DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERTSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EED 2012 LAB

ANALOG ELECTRONICS

EXPERIMENT 5
INTEGRATOR, DIFFERENTIATOR AND
NON-LINEAR PROPERTIES OF
OPAMPS

Std. No. Name & Surname:

1
2

Group No :
Submitted to :
Date :

Spring, 2020
OBJECTIVE

To measure DC and AC voltages in differentiator, integrator and examine non-linear properties of

opamps.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

(1) 741 Op-amp

(1) 10 kΩ

(1) 1.2 MΩ

(1) 0.1µF

(1) 0.001µF

RESUME OF THEORY

The integration operation is one of the summation , summing the area under a waveform or curve
over a period of time. The output voltage is equal to:

Vo 1
 (Laplace Transform)
Vs sRC
(1.1)
1
RC 
vo (t )   vs (t) (in time domain)

Fig. 1 Integrator Circuit

An alternative to the integrator on Fig. 1 is the circuit of Fig. 2. In this circuit a feedback resistor
Rf has been added in parallel with the capacitor to discharge the capacitor between pulses for the square
wave input and to discharge the DC offset also for the sine wave input. The effect is to eliminate the
drift of the output waveform due to DC offset, Rf does not affect the circuit function of integration as
long as the frequency is high enough to make the impedance of the capacitor small compared to that of
the feedback resistor.
 Fig. 2 Alternative Integrator Circuit

A differentiator is a circuit that produces an output proportional to the rate of change of the input
signal. If the input signal is not changing its amplitude with time, it will not produce an output. The
amplitude of the input is not important, only its rate of change matters. The output voltage is equal to:

dv1 (t )
vo (t )   RC (1.2)
dt

Fig. 3 Differentiator

The slew rate parameter, SR, is defined as the rate of change in the output voltage caused by a
step change at the input. It is expressed in V/µs. The SR parameter of an op amp is the maximum SR it
will pass and is generally specified with a gain of 1. The Fig. 4 shows SR graphically. The SR is
calculated by

dvo (t)
SR  V /  s  (1.3)
dt
 Fig. 4 Slew rate

PROCEDURE

Part 1. Integrator

a. Display a 100Hz, 2V peak-to-peak square wave on the oscilloscope. Manipulate the OFFSET knob
on the function generator until the waveform is perfectly centered about the zero reference line on
the scope.
b. Construct the circuit shown in Fig. 1 with R = 10kΩ and C = 0.1 μF. Set the supply voltage at +12V
and –12V. Use the 2Vp-p, 100Hz square wave as input Vs.
c. Display input and output of the integrator circuit simultaneously by using the dual trace feature of
the oscilloscope. If there is still a tiny DC offset in the input waveform, the offset will be integrated
to ramp function, which will carry the output to one of the saturation voltages. Here, the output will
clip (flatten) at the top or bottom. You can bring the wave back to your zero reference line by
switching to the AC input coupling, but the output will still be clipped if the offset is present. You
may be able to get rid of the clipping by making small adjustments in the OFFSET dial of the
function generator. Sketch input and output waveforms for both square wave and sine wave inputs .

Fig. 5 Square wave input and integrator output

 Fig. 6 Sine wave input and integrator output

d. Construct the circuit in Fig. 2. Using 2Vp-p, 2 kHz square wave input, display and sketch input versus
output using DC setting of the input coupling switch.

Fig. 7 Alternative integrator with square wave input and output

Part 2. Differentiator

a. Construct the circuit in Fig. 3 with C = 0.1 μF and R = 10kΩ. Use a 2V peak-to-peak, 500Hz
sine wave and square wave as input. Record the input and output waveforms.

Fig. 8 Differentiator square wave input and output

Fig. 9 Differentiator sine wave input and output

Part 3. N o n - l i n e a r P r o p e r t i e s o f O p A m p s

a. Build the circuit of Fig. 10. The input signal is taken directly off the square wave output of
the function generator where Vp-p=7 V and f = 25 kHz.
b. Set the oscilloscope controls as follows:
 Channel 1 at 1V/div
 Channel 2 at 1V/div
 Timebase at 5 µs/div.
 DC coupling
 Super impose the scope traces at the center of the screen.

Fig. 10 Test circuit for measurement of slew rate

c. Apply power and observe Channel 1. Read and record the time required to ramp up from
the lowest value of the trapezoidal waveform to the highest value and the peak-to-peak
value of the trapezoidal waveform.

d. Calculate the slew rate.

SR=

If a square wave is applied to the differentiator, what will be observed?