Telecommunication Networks (ECEg-5311)

Chapter Three – Lecture 1

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Outline
▪ Introduction
▪ Elements of the PSTN
▪ Circuit Switching
▪ Local Loop Technologies
▪ Transmitted Signal in the PSTN
▪ Analog-to-Digital Conversion
▪ Transport Core and Signaling

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 Introduction
▪ PSTN is a technology based on circuit switching by duplex
connections.
▪ Originally it was used for speech (voice) only at 300-3400 Hz.
▪ Earlier two subscribers were connected by purely physical
connection (physical switch contacts).
▪ Nowadays different time slots are assigned for different
subscribers.
▪ The digital PSTN system uses PCM for speech coding and TDM
for multiplexing.
▪ The PSTN is integrated with other telecommunication networks
such as ISDN and PLMN.

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Elements of the PSTN

The main components of a PSTN include:

▪ Customer premises equipment
▪ Access system

✓Local loop and termination equipment at the end office switch

▪ Transport core

✓Transport is the carriage of voice

▪ Signaling

✓Signaling is the control of calling

 Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Customer premises equipment Customer premises equipment

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The main elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

The Access System consists of

the access line to the customer
(called the local loop)
and termination equipment at the end office
(nearest telephone office switch)

Access Line Access Line

(Local Loop) (Local Loop)
End office
Switch

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Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Transport Core

Switch Trunk
Line

The Transport Core connects end office

switches (5 classes, with 1 being highest)
Trunk lines to connect switches

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Elements of the PSTN Cont’d…….

Signaling System
(SS7 in the U.S.)

Signaling is the control of calling

(setup, teardown, billing, etc.)

Transport is the actual transmission of voice

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Circuit Switching
▪ A circuit is an end-to-end connection between two subscribers.
▪ Capacity is reserved on all trunk lines and switches along the
way.

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Circuit Switching Cont’d….
▪ Users are served by an access network that connects them to the
local central office (CO) switch.
▪ The CO switches themselves are interconnected with higher-speed
communication lines through tandem switches.
▪ Tandem switches, in turn, connect to toll switches that are used to
provide long-distance connections.

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Development of circuit switching technology

SPC: Stored program control

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Local Loop Technologies

Technology Use Status

1-Pair Voice-Grade Residences Already installed
UTP
2-Pair Data-Grade Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the
UTP Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)
Optical Fiber Businesses for high- Must be pulled to the
Speed access lines customer premises
(this is expensive)

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 Transmitted signal in the PSTN

▪ Today’s PSTN is predominantly digital with analog

local loops

Local Local
Loop Loop
(Analog) Switch (Digital)
(Digital)

Residential Trunk Line PBX

Telephone Switch (Digital) Switch (Digital)
(Analog) (Digital) (Digital)

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Codec at the end office switch

▪ The codec at the end office translates between analog

customer signals and digital internal signals.

End Office

Analog Digital
ADC Digital
Signal Switch
Internal
Signal
Codec

Local Loop
DAC
Home
Telephone

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

▪ Bandpass filtering to limit voice to 4 kHz is carried out at

the end office switch.
Bandpass Filtering
Analog
Analog Electric
Voice Signal
Signal

Subscriber
Filter at End Office Switch

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….
▪ The human voice can produce sounds up to 20 kHz, but
most sound is between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz.
Bandpass Filtering
Signal

Energy Distribution for

Human Speech

0 Hz 300 Hz 3,400 Hz 20 kHz

Bandwidth (3.1 kHz)

▪ The bandpass filter only passes this sound to reduce bandwidth.

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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….

▪ In pulse code modulation (PCM), the bandwidth is assumed to

be 4 kHz. This adds “guard bands” to the actual 300 Hz - 3.1
kHz signal.
PCM

Analog Duration of Sample

Signal (1/8000 sec.)
Signal
Amplitude

0
Sample Time

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Cont’d….

▪ For signals going to the customer, sample bits are converted to

amplitude levels for each sample.
▪ 8,000 samples per second, will sound smooth to the ear.

One
Sample
One 8-bit
Sample

00000100 00000011 00000111

Generated Arriving Digital Signal

DAC
Analog Signal (8000 Samples/Second)

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TDM and ATM switch connections in the PSTN transport Core
▪ Traditionally, the transport core used TDM trunk lines both
point-to-point and ring trunk lines.
Transport Core

Point-to-Point
SONET/SDH
TDM
Ring
Trunk Line

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Speech Codecs
▪ Several different codecs can be used.
▪ The codecs vary in compression and sound quality.

Codec Transmission Rate

G.711 64 kbps
G.721 32 kbps
G.722 48, 56, 64 kbps
G.722.1 24, 32 kbps
G.723 5.33, 6.4 kbps
G.723.1A 5.3, 6.3 kbps
G.726 16, 24, 32, 40 kbps
G.728 16 kbps
G.729AB 8 kbps

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Transport Core and Signaling

▪ Transport Core
– TDM: point-to-point and ring
– SONET uses dual rings for reliability
✓If there is a break, the rings are wrapped
– ATM uses packet switching
✓More efficient than TDM, replacing TDM
▪ Signaling
– SS7 in the United States, C7 in Europe
– Interoperable

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 Switching systems at Ethio telecom

▪ Analog Switches/Exchanges
✓ Previously ARF-102 and AGF (of ERICSSON product),
C400 (of NEC product) were analog automatic exchanges
used for local services and their capacity extends from 500 to
10,000.
✓ For small capacity of rural services there was an exchange
called ARK (ERICSSON product).
✓ ARM-201 and NC-82 exchange were used for national and
international (one way) service.

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Switching systems at Ethio telecom
▪ Digital Switches/Exchanges:
✓ Nowadays the switches that we have through out the country
are all digital automatic switches
✓ At the moment there are 4 main types of switches used
through out the country. These are:
1. AXE-10…….…ERICSSON product (Sweden)
2. DMS-10………..TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
3. DMS-100………TELRAD (NORTEL) product (Israel)
4. C&C08…………HUAWEI product (China)

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 Types of Switches/Exchanges
▪ The switches/exchanges at ethio telecom can be classified as:
i. Combined national/international transit exchanges: AXE-10,
C&C08
ii. National transit exchange: C&C08
iii. Local Tandem exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10, DMS-
100
iv. Local (Parent, Stand alone, Remote subscriber stage)
exchange: AXE-10, C&C08, DMS-10

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Types of local exchanges
▪ There are 3 types of local exchanges. These are:
i. Parent Exchange
ii. Stand alone
iii. Remote Subscriber Subsystems (RSS)

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 Digital Switches/Exchanges Cont’d…..
▪ AXE-10 serves for medium, large and very large capacity
demand with a maximum capacity of around 50,000.
▪ All AXE-10 exchanges are installed in a building.
▪ DMS-10 serves for small, medium and large capacity demand
with a maximum capacity of around 10,000.
▪ DMS-10 can be installed in a building as well as in a container.
▪ DMS-100 is used for large capacity services and it serves as
local and transit (combined) exchange when the need arises.
▪ C&C08 extends from small capacity of 500 to large capacity of
10,000 subscriber lines.
▪ C&C08 can be installed in buildings as well as a container and
serves as local and national/international transit exchange. 27
Distribution of Switches/Exchanges
▪ AXE-10:
✓ 1 national/international switch
✓ 28 parent local switches
✓ 5 RSS
▪ DMS-100:
✓ 3 parent local switches
▪ DMS-10:
✓ 72 parent local switches
✓ 8 UNIREM
▪ C&C08:
✓ 1 national/international switch
▪ Totally 160 switches/exchanges are under installation from
these 98 are operational
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