Adama Science and Technology University

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Telecommunication Networks and Switching

(ECE5306)
Chapter Three
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and
Public Land Mobile Network
 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Outline
 Introduction
 Elements of the PSTN
 Circuit Switching
 Local Loop Technologies
 Transmitted Signal in the PSTN
 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
 Transport Core and Signaling

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 Introduction
 PSTN is a technology based on circuit switching by duplex
connections.
 Temporary bidirectional connections are set.
 Originally it was used for speech (voice) only at 300-3400 Hz.
 Earlier two subscribers were connected by purely physical
connection (physical switch contacts).
 Nowadays different time slots are assigned for different
subscribers.
 The digital PSTN system uses PCM for speech coding and TDM
for multiplexing.
 The PSTN is integrated with other telecommunication networks
such as ISDN and PLMN.
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Elements of the PSTN

The main components of a PSTN include:

 Customer premises equipment

 Access system

Local loop and termination equipment at the end office switch

 Transport core

Transport is the carriage of voice

 Signaling

Signaling is the control of calling

 Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Customer premises equipment Customer premises equipment

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The main elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

The Access System consists of

the access line to the customer
(called the local loop)
and termination equipment at the end office
(nearest telephone office switch)

Access Line Access Line

(Local Loop) (Local Loop)
End office
Switch

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Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Transport Core

Switch Trunk
Line

The Transport Core connects end office

switches (5 classes, with 1 being highest)
Trunk lines to connect switches

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Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Signaling System
(SS7 in the U.S.)

Signaling is the control of calling

(setup, teardown, billing, etc.)

Transport is the actual transmission of voice

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Circuit Switching
 A circuit is an end-to-end connection between two subscribers.
 Capacity is reserved on all trunk lines and switches along the
way.

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Circuit Switching Cont’d….
 Users are served by an access network that connects them to the
local central office (CO) switch.
 The CO switches themselves are interconnected with higher-speed
communication lines through tandem switches.
 Tandem switches, in turn, connect to toll switches that are used to
provide long-distance connections.

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Development of circuit switching technology

SPC: Stored program control

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Local Loop Technologies

Technology Use Status

1-Pair Voice-Grade Residences Already installed
UTP
2-Pair Data-Grade Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the
UTP Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)
Optical Fiber Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the
Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)

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 Transmitted signal in the PSTN

 Today’s PSTN is predominantly digital with analog

local loops

Local Local
Loop Loop
(Analog) Switch (Digital)
(Digital)

Residential Trunk Line PBX

Telephone Switch (Digital) Switch (Digital)
(Analog) (Digital) (Digital)

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Codec at the end office switch

 The codec at the end office translates between analog

customer signals and digital internal signals.

End Office

Analog Digital
ADC Digital
Signal Switch
Internal
Signal
Codec

Local Loop
DAC
Home
Telephone

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

 Bandpass filtering to limit voice to 4 kHz is carried out at

the end office switch.
Bandpass Filtering
Analog
Analog Electric
Voice Signal
Signal

Subscriber
Filter at End Office Switch

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….
 The human voice can produce sounds up to 20 kHz, but
most sound is between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz.
Bandpass Filtering
Signal

Energy Distribution for

Human Speech

0 Hz 300 Hz 3,400 Hz 20 kHz

Bandwidth (3.1 kHz)

 The bandpass filter only passes this sound to reduce

bandwidth.
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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….

 In pulse code modulation (PCM), the bandwidth is assumed to

be 4 kHz. This adds “guard bands” to the actual 300 Hz - 3.1
kHz signal.
PCM

Analog Duration of Sample

Signal (1/8000 sec.)
Signal
Amplitude

0
Sample Time

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….

 For signals going to the customer, sample bits are converted to

amplitude levels for each sample.
 8,000 samples per second, will sound smooth to the ear.

One
Sample
One 8-bit
Sample

00000100 00000011 00000111

Generated Arriving Digital Signal

DAC
Analog Signal (8000 Samples/Second)

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TDM and ATM switch connections in the PSTN transport Core
 Traditionally, the transport core used TDM trunk lines both
point-to-point and ring trunk lines.
Transport Core

Point-to-Point
SONET/SDH
TDM
Ring
Trunk Line

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Speech Codecs
 Several different codecs can be used.
 The codecs vary in compression and sound quality.

Codec Transmission Rate

G.711 64 kbps
G.721 32 kbps
G.722 48, 56, 64 kbps
G.722.1 24, 32 kbps
G.723 5.33, 6.4 kbps
G.723.1A 5.3, 6.3 kbps
G.726 16, 24, 32, 40 kbps
G.728 16 kbps
G.729AB 8 kbps

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Transport Core and Signaling

 Transport Core
– TDM: point-to-point and ring
– SONET uses dual rings for reliability
If there is a break, the rings are wrapped
– ATM uses packet switching
More efficient than TDM, replacing TDM
 Signaling
– SS7 in the United States, C7 in Europe
– Interoperable

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 Switching systems at ETC/ethio telecom

 Analog Switches/Exchanges
 Previously ARF-102 and AGF (of ERICSSON product),
C400 (of NEC product) were analog automatic exchanges
used for local services and their capacity extends from 500 to
10,000.
 For small capacity of rural services there was an exchange
called ARK (ERICSSON product).
 ARM-201 and NC-82 exchange were used for national and
international (one way) service.

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Switching systems at ETC/ ethio telecom
 Digital Switches/Exchanges:
 Nowadays the switches that we have through out the country
are all digital automatic switches
 At the moment there are 4 main types of switches used
through out the country. These are:
1. AXE-10…….…ERICSSON product (Sweden)
2. DMS-10………..TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
3. DMS-100………TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
4. C&C08…………HUAWEI product (China)

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 Types of Switches/Exchanges
 The switches/exchanges at ETC can in general be classified as:
i. Combined national/international transit exchanges: AXE-10,
C&C08
ii. National transit exchange: C&C08
iii. Local Tandem exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10, DMS-
100
iv. Local (Parent, Stand alone, Remote subscriber stage)
exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10
 Previously AXE-10 at Nazret, D/Dawa, Jimma, Nekemt, B/Dar
and DMS-100 at Dessie, Mekele, Shashemene were used as local
transit exchange. But nowadays they are replaced by C&C08
(HUAWEI) national transit exchange.
 Nowadays, there are 2 combined national/international transit
exchanges (1 AXE-10, 1 C&C08) and there are 8 national transit
(C&C08) exchanges all over the country.
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Types of local exchanges
 There are 3 types of local exchanges. These are:
i. Parent Exchange
ii. Stand alone
iii. Remote Subscriber Subsystems (RSS)

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 Digital Switches/Exchanges Cont’d…..
 AXE-10 serves for medium, large and very large capacity
demand with a maximum capacity of around 50,000.
 All AXE-10 exchanges are installed in a building.
 DMS-10 serves for small, medium and large capacity demand
with a maximum capacity of around 10,000.
 DMS-10 can be installed in a building as well as in a container.
 DMS-100 is used for large capacity services and it serves as
local and transit (combined) exchange when the need arises.
 C&C08 extends from small capacity of 500 to large capacity of
10,000 subscriber lines.
 C&C08 can be installed in buildings as well as a container and
serves as local and national/international transit exchange.
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Distribution of Switches/Exchanges
 AXE-10:
 1 national/international switch
 28 parent local switches
 5 RSS
 DMS-100:
 3 parent local switches
 DMS-10:
 72 parent local switches
 8 UNIREM
 C&C08:
 1 national/international switch
 Totally 160 switches/exchanges are under installation from
these 98 are operational
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Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
Outline
 Introduction
 First Generation (1G) Standards
 Second Generation (2G) Standards
 2.5G Standards
 Third Generation (3G) Standards
 Fourth Generation (4G) Standards

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 Introduction PLMN
 It is a broad concept that consists of all cellular mobile
communication technologies .
 Its main objective is to deliver services to those members of the
public who are mobile.
 This technology may be considered an extension or an integral part
of the PSTN.
 It uses wireless technologies.
 This technology undergoes several evolution stages.
 Reuse frequencies so as to maximize the use of the available radio
spectrum is one of the advantages of cellular PLMN.

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First generation (1G) Standards

 Analog transmission technology

 Pioneered semiconductor and microprocessor technology
 Focus on voice
 Data services almost non-existent
 Incompatible standards
 Different frequencies and signaling
 International roaming impossible
 Inefficient use of the radio spectrum

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The Main 1G Standards

i. Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT)

 Was developed in 1979 in Tokyo (Japan)

 World’s first operational cellular system

ii. Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (NMT-450)

 Was developed in 1982 in Sweden.

 First wireless communications standard deployed in

Europe
 Pioneered the use of light portable handsets
 Supported international roaming
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The Main 1G Standards Cont’d….

iii. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

 Was developed in 1982 in USA
 Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all operators in
the USA had to adhere to.
iv. Total Access Coverage (TACS)
 Was developed in 1985 in UK
 Adaptation of AMPS
 Complies with frequency allocation in Europe

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1G - Network Access Technique and Services

Network access techniques:

 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Subdivides the available spectrum into a number of
frequency slots
 Each user is assigned a separate frequency
Services:
 Standard voice
 No data services
 No supplementary services
 Call barring

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The Main Disadvantages 1G Standards

 A series of incompatible networks

 Limited capacity for expansion
 Limited support for roaming

 Susceptible to interference
 Poor security
 No support for wireless data

 No third party applications

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Second Generation (2G) Standards

 Digital techniques rather than analog

 Increased flexibility
 error control

 compression
 More efficient use of available bandwidth
 Increased compatibility with the fixed component of the PSTN
 Increased quality of service
 Possibility of wireless data services

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The Main 2G Standards
i. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
 Was developed by European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) and deployed in Europe in 1992.
 Most successful 2G system
ii. Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
 This standard is also called IS-54 (Interim Standard 54)
 Was developed by Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) TR-45 Committee in 1991
 Dual mode terminals ensuring backward compatibility
 IS-136 introduced in 1996

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The Main 2G Standards Cont’d…..
iii. Interim Standard 95 (IS-95)
 This standard is also called CDMA-One
 Was developed in USA in 1993 by Qualcomm Inc.
 Pioneered the use of the network access technique CDMA
iv. Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
 Was developed in Japan in 1991
 Operates in two modes
 Full-rate
Half-rate
 12% of global digital subscriptions in 1999

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2G - Network Access Technique and Services

Network access techniques:

 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their
transmissions in time
 Available spectrum is divided into frequency channels
(recall FDMA!)
 Each frequency channel is further subdivided into cyclic
timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …)
 A call is assigned a time slot

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2G - Network Access Technique and Services Cont’d…

Services:
 Depends on
 Network standard

 Operator policies
 Improved standard telephony (speech)
 Basic wireless data
 Additional services
 Call barring

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2.5G Standards

i. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

 Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface
 Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s (4 channels at 14.4 kb/s)
 Inefficient for certain types of application
ii. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
 Introduces packet switching to GSM
 Uses multiple timeslots (channels)
 14.4 kb/s per channel with a maximum speed of 115.2 kb/s
 Dynamic resource allocation
 Supports IP and billing is per kb, NOT per sec.
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2.5G Standards Cont’d…..

iii. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

 Maximum 384 kb/s
 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK)
 Send more bits down the line
 3 fold increase over GSM

 Two classes of handset:

 Class A (EDGE only on downlink)
 Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)

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2.5G Standards Cont’d…..

iv.D-AMPS (IS-136+)
Two phase migration path

• IS-136+

Integrate GPRS

•IS-136 High Speed Outdoor


Integrate EDGE

Subscribers can roam between IS-136HS and GSM networks

supporting EDGE

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2.5G Standards Cont’d…..
v. IS-95B
 Enhanced version of IS-95
 Already supports packet switching (CDPD)
 Maximum of 115.2 (8 channels @ 14.4kb/s)
 Realistically …
 28.8 kb/s to 57.6 kb/s on downlink
 14.4 kb/s on uplink

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2.5G - Services

 Standard services that can use packet switching:

 WWW browsing
 email
 file downloading e.g. mp3
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

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Third generation (3G) Standards

2G Standard 3G Successor
GSM UMTS
PDC CDMA2000
IS-95 CDMA2000
DAMPS IS-136HS or UMTS

Table. Succession of 3G standards from 2G standards

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 Third Generation (3G) Standards

 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

• For the consumer
– Video streaming, TV broadcast
– Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
– Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
• For business
– High speed tele-networking / VPN access
– Sales force automation
– Video conferencing
– Real-time financial information

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 3G Standards
 3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-
2000.
 The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G
systems to provide Global Roaming.

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 Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies

2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
TD-SCDMA
Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2 3GPP
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 Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
 Drivers are capacity, data speeds and lower cost
of delivery for revenue growth. Expected market share

TDMA EDGE
EDGE Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM GPRS Network 90%
WCDMA HSDPA
PDC

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x EV/DV 10%
cdmaOne
1x CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

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Performance evolution of cellular technologies

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 GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM Uses 8PSK modulation
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short distances
GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Also called CSD Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
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3.5G Standards

 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!)
 Incremental upgrade
 More functionality in Node B
 Backward compatible with W-CDMA
 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
 Other Technologies
 OFDN, WiMAX, etc....

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4G- Some Speculations

 Global Mobility
 Increased data rates..100Mbps
 All IP network

 NEXT: 5G

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01/28/2023 5G USE CASES 55