ECE 304: Iterative Design of Feedback Network

Schematic
+

IN
R2
+

R4

OUT

E1
+ + -

{Ro}

{Ri}

GAIN = -920V/V
0

FB
+

{RA}
AMP PARAMS

R6 {RC}
+

{RB}

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k

FIGURE 1 Given voltage amplifier and feedback circuit

Problem:
Design a feedback amplifier using the parts in Figure 1. The feedback amplifier is to satisfy these impedance conditions: 1. Output resistance with feedback RO(FB) 20 2. Input resistance with feedback RI(FB) 680

Solution outline:
PART 1: DESIGNING THE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION

1. We find the type of feedback connection needed to meet the goals 2. We find the type of amplifier the feedback amplifier will be 3. We find the type of dependent source that will be used in an ideal feedback circuit; in other words, the dimensions of the feedback factor FB 4. We set up the circuit for the ideal feedback amplifier 5. We find the performance factor and determine which of the two impedance conditions is most limiting upon FB 6. We find the ideal FB-value
PART 2: DESIGNING THE FEEDBACK NETWORK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

We select a two-port for the T-section We find the FB for this two-port We eliminate unnecessary resistors We select resistor values that meet the FB If there is only one resistor value, it is determined by FB. If there are several resistor values compatible with the value of FB, roughly select these values to get the biggest performance factor. We find the loaded gain with the two-port in place and FB turned off We find the new performance factor We find a new formula for the limiting impedance (determined in PART 1, ITEM 5 as either RI(FB) or RO(FB)) that uses the new performance factor. The value of RO for the loaded amplifier is changed to include the loading effect of the feedback circuit. We solve for the new FB We go back to STEP 4, using new FB

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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R5

R7

FF

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11. When convergence is reached, we stop

Implementation
PART 1: DESIGNING THE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION

1. We find the type of feedback connection needed to meet the goals The requested RO below 20 is less than the open-loop amplifier RO of 3 k, so this resistance must be reduced. Therefore, the output FB connection is shunt. The requested RI below 680 is less than the open-loop amplifier RI of 11 k, so this resistance must be reduced. Therefore, the input FB connection is shunt. 2. We find the type of amplifier the feedback amplifier will be A shunt output implies the amplifier is to deliver voltage. A shunt input implies the amplifier is driven by current. Therefore the feedback amplifier has a gain of dimensions OUTPUT/INPUT = V/A = . It is a transresistance amplifier. Notice that the original open-loop amplifier is a voltage amplifier, and the feedback amplifier is a different type of amplifier. 3. We find the type of dependent source that will be used in an ideal feedback circuit; in other words, the dimensions of the feedback factor FB The performance factor contains the product FB Gain that must be unit-less. Therefore, the dimensions of FB are reciprocal to the Gain of the feedback amplifier, or FB = 1/ = A/V = VCCS. 4. We set up the circuit for the ideal feedback amplifier
+

IN

R4
E1
+ + -

OUT

I3 1A
+

R2 {Ri}

{Ro}

GAIN = -920V/V
0

AMP PARAMS

G3
+ -

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k
0

GAIN = ??

bFB

FIGURE 2 Ideal feedback amplifier; the GAIN of the dependent feedback source is FB, but PSPICE does not allow variable names for the gain, so to fill this in we need a numerical value for FB

5. We find the performance factor and determine which of the two impedance conditions is most limiting upon FB The loaded gain is found by turning off FB. Because the input is current, we use a current driver. We find the input voltage is VI = ISRI. We find the output voltage is VO = 920VI = 920RI VS, so the loaded gain is ALD = 920RI. The performance factor is then 1 + FB(-920RI). For negative feedback, FB must be negative to make the performance factor positive. The impedance targets become
EQ. 1 RO(FB) = EQ. 2 RI(FB) = 11k 680 . 1 + FB ( 920R I) 3k 20 1 + FB ( 920R I)

We recast these inequalities as limitations upon FB:

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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EQ. 3 (OUTPUT RESTRICTION)

3k 1 FB 20 = 14.72S 920RI

EQ. 4 (INPUT RESTRICTION)

11k 1 680 FB = 1.50 S . 920RI

Because FB is negative, in these inequalities (FB) is a positive number. If EQ. 3 is satisfied, EQ. 4 automatically is satisfied, so the condition on the output resistance is the more restrictive. 6. We find the ideal FB-value We adopt FB = 14.72 S as the initial feedback value. We take the lower limit to get the best gain from the feedback amplifier, which will be 1/FB if the performance factor is large.
+

IN I3 0A 0A
0
+

3.239V 294.5uA E1
+ + -

R4

OUT 20.00V I4 1A 1.000A

0

R2 {Ri}

{Ro}

GAIN = -920V/V

AMP PARAMS

G3
+ -

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k
0

GAIN = -14.7233uA/V

bFB

FIGURE 3

Ideal feedback amplifier output resistance is 20 when FB = -14.72 A

Figure 3 shows a test current inserted at the output of the ideal feedback amplifier. The input current sources is turned off. The voltage at the output for a test current of 1A has a value the same as the output resistance of the amplifier, which is found to be RO(FB) = 20 .
PART 2: DESIGNING THE FEEDBACK NETWORK

1. We select a two-port for the T-section We want a two-port for the T-section that has a VCCS on the left side. Because current is the variable delivered by feedback on the left, voltage must be the independent variable on the left. Because voltage is the control variable for this VCCS, voltage must be the independent variable on the right. Therefore, the dependent source on the right also is a VCCS. Following the usual procedure we find the values below for the two-port parameters.
EQ. 5

FB = FB =

1 RA 1 RB

RC // R A R + R // R C A B

R11 = R A + RB // RC R22 = RB + R A // RC .

RC // RB R + R // R C B A

Notice that the T-section is symmetrical if it is reflected horizontally and RA exchanged with RB. This symmetry shows up in R11 and R22 being the same if RA RB. Likewise for FB and FB.

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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RA
+ +

RB

RC
+

V1

VO

R11

FBVO

FBV1

R22

FIGURE 4

Two-port equivalent of T-section

2. We find the FB for this two-port Already done. 3. We eliminate unnecessary resistors We have the formula for FB:
FB = 1 RA RC // R A R + R // R C A B .

We see that RA alone is sufficient to control FB; that is, we can set RC = and RB = 0 and eliminate the loading effect of these two resistors. Setting RC = and RB = 0, FB = FB = 1/RA. 4. We select resistor values that meet the FB from PART 1 We have found the ideal FB = 14.72 S, so RA = 1/FB = 67.92 k. 5. If there is only one resistor value, it is determined by FB. If there are several resistor values compatible with the value of FB, roughly select these values to get the biggest performance factor. 6. We find the loaded gain with the two-port in place and feedback turned off.
860.6mA
+

E1 {Ri}
+ + -

{Ro} 0A 0A
0

1A 1.000A
0

GAIN = -920V/V

FEEDBACK

AMP PARAMS

RA = 67.92k bFB = 0 139.4mA {R11}

+

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k

TWO-PORT PARAMS

R11 = {RA} R22 = {RA}

+

FIGURE 5

Loaded gain with T-section in place is 8.341MV/A

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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IN

9.467KV

OUT -8.341MV

{R22} 122.8A
0

11/7/2004

Figure 5 shows the PSPICE determination of the loaded gain. Analytically we find the loaded gain:
EQ. 6

R22 VO = A R + R (R I // R11) . IS 22 O

7. We find the new performance factor The new performance factor is

EQ. 7

PF = 1 + ( FB )( A )

R22 (R I // R11) RO + R22

8. We find a new formula for the limiting impedance (determined in PART 1, ITEM 5 as either RI(FB) or RO(FB)) that uses the new performance factor. The value of RO for the loaded amplifier is changed to include the loading effect of the feedback circuit In this example, the limiting impedance is the output impedance, which now is:
EQ. 8

RO (FB) =

RO // R22 R22 1 + FB A R + R (R I // R11) 22 O

The numerator RO//R22 is the output resistance of the amplifier in Figure 5, which differs from the unloaded amplifier of Figure 1. 9. We solve for the new FB Using EQ. 8, we solve for FB:
EQ. 9

RO // R22 3k // 69.72k 1 1 RO (FB) 20 FB = = = 17.12S R22 8.341MV / A (R I // R11) A R +R 22 O

10. We go back to STEP 4, using new FB

FIRST ITERATION

We select resistor values that meet the new FB We have found FB = 17.12 S, so RA = 1/FB = 58.41 k. Using EQ. 9, we solve for FB:
EQ. 10

RO // R22 3k // 58.41k 1 1 RO (FB) 20 FB = = = 17.49S R22 8.028MV / A (R I // R11) A R +R 22 O

SECOND ITERATION

We select resistor values that meet the new FB We have found FB = 17.49 S, so RA = 1/FB = 57.18 k. Using EQ. 9, we solve for FB:
EQ. 11

RO // R22 3k // 57.18k 1 1 RO (FB) 20 FB = = = 17.55S R22 8.064MV / A (R I // R11) A R +R 22 O

THIRD
ITERATION

We select resistor values that meet the new FB We have found FB = 17.55 S, so RA = 1/FB = 56.98 k. 11. When convergence is reached, we stop.

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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To test convergence, we use PSPICE to sweep RA to find the value where RO(FB) = 20 . We find RA = 56.9395967k, very close to our last iteration. The PSPICE verification is shown in Figure 6.
+

IN I1 0A 0A 294.379uA

3.23817V E1 R2 {Ri}
+ + + -

R4 {Ro}

OUT

20.0000V

I3 1.00000A FF
0

GAIN = -920V/V

1A

FB FB
+

R5 {RA}

294.379uA

FF

17.5625uV
FEEDBACK TWO-PORT PARAMS AMP PARAMS

bFB
I2 1A
+

RA = 56.9395967k bFB = {1/RA}

R11 = {RA} R22 = {RA}

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k

R10 {bFB}
0

EVALUATOR for FB Beta

FIGURE 6

PSPICE verification of value for RA that leads to RO(FB) = 20

+

IN
I1 1A
1.00000A
0
+

64.6982V

R4

OUT

-56.5400KV

5.88166mA

E1

R2 {Ri}

+ -

{Ro}
+ -

I3
0A

GAIN = -920V/V

0A

FB FB
994.118mA
+

FF FF

R5 {RA}

17.5625uV
FEEDBACK
TWO-PORT PARAMS
AMP PARAMS

bFB
I2 1A
+

RA = 56.9395967k bFB = {1/RA}

R11 = {RA} R22 = {RA}

Ro = 3k Ri = 11k

R10 {bFB}
0

EVALUATOR for FB Beta

FIGURE 7

PSPICE check of gain and input impedance

Figure 7 shows the input impedance is 64.70, which satisfies the condition RI(FB) 680 . The gain is 56.54 kV/A, which can be compared to the large PF estimate that the gain is approximately 1/FB = 1/17.56A/V = 56.95 kV/A. The difference is small, and is due to the PF being insufficiently large, so Gain/PF is only approximately 1/FB.

Unpublished work 11/6/2004 J R Brews

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