4th International Junior Science Olympiad

Practical Examination December 08, 2007

Important emar!"

1. While you are in the laboratory, you should wear safety spectacles at all times. 2. Eating of any kind of food is strictly prohibited in the laboratory. If necessary you may ask Lab Assistant and take a snack break nearby the laboratory. . !he safety showers are located inside the bathroom on both side of the stage. ". #articipants are e$pected to work safely, to beha%e socially and to keep e&uipment and work en%ironment clean. When carrying out discussions with your teammates, keep your %oice low. '. (o not lea%e the e$amination laboratory until you ha%e permission to do so. Ask Lab Assistant if you need to use the bathroom. #$ %or! may only be&in 'hen the "tart "i&nal i" &i(en$ ). *ou ha%e 4$) hour" +including e$tra , min reading time- to complete the e$perimental task, and record your results on the answer sheets. !here will be a pre.warning , minutes before the end of your time. *ou must stop your work immediately after the stop command is gi%en. A delay in doing this by ' minutes will lead to /ero points for the task. 0. 1e sure that your team has a complete set of the e$perimental e$amination + copies- and the answer sheets +" copies-. Only one copy *li&ht yello' paper+ o, the an"'er "heet" "hould be "ubmitted ,or mar!in&$ -$ ."e only the pen and calculator pro(ided$ 1,. !eam code and student codes must be written on e%ery page of the final answer sheets. Each team member mu"t "i&n on the ,ront pa&e o, the ,inal an"'er "heet"$ 11. All results must be written in the designated bo$es on the answer sheets. (ata written elsewhere will not be graded. 12. After completing the task, put all the e&uipments back to its original place and discard all solutions in the beaker labeled 2Waste3. 1 . /,ter the "top command i" &i(en, put O012 the ,inal an"'er "heet" *one copy+ on top o, the en(elope on the de"!$ %ait ,or the 1ab /""i"tant to chec! and collect it$ 2ou can ta!e the other paper" 'ith you$

/$ Introduction

Energy is essential in our e%eryday life. Electricity is one of the forms of energy that is easily obtained in modern society. !o produce and con%ert electricity efficiently is one of the most important issues in the 21st century. In this task, you will construct a chemical battery, find out how electrolytes affect the current, and assess how well +or poorly- natural products conduct electricity. Electricity can be utili/ed to promote light, heat, and chemical reactions. *ou will connect commercial batteries to a system to initiate electrolysis and initiate a chemical process. 4eat is an unwanted byproduct upon the con%ersion of electricity to light. *ou will determine the temperature of an incandescent lamp.

3$ Ob4ecti(e" *5hey are not nece""arily to be "ol(ed in "e6uence$+

I. !o study the characteristics of a fruit battery and to determine the factors that influence the efficiency of the fruit battery. II. !o obser%e the starch particles in potato and to determine how chemical reagents affect them. III. !o assess the relationship between the concentration of an electrolyte and the conducti%ity of an electrolysis cell. !o determine the concentration of an electrolyte solution from the concentration.conducti%ity relationship and by acid.base titration. I5. !o in%estigate the thermal and energy transfer properties of the tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp.

7$ /pparatu" and 8aterial"

Part I9 :ruit 3attery 8aterial" Lime 7ultimeter +in common basket9onnecting wire 7etal plate LE( de%ice Wash bottle ',, mL +in common basketLate$ glo%e +wear all time for #art I, and III;uantity 6 1 6 1 set +A, 1, 9, (1 1 1 +more are a%ailable8aterial" #etri.dish 8uler +in common basket:cissor 1inder clips ;nife +<or #art I = II#aper towel +in common basket!owel +in common basket;uantity 1 1 6 1 1 1

Part II9 Starch <ranule" 8aterial" #otato 7icroscope ;nife +in #art I basket;uantity 1 1 set 1 8aterial" 9o%er slip, :lide Iodine solution1> 8eagents +labeled with A, 1 = 9;uantity 1 set 1

Part III9 7onducti(ity o, electrolyte "olution 7hemical" ,.' mol?L.1 @aA4+a&A solution of @aA4+a&- of unknown concentration ;uantity 1,, mL 1,, mL 7hemical" ,.2' mol?L.1 49l+a&Indicator ;uantity 1,, mL 1 mL

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/pparatu" 7ultimeter +in common basket9onnecting wire 1attery set + 5, for this #art only#t electrode #lastic test bo$ 1eaker 6,, mL ",, mL 1,, mL <orceps Late$ glo%e +in common basket2Waste3 beaker 1,,, mL +in common basket-

;uantity 1 " 1 2 2 1 1 " 1 1 1

/pparatu" 1urette holder and rack 1urette ', mL <unnel Erlenmeyer flask 12' mL !est tube Braduated cylinder ', mL 1, mL (ropper Label !owel +in common basketWash bottle ',, mL +in common basket-

;uantity 1 1 1 2 1 1 1, 1 1 1

C7ore distilled water are a%ailable. Ask Lab Assistant. C*ou should wear glo%es at all time. In case of skin contact with acid or base, wash with distilled water immediately. CAll glass wares pro%ided are clean, and there is no need to wash before e$periments. 4owe%er, if necessary, you may clean them with a wash bottle and transfer the waste to a beaker labeled 2Waste3. C;eep the battery bo$ on the 2off3 position when not in use as shown below.

off

on

'

Part I=9 Ener&y 5ran",er /""ociated 'ith an Incande"cent 1amp9

/pparatu" 1attery set +65, for this #art onlyLight 1ulb 8esistors 9onnecting wire !hermometer +fi$ed on the partition. 8ead only, donEt touch7ultimeter +in common basket-

;uantity 1 1 D 6 1 2

Photo > #hoto I5.1 #hoto I5.2 #hoto I5. #hoto I5." #hoto I5.'

#hoto I5.1. 1attery setF !he %oltage is 6 5. !here are two leads, positi%e and negati%e, colored red and black, respecti%ely. !he battery set will be represented by the circuit symbol .

#hoto I5.2. Incandescent light leads for connection. !he light bulb symbol .

bulb set. !his light bulb set has two set will be represented by the circuit

#hoto I5. . 8esistors. Each is labeled with power rating +1,W-, 8esistance +G ), and !ype +H-. !he resistor will be represented by the circuit symbol .

#hoto I5.". 9onnecting wires. !wo types of wires are pro%idedF alligator. alligator and alligator.banana.

#hoto I5.'. !hermometerF !he thermometer shows 9elsius reading. If <ahrenheit reading is shown, ask Lab Assistance. 8ead the temperature only, do not touch.

%ire connection and dial "ettin& ,or u"in& 8ultimeter

8ea"ure =olta&e9

8ea"ure current9 !here are three ranges setting for measuring current. In #art I and III you will use mA and A ranges. !he wire connection is the same for both mA and A range measurements, but the dial should turn to the appropriate place.

In #art I5, you ha%e to use 2, A setting for measuring current. Incorrect dial "ettin& and 'irin& o, multimeter 'ill cau"e dama&e" and no point" 'ill be &i(en$

8ea"ure e"i"tance9 Ahm.meter can only be used in the open circuit condition.

D$ Experiment" and ;ue"tion"

Part I9 :ruit 3attery

1atteries contain two electrodes which typically consist of different kinds of metals, and are filled with electrolyte to produce electricity from the chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte. Instead of chemical batteries, fruits can also be utili/ed to generate electricity. <ruits contain lots of Iuice +electrolyte- which could ioni/e electrodes, the ioni/ation tendency of which depends on the kind of metals and fruits. Juestions I.1GI. are assigned to assist you to determine the characteristics of the fruit battery.

;ue"tion I?@9 (etermine how the electrodes affect the fruit battery

Procedure"9 1. Kse lime to complete this e$periment. !he thickness of the lime between the two electrodes should be limited to no more than 1 cm as shown in <igure I.1.

:i&ure I?@

1,

2. Kse metal 1 as the positi%e electrode +L- and metal A, 9 and ( as the negati%e electrode +.in different setups, measure the %oltage generated by these fruit batteries. Wire connections are shown in <igure I.2.

:i&ure I?2

. According to your results, answer ;ue"tion I?@?a and I?@?b$

I?@?a. Kse metal 1 as the positi%e electrode, which metal on the negati%e electrode gi%es the highest %oltage. I?@?b$ According to your obser%ations, answer the following &uestions. i. If metal ( and A were utili/ed as the electrodes for the fruit battery, which one is the positi%e electrodeM

ii. If metal ( and 9 were utili/ed as the electrodes for the battery, which one is the positi%e electrodeM

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;ue"tion I?29 (etermine how different %ariables affect the fruit battery

Procedure"9 1. Kse metal 1 as the positi%e electrode +L- and metal 9 as the negati%e electrode +.- to assemble the fruit battery. 2. 8ead Juestion I.2.a and I.2.b before proceeding with the e$periment. . (esign your own e$periment to answer the &uestion I.2.a and I.2.b.

."e AB to repre"ent increa"e, ACD to repre"ent decrea"e, and AED ,or no chan&e *le"" than 20F+ in an"'erin& ;ue"tion" I?2?a and I?2?b$

I?2?a. (ecrease the contact area +at least times- between the metals and the fruit and obser%e the %oltage +5- and current +A- generated by this battery.

I?2?b$ Increase the thickness of the lime slice +at least times- and obser%e the %oltage +5- and current +A- generated by this battery.

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;ue"tion I?G$ 1ased on the characteristics of fruit battery, design the simplest de%ice to light up the LE( de%ice and answer the following &uestionsF

Hint"9 A light.emitting diode +LE(- is a semiconductor de%ice that emits narrow.spectrum light when it is dri%en electrically biased in the forward direction of the p.n Iunction. !his effect is called electroluminescence. 9urrent flows easily from the p.side +L- to the n.side +.- of LE(, but not in the reverse direction. The electroluminescence will not occur otherwise.

II%rite do'n your 1ED de(ice number on your an"'er "heetII Set up your o'n experiment" to "ol(e the ,ollo'in& problem" I?G?a$ If a single positi%e and negati%e electrodes is used to create the battery unit, how many units are re&uired +the minimum number- to light up the LE( de%iceM I?G?b$ Identify the metals chosen for the positi%e and negati%e electrodes. I?G?c$ What is the color of the LE( luminescenceM +Abbre%iationF red +8-, green +B-, blue +1-, white +W-%hen the 1ED lumine"ce", rai"e your hand to in,orm the 1ab /""i"tant, 'ho 'ill con,irm your an"'er and "i&n o,, on your an"'er "heet$

Part II9 Starch <ranule"

!here are many substances produced during cell metabolism, such as starch granules, lipids, and crystals. :tarch, a polysaccharide, is the maIor storage substances produced by photosynthesis and is the maIor source of cellular energy. In plant cells, the starch aggregates to form starch granules. !he morphology of the starch granule depends on the species of plants. Amylase +an en/yme which could digest starch- is highly abundant in li%ing organisms. After digestion by amylase, the starch will con%ert to maltose. Juestions II.1G II.2 are designed to assist you to obser%e the structure of starch granules and to determine the effects of three reagents on it.

*ou ha%e to use a biological microscope as one shown below. *ou may ask Lab Assistant for further information.

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."in& a bri&ht ,ield micro"cope

7ount the specimen on the stage !urn on the light, optimi/e the lighting AdIust the iris diaphragm. !hink about what you are looking for <ocus, locate, and center the specimen AdIust eyepiece separation, focus :elect an obIecti%e lens for %iewing AdIust illumination for the selected obIecti%e lens !o obtain the fine structure of starch granules, you may adIust the iris opening and lens distance from the target. !urn off the light.
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;ue"tion II?@9 !o obser%e the structure of starch granules in potato

Procedure"9 1. Kse the knife to cut the potato and scrape some potato Iuice +e$tract- on the slide. 2. Add one drop of 1> iodine solution on the potato Iuice. 7i$ them well to stain starch granules as shown in <igure II.1.

:i&ure II?@ . #ut the co%er slip on your slide as shown in <igure II.2.

:i&ure II?2 ". Kse paper towel to remo%e the e$cess iodine solution along the co%er slip. '. Abser%e the structure of the starch granules in potato.

II?@ Abser%e the starch granule in potato by the microscope. (raw the shape and detailed features of one starch granule under ",,N +",N obIecti%e- magnification of the
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microscope on your answer sheet. ;ue"tion II?29 !o determine reactions of reagents on starch granules

Procedure"9 1. Kse the same procedures of Juestion II.1 and prepare three more potato starch granules slides. Label the potato slides as sample A, 1, and 9. #ut the slide on the microscope stage and use the adIustment knob to look for the starch granules. Add one drop of reagent A from one side of the co%er slip into the sample A as shown in <igure II. .

2. .

".

:ample A or 1 or 9

8eagent A or 1 or 9

:i&ure II?G

'.

Abser%e the changes of the potato starch granules on the reagent dropped side by microscope during the first minute. 8epeat steps ' and 6 by using reagents 1 and 9 on samples 1 and 9O respecti%ely.

6.

).

Answer Juestions II.2.a, II.2.b, and II.2.c.

1)

II?2?a$ After adding the reagent A, the potato starch granules were +A- unchanged +1- swollen only +9- swollen to lyse +(- shrinked

II?2?b$ After adding the reagent 1, the potato starch granules were +A- unchanged +1- swollen only +9- swollen to lyse +(- shrinked

II?2?c$ After adding the reagent 9, the potato granules were +A- unchanged +1- swollen only +9- swollen to lyse +(- shrinked

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Part III9 7onducti(ity o, an Electrolyte Solution

7etals are good conductors. :ome compounds are also good conductors while dissol%ed in water, such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydro$ide, and nitric acid. We name this type of molecules 2electrolytes3. A&ueous solution of sucrose or alcohol do not conduct electricity, therefore, they are not electrolytes. It is clear that the physical properties of the molecules determine the conducti%ity of their a&ueous solutions. In this e$periment we shall determine the effect of concentration on the conducti%ities of a gi%en electrolyte. !he conducti%ity of a solution is proportion to the current at constant %oltage. In this e$periment we measure the current to denote the conducti%ity. !here are three parts in this e$periment. In III.1, sodium hydro$ide solutions were utili/ed to test the effect of concentration on the conducti%ity of these solutions. *ou need to plot the results and figure out the relationship between conducti%ity and the concentration of the electrolyte. In III.2, a sodium hydro$ide solution of unknown concentration will be gi%en, and you ha%e to measure the conducti%ity and figure out the concentration by interpolating from the data in the correct figure you plotted in III.1. In III. , the con%entional titration method will be used to determine the concentration of the same unknown sodium hydro$ide solution.

;ue"tion III?@9

5he relation"hip bet'een "odium hydroxide "olution concentration and conducti(ity

Procedure"9 II ecord all your data on the an"'er "heet"II 1. Kse the ,.' mol?L.1 @aA4+a&- solution pro%ided and the graduated cylinder to prepare ',., mL of each of ,. ', ,.2', ,.12, and ,.,6 mol?L.1 of @aA4+a&- solutions. !ransfer the solutions into 1,, mL beakers for later use. 2. <i$ the #t electrodes along the inside wall of the plastic bo$ by using alligator clamps and connect them to the 5 battery bo$ and the Amperemeter as shown below, see also the figures on page '.

1D

. 7easure out '., mL of ,.,6 mol?L.1 @aA4+a&- solutions and pour into the plastic bo$. !he solution should not reach the alligator clamps. 7ake sure all connections are correct then switch the battery bo$ to the 2on3 position and start counting time. 8ecord the current reading at , seconds after switch on.

III?@?a9 8ecord your data in the appropriate place.

". 8epeat step

with other @aA4+a&- solutions and record the data.

III?@?b9 #lot +a- concentration +in molL-1- %.s. s&uare root of current +in +b- s&uare root of concentration +in +c- s&uare root of concentration +in graph papers in the answer sheets.
mol L1 mol L1

mA

-,

- %.s. current +in mA-, and - %.s. current s&uare +in +mA-2- on

III?@?c9 Which of the plots in III?@?b is the best appro$imation of a straight lineM

;ue"tion III?29

Determine the concentration o, a 0aOH*a6+ "olution by u"in& conducti(ity mea"urement"

Procedure"9 1. 7easure out '., mL of @aA4+a&- solution with unknown concentration, and pour into plastic bo$. 2. #erform the measuring procedures.

III?2?a9 8ecord the current measured.

III?2?b9 Kse the graph you decided to be the best straight line in III?@?b to determine the concentration of the @aA4+a&- solution by using interpolation.
2,

. After completed all the current measurements, rinse the #t electrodes and put them back in their bag. 8eturn it to the #art III basket.

;ue"tion III?G9 titration

Determine the concentration o, a 0aOH*a6+ "olution by u"in& acid?ba"e

Procedure"9 1. !ake ' mL of ,.2' mol?L.1 49l solution into a test tube. Add a few drops of the indicator and keep it for titration endpoint comparison. 2. !ake ' mL of ,.' mol?L.1 @aA4 solution into a test tube. Add a few drops of the indicator and keep it for titration endpoint comparison. . #our 49l solution into the burette. ". 7easure 2,., mL of the unknown concentration of @aA4 solution into a 12' mL Erlenmeyer flask and add a few drops of indicator. '. Kse 49l solution to titrate.

III?G?a9 ecord the (olume u"ed$

6. 8epeat steps " and ' as many times as necessary, and calculate the a%erage %olume.

III?G?b9 9alculate the concentration of the gi%en @aA4+a&- solution.

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Part I=9 Ener&y 5ran",er /""ociated 'ith Incande"cent 1amp

!he conducti%ity +or resistance- of a material will not only %ary with the carrier concentration but also %ary with temperature. 7aterials with properties such as %olume, color, resistance that %ary with temperature may be used as temperature indicator. !he temperature scales are different in %arious professional communities. !he most commonly used temperature scales are 9elsius and ;el%in as listed in !able I5.1.

!able I5.1F !wo commonly used temperature scales. @ame 9elsius ;el%in :ymbol
!9

Knit
9

8elationship
TC = TC T = TC + 2)

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;el%in is commonly used in scientific data recording and analysis. <or e$ample, <igure I5. 1 shows the resistance %ersus the temperature of a 1 cm tungsten cube +the cross sectional area is 1 cm2-. !he %ertical a$is is the resistance of the tungsten cube with the unit of P 1,.6 , and the hori/ontal a$is is the temperature in ;el%in.

100 90 80 70

R e s is ta n c e ( = 1 0 )
6

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

500

1000

1500
:i&ure I=?@
2

2000

2500

3000

3500

T e m p e ra tu r e (K )

I=?@$ 8ead the room temperature from the thermometer. 8ecord your data in 9elsius. What is the room temperature in ;el%inM

I=?2$ Kse the multimeter to measure the room temperature resistance of the tungsten filament in the light bulb.

!he circuit symbol used in this part is gi%en in the !able I5.2

!able I5.2F 9ircuit symbols. (e%ice Light bulb 1attery 8esistor Ampere meter A 5olt meter 5

:ymbol

9onnect the battery bo$ +6 5-, the light bulb, and the largest resistor as illustrated in the circuit diagram of <igure I5.2. !he current +I- and %oltage +V- of the filament in the bulb may be measured by multimeters with correct dial setting and wiring.

A :i&ure I=?2.

2"

I=?G$ *ou may change the resistor to %ary the %oltage and current of the light bulb. A data point without a resistor +/ero resistance- should be recorded. At least 1, data points are re&uired. Write the data set +I, V- in the answer sheet. 8a!e "ure you record and calculate e(ery data to t'o di&it" a,ter the decimal point$

I=?4$ <rom the measured +I, V- data, calculate the resistance R and the electric power P of the light bulb corresponding to each pair of %oltage V and current I , and fill them into the data table in the answer sheet.

I=?)$ Kse your data and figure I5.1 to obtain the temperature +T- in ;el%in of the tungsten filament in the light bulb corresponding to each pair of %oltage V and current I . 8ecord all the calculated results in the data table of the answer sheet.

Hint9 As shown in the magnified picture below, the dimensions of the tungsten filament in the light bulb are &uite different from those of the tungsten cube described in the Introduction.

I=?#$ 9alculate the logarithm of %alue of the power log+ P - and the logarithm of temperature log+T - , and fill them into the data table in the answer sheet.

I=?7$ #lot the logarithm of the electric power, log+ P - , %ersus the logarithm of the temperature, log+T - .

2'

!he tungsten filament can transfer its energy to the en%ironment through three channels. !hey are conduction, con%ection, and radiation. !he powers of energy transfer are the conduction power, PCD , con%ection power, PCV , and radiation power, PRD , respecti%ely.

!wo of the energy transfer channels, the conduction and con%ection, are mediated through matters, and their total power is proportional to the temperature difference, T = +T Te - , between the filament temperature + T - and en%ironment temperature + Te -. While the energy transfer %ia radiation can propagate through %acuum without any medium. !he energy radiation rate is proportional to the power law T of the filament temperature + T -, and is larger than 1. !herefore, the total power transfer from the hot filament to the en%ironment may be modeled as Ptot = T + T . Where and are positi%e constants.

I=?8$ Analy/e your data, and determine the %alue of . (raw necessary cur%es in the plot, and write down the answers and formulae used in the corresponding blanks.

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