TOPICS : ELECTRICITY

CONTENT : ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS( 30 minutes)

1.

ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

Definition E = VQ,substituting
Electrical Energy(E) Q= It
The work done to E = It
move the charges Where I = electric
through a circuit. current
The Potential t= time taken
difference(V)
Substituting V = IR
The work done (W)
to move one unit E = I2Rt
charge(Q) between V
Substituting I =
two terminal R
W
V=
Q V 2t
E=
Therefore, W = E = VQ R

Electrical
Power

VIt
P= = VI
t
Definition Sustituting V =IR
The rate of transfer P = I2 R
SI Unit V
Of electrical energy Substituting I = ,
W or Js-1 R
V2
P=
R
2. Example 1
a). What is the power of a lamp rated at 12 V 3 A ?
b). How many joules of electrical energy are transferred per second by
12 V 2 A lamp ?.

Solution :

a) Given V = 12 V and I = 3 A b). Given V = 12 V and I = 2 A

P = VI E = VIt
= E = VI
t
=

Example 2
a) A filament lamp is rated 60 W and 240 V . Find
(i) the current flowing through the lamp,
(ii) the resistance of the filament and
(iii) the energy produced by the lamp in one hour.

Solution :

Given: Power , P = 60 W and potential difference, V = 240 V

(i) Using P = I V,
P 60
Therefore, I= = = 0.25 A
V 240
V2
(ii) Using P=
R
V2 (240) 2
Therefore, R = = = 960 Ω
P 60
(ii) Given : time, t = 1 hour = 1x 60 x 60 = 3600 s
Energy produced E = P t,
= 60 x 3600
= 216000 J
= 2.16 x 105

2
Energy Efficiency
1.
Power rating Efficiency
Rate of consumption Ratio of work output
Energy to energy input.
Of energy by an
appliance as shown
Efficiency Given in the form of
on the appliance percentage

Efficiency = Output power x 100 %

Input power
2.

No wastage.
Turn off appliances when
not in use and heat up water
according to need.

Choose the right appliances Clean or replace filters of

(such as air-conditioner heating or cooling system.
suited to the size of building Dirty filters restrict airflow,
or room). hence the system runs
longer and increases energy
usage

Ways of
increasing Energy
efficiency
Replace light bulbs(which
Buy energy-efficient generate more heat)with
appliances more efficient fluorescent
lights.

Use appliances wisely,e.g. Fix leaks in duct systems

avoid peak hours and insulate the ducts

3
ACTIVITIES( 50 minutes)

1. Calculate the power dissipated in a 10 Ω resistor when a potential difference of

12 V is applied across the resistor.

2. In the circuit shown, calculate

(a)the current that flows through the circuit

(b)the power dissipated in the 4 Ω resistor

(c)the power dissipated in the 8 Ω resistor

(d)the output power of the battery

3. An immersion heater has a label 240 V, 750W

(a)What is meant by this label?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

(b)What is the resistance of the immersion heater?

(c) How much electrical energy is used by the heater in 15 minutes?

4
4. An electric toaster is rated 230 V 1000 W. Find the resistance of the heater
element and the current flowing through it under normal operating condition.

5. The output power of a battery is 60 W. How much electrical energy is supplied

by the battery in 1 hour?

6.An electric heater of 230V ,2.5 kW is switched on for two hours per day.
(a)calculate the current that flows through the heater

(b) find the energy consumed per day

7.The heating element of a toaster takes a current 2 A from an ac supply 250 V.

Calculate
(a)the resistance of the heating element

(b)the output power of the ac supply

8. An electric iron is labeled 240V, 750 W. Find

(a) The current required for normal operation of the iron

(b) The resistance of the heating element

(c) The electrical energy used in 2 hours.

5
9. The rates of electricity consumption for four types of electrical appliances and
the duration of usage in a day are listed below:

Appliances Power/kW Duration/h

Refrigerator 0.20 15
Kettle 2.50 1
Television 0.15 8
Water heater 3.60 15

Based on the table given, calculate the total energy usage of electricity
consumption for these four appliances in 30 days.

ASSESMENT ( 40 minutes)
1.The electromotive force and internal resistance of the dry cell in the circuit
below is 1.5 V and 0.5Ω respectively.

What is the reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed?

A. 0V
B. 1.5 V
C. Less than 1.5 V
D. More than 1.5 V

6
2. Which circuit can be used to determine the electromotive force of a battery?

3. A torch bulb uses a 3 V supply and takes a current of 0.2 A. It is switched on

for one minute. How much electrical energy is used?

A. 0.6 J
B. 12 J
C. 36 J
D. 100 J

4. Figure 1 shows an immersion heater with specification of 24 V, 1000 W.

Figure 1

(a) Name one suitable material to be used to a heating element in the immersion
heater

________________________________________________________________

7
(b) The immersion heater is connected to a 240 V supply.
Calculate
(i)the current that passes through the immersion heater

(ii)the resistance of the immersion heater

(c)A student conducts an experiment to compare the heating effect of immersion

heaters P,Q and R. The volume and initial temperature of the water is fixed.
Table 1 shows the result of the experiment.
Immersion heater Potential Current/A Time for the water
difference/V to start boiling/
minute
P 240 6.0 8.0
Q 240 5.0 10.0
R 240 4.0 9.0

Table 1

(i) State the energy change that occurs when the immersion heater switched
on.

________________________________________________________________

(ii)Calculate the energy supplied by each of the immersion heaters P,Q and R
to start boiling the water.

(iii) Using your answer in (c)(ii), suggest which immersion heater is the most
suitable to heat water. Give one reason for your answer.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

8
5. The useful power output of a small dc motor is used to raise a load of 0.75 kg
through a vertical distance of 1.2 m. The time taken is 18.0 s. The voltage
across the motor and the current through it are constant at 6.0 V and 0.3
respectively. Assuming that the gravitational force on a mass of 1.0 kg is 10 N,
calculate

(a)the power input to the motor

(b)the work done in raising the load

(c)the useful power output developed by the motor

(d)the efficiency of this operation

6.The table gives details of the use of electricity in one household in one three-
month period.

Kind of use Power in kW Time of use in h Energy

consumption in
kW h
Lighting 0.8 270
Heating 12.0 150
Other 2.0 400
total

Complete the last column of the table

9
Answers of ACTIVITIES

1. 14.4 W
2. (a)1 A
(b)4 W
(c) 8 W
(d)12 W
3.(a)750 J of energy is used per second when the voltage applied is 240 V
(b)76.8 Ω
(c) 6.75 x 10 5 J
4. 52.9 W, 4.35 A
5. 216000 J
6. (a) 10.87 A
(b)5 kW h
7. (a) 125 Ω
(b) 500Ω
8. (a) 3.125 A
(b) 76.8 Ω
(c)5.4 x 10 6 J

9.

Appliance Power/kW Duration /h Electrical energy

consumed/kW h
Refrigerator 0.20 15 3.00
Kettle 2.50 1 2.50
Television 0.15 8 1.20
Water heater 3.60 1.5 5.40
total 12.1

Total electrical energy usage for 30 days

=12.1 x 30
=42.1 kW h

Answers of ASSESMENT

1. C
2. C
3. C
4.(a) tungsten
(b) (i) P = IV

10
 1000
I = = 4.17
240

(ii) V = I R
240 = 4.17 R
240
R =
4.17
= 57.6 A

(c)(i)electrical energy heat energy

(ii) E P= VIt
= (240)(6.0)(8.0x 60)
= 6.912 x 10 5 J

E Q= VIt
= (240)(5.0)(10.0x 60)
= 7.200 x 10 5 J

E R= VIt
=(240)(4.0)(9.0x60)
=5.184 x 10 5 J
(iii) Heater R because it used the least energy.
5.(a) P = IV = 6.0(0.30)
= 1.8 W
(b)Work done = F.s
=0.75(10) x 1.2
= 9.0 J
W
(c)P =
t
9.0
=
18.0

= 0.5 W
outputpower
(d)efficiency = x 100 %
inputpower
0.5
= x 100 %
1.8
= 28.0 %

6.
Kind of use Power in kW Time of use in h Energy consumption
in kW h
Lighting 0.8 270 0.8(270)= 216

11
Heating 12.0 150 12.0(150)=1800
Other 2.0 400 2.0(400) =800
total 216+1800+800=2816

12