AC LAB MANUAL

(ENP 255)

Name: - Vaishnavi dubey

Roll no: - 18
Section: -B
Department: - Electronics
Experiment no: - 1
 EXPERIMENT NO 1(A).

AIM
Design and verify gain and frequency response of Basic Op-amp circuits.
a) Inverting operational amplifier.

OBJECTIVES
1.To design Inverting Op_Amp circuit for closed loop gain of 10.
2.To plot frequency response of Inverting Op_Amp.

APPARATUS
IC 741, CRO, Power Supply±12 V, Function Generator, probes, Resistors Rf=10kohm and
R1=1kohm.connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram

Pin Diagram
THEORY: -

In inverting mode of Op-amp the gain is given by the expression Af = - (Rf/R1). Negative sign indicates
that output is 180 degree out of phase with respect to the input. The gain can be adjusted by the
value of resistors Rf and R1. Now since the non-inverting terminal is grounded, the inverting input of
OPAMP is also at ground potential and is referred to as virtual ground.

DERIVATION:

Calculations

Given Af = 10, Select R1 = 1KΩ,

Af = - (Rf/R1), therefore, RF = Af X R1 = 10 X 1 = 10 KΩ,
Procedure
Part A:-

1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply Sine wave input of peak amplitrude 0.5 volt and frequency of 1 KHz from function
generator.
3. For different configuration the value of R1 and RF find the output voltage Vo and practical
gain Af.
4. Compare the practical gain with theoretical gain (-Rf/R1).

OBSERVATION TABLE (A) :-

Sr No. R1 RF Theoretical Vi(V) V0(V) Practical gain =

gain= RF/R1 V0/Vi
1 1K 10K 10 0.5V 4.9484 V 9.989
2 1K 10K 10 0.6V 5.9396 V 9.989
3 1K 10K 10 0.7 mV 6.9313 V 9.989
4 1K 10K 10 0.8V 7.9230 V 9.989
5 1K 10K 10 1.5 V 10.005 V 6.726
6 1K 10K 10 2V 10.005 V 5.051

Part B:-

1. Use the same connection as that of part A.

2. Keep the magnitude of Vi constant and go on varying the frequency of Vin.
3. Note down the corresponding value of Vo for different frequencies in observation table.
 OBSERVATION TABLE B:- Vi = 0.5 Vpp

Sr No. Frequency Vo(V) Vi(V) Af=Vo/Vi dB gain = 20log(Af)

1 50Hz 4.966 0.5 9.932 19.94
2 100Hz 4.963 0.5 9.926 19.93
3 500Hz 4.961 0.5 9.922 19.93
4 1KHz 4.960 0.5 9.922 19.93
5 5KHz 4.971 0.5 9.942 19.94
6 10KHz 4.974 0.5 9.948 19.95
7 15KHz 4.923 0.5 9.846 19.86
8 20KHz 4.823 0.5 9.646 19.68
9 50KHz 2.366 0.5 4.732 13.5
10 1000KHz 1.199 0.5 2.398 7.59

input output waveform on graph paper (Vi Vs Vo)

Frequency Vs Gain (dB)

Frequency Response of Inverting Op_amp:

 Fig.2

Result:
1.For R1= 1KΩ, Rf=10KΩ, and input Vin = 0.5 V Sinewave at frequency f in=1 KHz, Closed loop
gain Af, and ouput voltage Vo obtained are Af = 10 and Vo= 4.988 V

2.Bandwidth of Inverting Op_amp is obtained from frequency response is B.W. = 100kHz

Conclusion:

1.Amplified and 180 0 out of phase output wave form obtained for Inverting op_amp
configuration.

2.Bandwidth decreases with increase in signal frequency.

 EXPERIMENT NO 1(B).

AIM: - Design and verify gain and frequency response of Basic op_amp
b)Non- inverting Op_amp.

OBJECTIVES:
1.To design Non-Inverting Op_Amp circuit for closed loop gain of 11.
2.To plot frequency response of Inverting Op_Amp.

APPARATUS: -
IC 741, CRO, Power Supply±12 V, Function Generator, probes, Resistors Rf=10kohm and
R1=1kohm.connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
THEORY: -
In non-inverting mode of op-amp the output is in phase with respect to the input signal.
The gain is given by the expression:
Af = (1+Rf/R1)
The gain can be adjusted by varying the values of resistors. This configuration has very
High input impedance.

CALCULATIONS:
Given Af = 11, Select R1 = 1KΩ,
Af = (1+Rf/R1),
therefore Rf= (Af -1) X R1= (11 -1) X 1 = 10 KΩ

PROCEDURE:-
Part A:-

1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply Sine wave input of peak amplitrude 0.5 volt and frequency of 1 KHz from function
generator.
3. For different configuration the value of RI and RF find the practical gain Af from connection.
4. Compare the practical gain with theoretical gain (1+Rf/R1)

OBSERVATION TABLE A:-

 Sr No. R1 RF Theoretical gain= Vi(volt) Vo(volt) Practical gain =
(1+RF/R1) Vo/Vi
1 1 10 11 0.5 5.49 10.99

2 1 10 11 0.7 7.68 10.97

3 1 10 11 0.8 8.78 10.97

Part B:-

4. Use the same connection as that of part A.

5. Keep the magnitude of vi constant and go on varying the frequency of vi.
6. Note down the corresponding value of Vout for different frequencies in observation table.

Frequency Response of Non- Inverting Op_amp:

Fig.4
Result:
1.For R1= 1KΩ, Rf=10KΩ, and input Vin = 0.5 V Sinewave at frequency f in=1 KHz, Closed loop
gain Af, and ouput voltage Vo obtained are Af = 11 and Vo=5.49 V

Conclusion:
 1. Amplified and in phase output obtained for Non Inverting op_amp configuration.
2. Bandwidth decreases with increase in signal frequency.

Questions:

1. Compare closed loop and open loop configuration of Op_amps.

When open loop configuration has a high gain, why do the designers use closed loop
configuration with limited gain?

Ans :- Op-amps have a high gain to achieve stable operation, op-amps are used with negative
feedback. The gain of an op-amp without feedback is called the open-loop gain whereas the gain of
an op-amp with a feedback circuit is called the closed-loop gain

2.Compare inverting and Non inverting configuration of Op_amp.

Inverting amplifier In an inverting amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier inverting input receives
feedback from the output of the amplifier. Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying the concept of
virtual short at the input terminals of op-amp, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to non-
inverting terminal. The non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. As
the gain of the op amp itself is very high and the output from the amplifier is a matter of only a few
volts, this means that the difference between the two input terminals is exceedingly small and can be
ignored. As the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier is held at ground potential this
means that the inverting input must be virtually at earth potential.
Applying KCL at inverting node we can calculate voltage gain,

Voltage gain (A)= Vout/ Vin = – Rf/Rin

Non-Inverting Amplifier The non-inverting amplifier is one in which the output is in phase with

respect to the input. The feedback is applied at the inverting input. However, the input is now

applied at the non-inverting input. The output is a non-Inverted (in terms of phase) amplified version

of input. The gain of the non-inverting amplifier circuit for the operational amplifier is easy to

determine. The calculation hinges around the fact that the voltage at both inputs is the same. This

arises from the fact that the gain of the amplifier is exceedingly high. If the output of the circuit

remains within the supply rails of the amplifier, then the output voltage divided by the gain means

that there is virtually no difference between the two inputs.

The voltage gain can be calculated by applying KCL at the inverting node.

Voltage gain (A) = Vout/ Vin = (1+ Rf/Rin)

3 What is voltage follower? How will you get a voltage follower circuits from the basic Non inverting
Op_amp?

A voltage follower is also known as a unity gain amplifier, a voltage buffer, or an isolation amplifier.
In a voltage follower circuit, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage; thus, it has a gain of one
(unity) and does not amplify the incoming signal.

The output of the op-amp is directly connected to the inverting input terminal, and the input voltage
is applied to the non-inverting input terminal. The voltage follower, like a non-inverting amplifier, has
very high input impedance and very low output impedance