RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Boni, Avenue, City of Mandaluyong

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

THE DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR

EXPERIMENT TITLE

Experiment Number 9

Name : LIM, SHERYL M. Room/Building: E403

Course/Year : ECE /2nd Year Date Performed : 5/03/2023
Subject : ECE02L Date Submitted : 5/04/2023
Day/Time : MH/7:30-10:30AM Instructor : Ricardo Martinez

Status Check Evaluation Criteria Poor Fair Good Excellent

Reasoning
Advance
Accuracy
Completeness
On Time
Analytical Ability
Late Neatness of Work

Remarks:

Rating Signature

Date

1- GNR
 THE DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the operation of
differentiator using op-amps.

MATERIALS:
1 - 741 General purpose OP-AMP
2 - Electrolytic Capacitor, 10µF/50V
1 - Electrolytic Capacitor, 0.0047µF/50V
1 - Resistor, 2.2K 
4 - Resistor, 1.8K 
4 - Resistor, 10K 
1 - Digital VOM
1 - Breadboard
1 - Dual Regulated DC Power Supply
1 - Audio Generator
1 - Dual-trace Oscilloscope

DISCUSSION:
Formulas:
Differentiator
Output voltage
∆Vi
𝑉𝑂 = − RFC
∆𝑡
Low-frequency response

𝑓1 = 1
2𝜋𝑅𝑆𝐶
When f < f1 the circuit as a differentiator
When f > f1 the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of –RF / Rs
Integrator
Output voltage
Δ𝑉𝑂 = −1 Δt
𝑅1 𝐶

Low-frequency response
𝑓1 =
1
2𝜋𝑅𝐹𝐶
When f < f1 the circuit as an integrator
When f > f1 the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of –RF / R1
For minimum output offset due to input bias currents
𝑅𝐹 𝑅1
RB = 𝑅𝐹 +𝑅1

PROCEDURES:
Differentiator

1. Construct the differentiator circuit shown of the figure shown below.

Circuit 1
2. Set the oscilloscope to the following approximate setting.
Channel 1: 0.5V/Div., DC coupling
Channel 2: 0.5V/Div., DC coupling
Time Base: 0.5mS/Div.
3. Apply power to the to the board and adjust the peak-peak voltage of the
input triangle wave at 1V and its frequency to 400Hz.
4. Observed the output signal is a square wave. Because of the inverting
nature of the circuit, the output positive when the slope of the input triangle
wave is negative, while the output is negative when the slope of the input
triangle wave is positive. Draw the input and output waveform to Graph A
and B respectively.
5. Change the oscilloscope time base to 0.2ms/Div. and channel 2 to
0.1V/Div. Then adjust the frequency of the input triangle wave to 1kHz.
You should
 find that the peak-peak output voltage of the differentiator increases with
increasing input frequency. Draw this to Graph C.
6. Now change the input frequency to 30kHz. Adjust the time base to
10µS/Div. and channel 2 to 2V/Div. What does the output signal look like?
Draw this output to Graph D.
7. Observed the output signal looks like triangle wave with phase shift of
180º. Why? - A control voltage that ranges from 0 to 1 V is required to
phase shift the triangle wave between 0 and 180 degrees to achieve the
desired result.

8. Measure the peak-peak output voltage and determine the voltage gain.
How does compare to that of an inverting amplifier?
Voltage Output (Vout) = 7.9 VP-P.
Voltage Gain (Aout) = 7.8 V

At high frequencies, the phase shift of the output signal of a differential

amplifier may differ from that of an inverting amplifier because the input signal
is fed to the inverting port. This difference is caused by the high frequency
instability of the circuit.

Integrator

1. Construct the differentiator circuit shown of the figure shown below.

Circuit 1
2. Set the oscilloscope to the following approximate setting.
Channel 1: 0.5V/Div., DC coupling
Channel 2: 0.5V/Div., DC coupling
Time Base: 20µS/Div.
3. Apply power to the to the board and adjust the peak-peak voltage of the
input square wave at 1V and its frequency to 10kHz.
4. Observed the output signal is a triangle wave. Because of the inverting
nature of the circuit, the output positive when the slope of the input triangle
wave is negative, while the output is positive when the slope of the input
triangle wave is negative. Draw the input and output waveform to Graph E
and F respectively.
5. Change the oscilloscope time base to 50µS/Div. and channel 2 to
0.1V/Div. Then adjust the frequency of the input wave to 4kHz. You should
find that the integrators peak-peak output voltage increases with
decreasing input frequency. Draw this to Graph G.
6. Now change the input frequency to 100Hz. Adjust the time base to
2mS/Div. and channel 2 to 5V/Div. What does the output signal look like?
Draw this output to Graph H.
7. Noticed the output signal looks like square wave with phase shift of 180º.
Why?
At low frequencies, the capacitor in the circuit becomes highly
reactive and behaves like an open circuit. This property causes the circuit
to act as an inverting amplifier, inverting the input signal by 180 °.

8. Measure the peak-peak output voltage and determine the voltage gain.
How does compare to that of an inverting amplifier?
Voltage Output (Vout) = 20 VP-P.
Voltage Gain (Aout) = 20 V

The circuit acts as an inverting amplifier which inverts the input signal
180 degrees due to the low frequency capacitor reactance.
Graph A Graph B

Graph C Graph D
Graph E Graph F

Graph G Graph H
QUESTIONS:

1. How would you derive the output voltage expression for an

integrator and differentiator? Show your solution.
ANSWER:
t
dvout −Vin −Vin
dt
=
Rc
or Vout= ∫ dt +c
0 Rc

Where, C= output of the voltage at the starting time or t=0.

OBSERVATION:

To exhibit the built-in function of the operational amplifier circuit, I changed the
position of the resistor and capacitor in the experiment. By adding a capacitor to the
feedback loop and a resistor to the input line, the circuit acts as an integrator and the
output voltage changes proportional to the time integral of the input voltage.
Embedded processing is widely used in various applications including motor control,
audio signal processing and control systems. The ability to integrate an active
amplifier circuit is necessary because it can simplify complex signals and eliminate
any high frequency noise that may be present in the input signal, making the output
signal due to integration creates more precise and more durable. In summary, the
ability to integrate the operational amplifier demonstrated in this experiment has
many practical applications, making it an important component in electronic
engineering.

CONCLUSION:

Therefore, the output voltage of the operating amplifier differential circuit is

proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage over time. This causes the
output voltage to change rapidly, resulting in a large amplitude voltage change. The
behavior of the discriminator is continuous when the inputs are uniform. However,
when input waveforms such as sine, rectangle, or triangle are used, the output
waveforms exhibit significant variations.