not reject the null hypothesis in a chi-square
test for independence, you cannot conclude that there is convincing
evidence that the variables are independent. You can only say that
you were not convinced that there is an association between the
variables.
AVOID THESE COMMON MISTAKES
3. Be sure that the conditions for the chi-square test are
met.

P-values based on the chi-square distribution are only

approximate, and if the large sample condition is not met,
the actual P-value may be quite different from the
approximate one based on the chi-square distribution.

Also, for the chi-square test of homogeneity, the

assumption of independent samples is particularly
important.
AVOID THESE COMMON MISTAKES
4. Don’t jump to conclusions about causation. Just as a
strong correlation between two numerical variables
does not mean that there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between them, an association between two
categorical variables does not imply a causal
relationship.
PERLUASAN UJI
MEDIAN
Perluasan uji median ini menentukan apakah k kelompok saling bebas ditarik
dari populasi yang sama atau dari populasi yang bermedian yag sama
Data yang disyaratkan dalam uji ini diukur dalam skala ordinal
Langkah-langkah

 
1. tentukan median bersama skor-skor dalam k kelompokn
2. bubuhkan tanda + untuk semua skor di atas median itu dan tanda - untuk semua skor di bawah median
tuangkan frekuensi-frekuensi yang didapat ke dalam tabel kx2. Jika dimunginkan untuk membagi dua skor-
skor secara tepat pada median bersama, maka tiap-tiap nilai adalah 0.5 x jumlah pinggir untuk kolomnya.

3. Berdasarkan data di atas, hitunglah

4. Bandingkan nilai hitung di atas dengan nilai tabel dengan derajat bebas k-1
Yanti, seorang produk manajer yang menangani penjualan produk reksadana pada sebuah bank sedang
melakukan analisis mengenai preferensi nasabah dalam berbagai golongan usia akan produk reksadana.
Sesuai dengan teori, seharusnya, nasabah dengan usia yang lebih muda akan lebih menyukai produk yang
lebih berisiko seperti reksadana saham, selanjutnya berturut-turut reksadana campuran obligasi dan terakhir
reksadana pasar uang untuk investor yang tergolong sudah berumur. Yanti merasa perlu menganalisis hal ini
untuk meihat apakah benar distribusi kepemilikan nasabahnya mengikuti aturan teori tersebut di atas atau
tidak, karena jika Ia tahu persis perbedaan selera diantara para nasabah maka Ia akan dapat memilih
kombinasi strategi pemasaran yang lebih tepat dan efisien pada masing-masing golongan nasabah. Untuk
keperluan ini, maka Yanti membagi nasabah dalam empat kelompok umur, yaitu dibawah 40 tahun, 40-45
tahun, 45-56 tahun, dan di atas 56 tahun. Selanjutnya, atas nasabah-nasabah tersebut Yanti akan melihat
komposisi kepemilikan redaksana saham, campuran, Oblingasi dan pasar uang, berikut data yang
diperolehnya:
 Dominan Dominan Dominan Dominan
Golongan Umur Jumlah
Saham Campuran Obligasi Pasar Uang

<40 Tahun 75 52 31 28 186

40-50 Tahun 58 62 49 30 199

50-60 Tahun 26 48 66 60 200

>60 Tahun 24 37 51 63 175

Jumlah 183 199 197 181 760

 
Hipotesis untuk kasus diatas sebagai berikut:

Tidak ada perbedaan dominasi kepemilikan reksadana pada berbagai golongan umur.

Terdapat perbedaan dominasi kepemilikan reksadana pada berbagai golongan umur.

 Dominan Dominan Pasar
Dominan Saham Dominan Obligasi
Golongan Umur Campuran Uang Jumlah

               

<40 Tahun 75 44.79 52 48.70 31 48.21 28 44.30 186

40-50 Tahun 58 47.92 62 52.11 49 51.58 30 47.39 199

50-60 Tahun 26 48.16 48 52.37 66 51.84 60 47.63 200

>60 Tahun 24 42.14 37 45.82 51 45.36 63 41.68 175

Jumlah 183 183 199 199 197 197 181 181 760
 Dominan Saham Dominan Campuran Dominan Obligasi Dominan Pasar Uang

Golongan
Jml
Umur

                       

<40 Tahun 75 44.79 20.382 52 48.70 0.223 31 48.21 6.145 28 44.30 5.996 186

40-50 Tahun 58 47.92 2.122 62 52.11 1.878 49 51.58 0.129 30 47.39 6.383 199

50-60 Tahun 26 48.16 10.195 48 52.37 0.364 66 51.84 3.866 60 47.63 3.212 200

>60 Tahun 24 42.14 7.807 37 45.82 1.699 51 45.36 0.701 63 41.68 10.909 175

Jumlah 183 183  40.506 199 199  4.165 197 197  10.842 181 181  26.500 760
 
Sehingga statistik adalah:

Derajat bebas
dengan derajat bebas 9 dan adalah 16,92. Karena atau maka tolak .
Kesimpulan memang terdapat perbedaan dominasi kepemilikan produk reksadana per
golongan umur nasabah.